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{{Short description|Species of tree}}
{{italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
{{taxobox
|name = ''Quebracho blanco''
|image = Aspidosperma_quebracho-blanco.jpg
|image = Aspidosperma_quebracho-blanco.jpg
|status = LC
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
| status_system = IUCN3.1
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|status_ref = <ref name = iucn>Rotton, H. 2021. Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T61360735A61360739. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T61360735A61360739.en. Accessed on 3 April 2022.</ref>
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
⚫
|genus = Aspidosperma
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
⚫
|species = quebracho-blanco
|ordo = [[Gentianales]]
⚫
|authority = [[Rudolf Schlechter|Schltr.]]
|familia = [[Apocynaceae]]
⚫
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=g/>
⚫
|genus = [[Aspidosperma]]
|species = '''''A. quebracho-blanco'''''
|synonyms = *''Macaglia quebracho-blanco'' <small>(Schltdl.) A.Lyons</small>
⚫
|binomial = ''Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco''
⚫
|binomial_authority = [[Rudolf Schlechter|Schltr.]]
⚫
|synonyms_ref=<ref name=g/>
|synonyms=*''Macaglia quebracho-blanco'' <small>(Schltdl.) A.Lyons</small>
*''Aspidosperma quebracho'' <small>Griseb</small>
*''Aspidosperma quebracho'' <small>Griseb</small>
*''Macaglia quebracho'' <small>(Griseb.) Kuntze</small>
*''Macaglia quebracho'' <small>(Griseb.) Kuntze</small>
*''Aspidosperma crotalorum'' <small>Speg.</small>
*''Aspidosperma crotalorum'' <small>Speg.</small>
|}}
}}


'''Quebracho blanco''', called '''kebrako''' or '''white quebracho''',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?5585 |title=USDA GRIN Taxonomy}}</ref> is a [[South America]]n [[tree]] [[species]], native to [[Brazil]], N [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]], and [[Uruguay]].<ref name=g>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=17346 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref> It must not be confused with other species also known as ''[[Quebracho tree|quebracho]]'', but belonging to the [[genus]] ''[[Schinopsis]]''.<ref>Morales, J.F. (2010). La familia Apocynaceae s. str. (Apocynoideae, Rauvofioideae) en Uruguay. Darwiniana 48: 68-86.</ref>
'''''Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco''''', commonly known as '''Quebracho blanco''', '''kebrako''', or '''white quebracho''',<ref>{{GRIN | accessdate = 24 December 2017}}</ref> is a [[South America]]n [[tree]] [[species]], native to [[Brazil]], northern [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]], and [[Uruguay]].<ref name=g>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=17346 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref> It must not be confused with other species also known as ''[[Quebracho tree|quebracho]]'', but belonging to the [[genus]] ''[[Schinopsis]]''.<ref>Morales, J.F. (2010). La familia Apocynaceae s. str. (Apocynoideae, Rauvofioideae) en Uruguay. Darwiniana 48: 68-86.</ref>


==Growth==
==Description==
''Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco'' is an evergreen tree. It reaches 20 to 30 meters in height in the [[Humid Chaco]], and 8 to 12 meters in the [[Dry Chaco]]. The foliage is [[sclerophyllous]].<ref name = iucn/>

==Habitat and range==
''Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco'' is generally found in dry deciduous forests, where it grows on clay soils. It is most common in the [[Gran Chaco]], [[Humid Chaco]], [[Argentine Espinal]], and [[Bolivian montane dry forests]] [[ecoregion]]s of Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil. Its range extends to adjacent ecoregions, including the [[Uruguayan savanna]], [[Paraná flooded savanna]], [[Southern Cone Mesopotamian savanna]], [[Southern Andean Yungas]], [[Cerrado]], [[Pantanal]], [[Central Andean puna]], [[Chiquitano dry forests]], and [[Beni savanna]].<ref name = iucn/>

==Timber==
[[Image:Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-017.jpg|thumb|left|''Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco'']]
[[Image:Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-017.jpg|thumb|left|''Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco'']]
Quebracho blanco wood is uniformly yellow-ochre, without differences between [[hardwood]] and [[sapwood (wood)|sapwood]]. It is quite heavy ([[relative density]] = 0.885 [[gramme|g]]/cm³) and hard, and responds well to bending and shock. Upon drying it tends to collapse, producing deformations and cracks, so the drying process is slow; the wood must be treated with [[fungicide]]s. It is easy to work and has many uses in [[carpentry]] (carts, wheels, floors, shoes, tool handles, furniture); it is also good for [[chess]] pieces, [[ski]]s, etc. Preserved with [[creosote]] it can be used outdoors. In some places it is widely used as [[coal]], since it does not produce sparks or large amounts of ash, and it burns strong and slowly.<ref>''Libro del Árbol'', Tome II, edited by Celulosa Argentina S. A., Buenos Aires, Argentina, October 1975.</ref>
Quebracho blanco wood is uniformly yellow-ochre, without differences between [[hardwood]] and [[sapwood (wood)|sapwood]]. It is quite heavy ([[relative density]] = 0.885 [[gram|g]]/cm<sup>3</sup>) and hard, and responds well to bending and shock. Upon drying it tends to collapse, producing deformations and cracks, so the drying process is slow; the wood must be treated with [[fungicide]]s. It is easy to work and has many uses in [[carpentry]] (carts, wheels, floors, shoes, tool handles, furniture); it is also good for [[chess]] pieces, [[ski]]s, etc. Preserved with [[creosote]] it can be used outdoors. In some places it is widely used as [[charcoal]], since it does not produce sparks or large amounts of ash, and it burns strong and slowly.<ref>''Libro del Árbol'', Tome II, edited by Celulosa Argentina S. A., Buenos Aires, Argentina, October 1975.</ref>


==Other chemicals==
==Other chemicals==
[[Quebrachitol]] is a [[cyclitol]], a cyclic [[polyol]] found in the bark of ''A. quebracho''.<ref>[http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie50493a041 Quebrachitol. Jan van Alphen, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1951, 43 (1), pp 141–145, ] {{doi|10.1021/ie50493a041}}</ref>
[[Quebrachitol]] is a [[cyclitol]], a cyclic [[polyol]] found in the bark of ''A. quebracho''.<ref>[http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie50493a041 Quebrachitol. Jan van Alphen, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1951, 43 (1), pp 141–145], {{doi|10.1021/ie50493a041}}</ref>  [[Quebrachine]] is a chemical synonym for [[yohimbine]] since it was first isolated from the bark of ''A. quebracho-blanco''.


==Cultivars==
==Cultivars==
* [[Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco 'Pendula'|'Pendula']] - with weeping branches.<ref>Govaerts, R., Michielsen, K. & Jablonski, E. (2011). Untraced Weeping Broadleaf cultivars: an overview. ''[http://www.dendrologie.be/bdb.php?p=402 Belgische Dendrologie Belge]'' 2009: 19-30.</ref>
* [[Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco 'Pendula'|'Pendula']] - with weeping branches.<ref>Govaerts, R., Michielsen, K. & Jablonski, E. (2011). Untraced Weeping Broadleaf cultivars: an overview. ''[http://www.dendrologie.be/bdb.php?p=402 Belgische Dendrologie Belge] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322194637/http://www.dendrologie.be/bdb.php?p=402 |date=March 22, 2012 }}'' 2009: 19-30.</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{portal|Trees}}
{{Reflist}}

{{reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q133430}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Aspidosperma quebracho-Blanco}}
[[Category:Aspidosperma|quebracho-blanco]]
[[Category:Aspidosperma|quebracho-blanco]]
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[[Category:Medicinal plants of South America]]
[[Category:Trees of South America]]
[[Category:Trees of South America]]
[[Category:Trees of Argentina]]
[[Category:Trees of Bolivia]]
[[Category:Trees of Paraguay]]
[[Category:Trees of Uruguay]]
[[Category:Drought-tolerant trees]]
[[Category:Drought-tolerant trees]]
⚫
[[Category:Medicinal plants of South America]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1861]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1861]]
[[Category:Gran Chaco]]


{{medicinal-plant-stub}}
{{tree-stub}}
{{Apocynaceae-stub}}

Latest revision as of 04:10, 3 April 2022

Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynaceae
Genus: Aspidosperma
Species:
A. quebracho-blanco
Binomial name
Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco
Synonyms[2]
  • Macaglia quebracho-blanco (Schltdl.) A.Lyons
  • Aspidosperma quebracho Griseb
  • Macaglia quebracho (Griseb.) Kuntze
  • Aspidosperma crotalorum Speg.

Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco, commonly known as Quebracho blanco, kebrako, or white quebracho,[3] is a South American tree species, native to Brazil, northern Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay.[2] It must not be confused with other species also known as quebracho, but belonging to the genus Schinopsis.[4]

Description

[edit]

Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco is an evergreen tree. It reaches 20 to 30 meters in height in the Humid Chaco, and 8 to 12 meters in the Dry Chaco. The foliage is sclerophyllous.[1]

Habitat and range

[edit]

Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco is generally found in dry deciduous forests, where it grows on clay soils. It is most common in the Gran Chaco, Humid Chaco, Argentine Espinal, and Bolivian montane dry forests ecoregions of Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil. Its range extends to adjacent ecoregions, including the Uruguayan savanna, Paraná flooded savanna, Southern Cone Mesopotamian savanna, Southern Andean Yungas, Cerrado, Pantanal, Central Andean puna, Chiquitano dry forests, and Beni savanna.[1]

Timber

[edit]
Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco

Quebracho blanco wood is uniformly yellow-ochre, without differences between hardwood and sapwood. It is quite heavy (relative density = 0.885 g/cm3) and hard, and responds well to bending and shock. Upon drying it tends to collapse, producing deformations and cracks, so the drying process is slow; the wood must be treated with fungicides. It is easy to work and has many uses in carpentry (carts, wheels, floors, shoes, tool handles, furniture); it is also good for chess pieces, skis, etc. Preserved with creosote it can be used outdoors. In some places it is widely used as charcoal, since it does not produce sparks or large amounts of ash, and it burns strong and slowly.[5]

Other chemicals

[edit]

Quebrachitol is a cyclitol, a cyclic polyol found in the bark of A. quebracho.[6]  Quebrachine is a chemical synonym for yohimbine since it was first isolated from the bark of A. quebracho-blanco.

Cultivars

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Rotton, H. 2021. Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T61360735A61360739. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T61360735A61360739.en. Accessed on 3 April 2022.
  2. ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  3. ^ "Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
  4. ^ Morales, J.F. (2010). La familia Apocynaceae s. str. (Apocynoideae, Rauvofioideae) en Uruguay. Darwiniana 48: 68-86.
  5. ^ Libro del Árbol, Tome II, edited by Celulosa Argentina S. A., Buenos Aires, Argentina, October 1975.
  6. ^ Quebrachitol. Jan van Alphen, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1951, 43 (1), pp 141–145, doi:10.1021/ie50493a041
  7. ^ Govaerts, R., Michielsen, K. & Jablonski, E. (2011). Untraced Weeping Broadleaf cultivars: an overview. Belgische Dendrologie Belge Archived March 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine 2009: 19-30.
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