Beith (letter): Difference between revisions

	Ogham letters; ᚛ᚑᚌᚐᚋᚁᚂᚃᚓᚇᚐᚅ᚜
Aicme Beithe; ᚛ᚐᚔᚉᚋᚓᚁᚂᚃᚄᚅ᚜	Aicme Muine; ᚛ᚐᚔᚉᚋᚓᚋᚌᚎᚏ᚜
Aicme hÚatha; ᚛ᚐᚔᚉᚋᚓᚆᚇᚈᚉᚊ᚜	Aicme Ailme; ᚛ᚐᚔᚉᚋᚓᚐᚑᚒᚓᚔ᚜
	Forfeda; ᚛ᚃᚑᚏᚃᚓᚇᚐ᚜
	v; t; e;

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Latest revision as of 09:14, 16 April 2022

This article contains Ogham text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Ogham letters.

Beith (ᚁ) is the Irish name of the first letter (Irish "letter": sing.fid, pl.feda) of the Ogham alphabet, meaning "birch". In Old Irish, the letter name was Beithe, which is related to Welsh bedw(en), Breton bezv(enn), and Latin betula. Its Proto-Indo-European root was *gʷet- 'resin, gum'. Its phonetic value is [b].^[1]

Interpretation

The Auraicept na n-Éces contains the tale of the mythological origins of Beith^[2]

This moreover is the first thing that was written by Ogham, [illustration of seven b's, in Ogham script] i.e. (the birch) b was written, and to convey a warning to Lug son of Ethliu it was written respecting his wife lest she should be carried away from him into faeryland, to wit, seven b’s in one switch of birch: Thy wife will be seven times carried away from thee into faeryland or into another country, unless birch guard her. On that account, moreover, b, birch, takes precedence, for it is in birch that Ogham was first written.

Peith (ᚚ) is a later addition to the Forfeda, a variant of Beith with a phonetic value of [p]. It is also called beithe bog "soft beithe", [p] being considered a "soft" variant of [b]. It replaced Ifín ᚘ, one of the "original" five Forfeda likely named initially pín (influenced by Latin pinus) with an original value [p] but whose phonetic value was altered to a vowel diphthong due to later medieval schematicism.^[3]

Bríatharogaim

In the medieval kennings, called Bríatharogaim (sing. Bríatharogam) or Word Oghams the verses associated with Beith are:

Féocos foltchaín: "Withered foot with fine hair" in the Bríatharogam Morann mic Moín

Glaisem cnis: "Greyest of skin" in the Bríatharogam Mac ind Óc

Maise malach: "Beauty of the eyebrow" in the Bríatharogam Con Culainn.^[4]

Notes

While medieval and modern neopagan arboreal glosses (i.e. tree names) for the Ogham have been widely popularised (even for fade whose names do not translate as trees), the Old Irish In Lebor Ogaim (the Ogam Tract) also lists many other word values classified by type (e.g. birds, occupations, companies) for each fid. The filí (Old Irish filid, sing. fili) or poets of this period learned around one hundred and fifty variants of Ogham during their training, including these word-list forms.^[5]

Some of the notable Old Irish values of these for Beith include:

Enogam/Bird-ogam: besan "pheasant?" (this translation may be incorrect as the text predates the approximately sixteenth century introduction of pheasants to Ireland^[6])

Dathogam/Colour-ogam: bán "white"

Ogam tirda/Agricultural ogam: biail "axe"

Danogam/Art-ogam: bethumnacht "livelihood"

Ogam Cuidechtach/Company Ogam: Bachlaid "Priests"

References

^ McManus, Damian (1988). "Irish Letter-Names and Their Kennings". Ériu. 39: 127–168. JSTOR 30024135.
^ Auraicept na n-Éces Calder, George, Edinburgh, John Grant (1917), reprint Four Courts Press (1995), pp. 273-4, ISBN 1-85182-181-3,
^ McManus, Damian (1988). "Irish Letter-Names and Their Kennings". Ériu. 39: 127–168. JSTOR 30024135.
^ Auraicept na n-Éces Calder, George, Edinburgh, John Grant (1917), reprint Four Courts Press (1995), ISBN 1-85182-181-3
^ McManus, Damian. (1991). A guide to Ogam. Maynooth: An Sagart. ISBN 1-870684-17-6. OCLC 24181838.
^ Matheson, Colin (1963). "The Pheasant in Wales". British Birds. 44 (12): 452–455.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{distinguish|text=the Semitic letter [[Bet (letter)|bet]], which is sometimes spelled "beth"}}
-'''Beith''' is the [[Irish language|Irish]] name of the [[Ogham]] letter {{Unicode|&#x1681;}}, meaning "[[birch]]". In [[Old Irish]], the letter name was '''beithe''', which is related to [[Welsh language|Welsh]] ''bedw(en)'', Breton bezv(enn), and [[Latin]] ''betula''. Its [[Proto-Indo-European]] root was *''{{Unicode|g&#x02b7;et-}}'' 'resin, gum'. Its phonetic value is [b].
+{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
+{{Contains special characters|Ogham}}
+{{Table Oghamletters}}
+'''Beith''' (ᚁ) is the [[Irish language|Irish]] name of the first letter ([[Irish language|Irish]] "letter": sing.''fid'', pl.''feda'') of the [[Ogham]] alphabet, meaning "[[birch]]". In [[Old Irish]], the letter name was '''Beithe''', which is related to [[Welsh language|Welsh]] ''bedw(en)'', Breton ''bezv(enn)'', and [[Latin]] ''betula''. Its [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] root was *''gʷet-'' 'resin, gum'. Its phonetic value is {{IPA|[b]}}.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McManus|first=Damian|date=1988|title=Irish Letter-Names and Their Kennings|journal=Ériu|volume=39|pages=127–168|jstor=30024135}}</ref>
+==Interpretation==
-See also: [[Berkanan]]
+The ''[[Auraicept na n-Éces]]'' contains the tale of the [[Celtic mythology|mythological]] origins of ''Beith''<ref>[[Auraicept na n-Éces]] Calder, George, Edinburgh, John Grant (1917), reprint Four Courts Press (1995),  pp. 273-4, {{ISBN|1-85182-181-3}},</ref>
+{{cquote|This moreover is the first thing that was written by Ogham, [illustration of seven b's, in Ogham script] i.e. (the birch) b was written, and to convey a warning to [[Lugh|Lug]] son of [[Ethleann|Ethliu]] it was written respecting his wife lest she should be carried away from him into faeryland, to wit, seven b’s in one switch of birch: Thy wife will be seven times carried away from thee into faeryland or into another country, unless birch guard her.
-{{writingsystem-stub}}
+On that account, moreover, b, birch, takes precedence, for it is in birch that Ogham was first written.}}
+''Peith'' (<span style="font-size:125%;">ᚚ</span>) is a later addition to the [[Forfeda]], a variant of ''Beith'' with a phonetic value of [p]. It is also called ''beithe bog'' "soft ''beithe''", {{IPA|[p]}} being considered a "soft" variant of {{IPA|[b]}}. It replaced ''[[Ifín]]'' <span style="font-size:125%;">ᚘ</span>, one of the "original" five Forfeda likely named initially ''pín'' (influenced by Latin ''pinus'') with an original value [p] but whose phonetic value was altered to a vowel diphthong due to later medieval schematicism.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McManus|first=Damian|date=1988|title=Irish Letter-Names and Their Kennings|journal=Ériu|volume=39|pages=127–168|jstor=30024135}}</ref>
+==Bríatharogaim==
+In the medieval [[kenning]]s, called ''[[Bríatharogam|Bríatharogaim]]'' (sing. ''Bríatharogam'') or ''Word Oghams'' the verses associated with ''Beith'' are:
+''Féocos foltchaín:'' "Withered foot with fine hair" in the ''Bríatharogam Morann mic Moín''
+''Glaisem cnis:'' "Greyest of skin"  in the ''Bríatharogam Mac ind Óc''
+''Maise malach:'' "Beauty of the eyebrow"  in the ''Bríatharogam Con Culainn''.<ref>[[Auraicept na n-Éces]] Calder, George, Edinburgh, John Grant (1917), reprint Four Courts Press (1995), {{ISBN|1-85182-181-3}}</ref>
+== Notes ==
+While medieval and modern [[Modern Paganism|neopagan]] arboreal glosses (i.e. tree names) for the Ogham have been widely popularised (even for fade whose names do not translate as trees), the Old Irish ''[[In Lebor Ogaim]]'' (the ''Ogam Tract'') also lists many other word values classified by type (e.g. birds, occupations, companies) for each fid. The ''[[filí]]'' ([[Old Irish]] ''filid'', sing. ''fili'') or poets of this period learned around one hundred and fifty variants of Ogham during their training, including these word-list forms.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A guide to Ogam|last=McManus, Damian.|date=1991|publisher=An Sagart|isbn=1-870684-17-6|location=Maynooth|oclc=24181838}}</ref>
+Some of the notable [[Old Irish]] values of these for ''Beith'' include:
+'''Enogam/Bird-ogam''': ''besan'' "pheasant?" (this translation may be incorrect as the text predates the approximately sixteenth century introduction of pheasants to Ireland<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Matheson|first=Colin|date=1963|title=The Pheasant in Wales|journal=British Birds|volume=44|issue=12|pages=452–455}}</ref>)
+'''Dathogam/Colour-ogam''': ''bán'' "white"
+'''Ogam tirda/Agricultural ogam''': ''biail'' "axe"
+'''Danogam/Art-ogam''': ''bethumnacht'' "livelihood"
+'''Ogam Cuidechtach/Company Ogam''': ''Bachlaid'' "Priests"
+==References==
+{{Reflist}}
+==See also==
+*[[Berkanan]]
 [[Category:Ogham letters]]
+{{writingsystem-stub}}

Ogham letters ᚛ᚑᚌᚐᚋᚁᚂᚃᚓᚇᚐᚅ᚜
Aicme Beithe ᚛ᚐᚔᚉᚋᚓᚁᚂᚃᚄᚅ᚜			Aicme Muine ᚛ᚐᚔᚉᚋᚓᚋᚌᚎᚏ᚜
ᚁ	[b]	Beith	ᚋ	[m]	Muin
ᚂ	[l]	Luis	ᚌ	[ɡ]	Gort
ᚃ	[w]	Fearn	ᚍ	[ɡʷ]	nGéadal
ᚄ	[s]	Sail	ᚎ	[st], [ts], [sw]	Straif
ᚅ	[n]	Nion	ᚏ	[r]	Ruis
Aicme hÚatha ᚛ᚐᚔᚉᚋᚓᚆᚇᚈᚉᚊ᚜			Aicme Ailme ᚛ᚐᚔᚉᚋᚓᚐᚑᚒᚓᚔ᚜
ᚆ	[j]	Uath	ᚐ	[a]	Ailm
ᚇ	[d]	Dair	ᚑ	[o]	Onn
ᚈ	[t]	Tinne	ᚒ	[u]	Úr
ᚉ	[k]	Coll	ᚓ	[e]	Eadhadh
ᚊ	[kʷ]	Ceirt	ᚔ	[i]	Iodhadh
Forfeda ᚛ᚃᚑᚏᚃᚓᚇᚐ᚜
	ᚕ	[ea], [k], [x], [eo]	Éabhadh
	ᚖ	[oi]	Ór
	ᚗ	[ui]	Uilleann
	ᚘ	[ia]	Ifín
	ᚙ	[x], [ai]	Eamhancholl
	ᚚ	[p]	Peith
v t e