Lomography: Difference between revisions
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#REDIRECT [[Toy camera#Lomography]] {{R from merge}} |
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{{Multiple issues| |
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{{POV|date=January 2017}} |
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{{Advert|date=January 2017}} |
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{{merge to|Toy camera|date=January 2020}} |
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[[File:Lomo lc-a.JPG|thumb|right|The original [[Lomo LC-A]], which inspired the movement]] |
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'''Lomography''' is a genre of photography, involving taking spontaneous photographs with minimal attention to technical details. Lomographic images often exploit unpredictable<ref name="what">{{cite web |title=What is Lomography? |url=https://1stwebdesigner.com/what-is-lomography/ |website=1stWebDesigner |date=5 May 2017}}</ref> non-standard optical traits of cheap [[toy camera]] (such as light leaks and irregular lens alignment), and non-standard film processing techniques, for aesthetic effect.<ref name="darkroom" /><ref name="bbcnews2007">{{cite news|last=Blenford|first=Adam|title=Lomos: New take on an old classic|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7007160.stm|accessdate=26 May 2012|newspaper=BBC News|date=22 September 2007}}</ref> Similar-looking techniques with digital photography, often involving "lomo" image postprocessing filters, may also be considered lomographic.<ref name="push" /> The lomography trend peaked in 2011.<ref name="darkroom">{{cite web |title=What is Lomography or lomo camera? |url=https://thedarkroom.com/what-is-lomography/ |website=The Darkroom Photo Lab |date=11 February 2016}}</ref> |
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While cheap plastic toy cameras using film were and are produced by multiple manufactuers, lomography is named after the Soviet-era cameras produced by the "[[Leningradskoye Optiko-Mekhanicheskoye Obyedinenie|'''L'''eningradskoye '''O'''ptiko-'''M'''ekhanicheskoye '''O'''byedinenie]]. |
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Lomography has been a highly social pursuit, with local clubs organized by The Lomographic Society International (Lomographische AG, a commercial company selling lomo cameras).<ref name="bbcnews2007" /> The company promotes the genre; however, it is not necessary to use the company's products (which have been criticized as overpriced<ref name="what" />) to take lomographic photos.<ref name="push">{{cite web |last1=Watterson |first1=Derek |title=Holga Cameras and Lomography |url=https://photographycourse.net/holga-cameras-and-lomography/ |website=Photography Course}}</ref> |
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"Lomography" is claimed as a commercial trademark of Lomographische AG, which their creators associate to a photographic image style and a [[film camera]] movement and community facilitated by The Lomographic Society International. However, it has become a [[genericized trademark]]; most{{cn|date=January 2020}} [[camera phone]] photo editor [[mobile app|apps]] include a "lomo" [[photographic filter|filter]].<ref name="push" /> |
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== History == |
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{{Alternative photography}} |
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The lomography name is inspired by the former state-run optics manufacturer [[LOMO]] PLC of [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia that created and produced the 35 mm [[LOMO LC-A]] Compact Automat camera, now central to lomography. This camera was loosely based upon the [[Cosina]] CX-1 and introduced in the early 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|title=LOMO LC-A's Father: The Cosina CX-2|url=http://www.lomography.com/magazine/reviews/2011/08/02/Cosina-CX-2|publisher = Lomographische AG|accessdate=26 May 2012|date=2 August 2011}}</ref> The LOMO LC-A produces "unique, colorful, and sometimes blurry" images.<ref>{{cite news|last=Drake|first=James|title=A Camera That Really Opens Your Eyes|url=http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_24/c3685295.htm|accessdate=26 May 2012|newspaper=Bloomberg Businessweek|date=12 June 2000}}</ref> |
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[[File:Lomo-lca sample.png|left|thumb|Sample shot from a LOMO LC-A]] |
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The Lomographic Society International was founded in 1992 by a group of [[Vienna|Viennese]] students interested in the [[LOMO LC-A|LCA]], a camera created by [[LOMO]] PLC of [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia.<ref name="fastcompany">{{cite news|accessdate=2018-05-10|title=How An Analog Photo Company Can Thrive In An Instagram Age|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3048509/how-an-analog-photo-company-can-thrive-in-an-instagram-age|newspaper=[[Fast Company (magazine)|Fast Company]]|date=11 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Stephen|last1=Dowling|accessdate=2018-05-10|title=Did the Lomo camera save film photography?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-20434270|newspaper=BBC News|date=22 November 2012|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lomography.com/about/timeline|title=History · Lomography|publisher = Lomographische AG}}</ref> Lomography started as an art movement through which the students put on exhibitions of photos; the art movement then developed into the Lomographische AG, a commercial enterprise. |
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== Lomographische AG == |
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Lomographische AG is a commercial company headquartered in [[Vienna]], Austria, which sells cameras, accessories, and film.<ref name="bbcnews2007" /> |
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Lomographische AG signed an exclusive distribution agreement with LOMO PLC in 1995 — becoming the sole distributor of all LOMO LC-A cameras outside of the former [[Soviet Union]].<ref>{{cite news|title=A guide to Lomography|url=http://www.ephotozine.com/article/a-guide-to-lomography-137|accessdate=26 May 2012|newspaper=ePhotozine|date=2 August 2002}}</ref> The new company reached an agreement with the deputy mayor of St Petersburg, the future Russian Prime Minister and President, [[Vladimir Putin]], to receive a [[tax break]] in order to keep the LOMO factory in the city open.<ref name="bbcnews2007" /> |
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Since the introduction of the original LOMO LC-A, Lomographische AG has produced a line of their own film cameras. In 2005, production of the original LOMO LC-A was discontinued. Its replacement, the LOMO LC-A+, was introduced in 2006. The new camera, made in China rather than Russia, featured the original Russian lens manufactured by LOMO PLC.<ref>{{cite web|title=Timeline|url=http://www.lomography.com/about/timeline|publisher = Lomographische AG|accessdate=30 May 2012}}</ref> This changed as of mid-2007 with the lens now made in China as well. In 2012 the LC-A+ camera was re-released as a special edition.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hypebeast.com/2012/12/lomography-lc-a-20th-anniversary-edition|title=Lomography LC-A+ 20th Anniversary Edition|work=Hypebeast|access-date=2017-03-22|language=en}}</ref> It costs ten times the original secondhand value of the old LOMO LC-A.<ref name="bbcnews2007" /> |
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The Lomographic Society International (Lomographische AG) has moved into producing their own range of analog cameras, films and accessories. Lomographische AG has also released products catered to digital devices, such as the Smartphone Film Scanner;<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hypebeast.com/2013/1/the-lomography-smartphone-film-scanner|title=The Lomography Smartphone Film Scanner|work=Hypebeast|access-date=2017-03-22|language=en}}</ref> and the Achromat lens collection<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hypebeast.com/2016/4/lomography-daguerreotype-camera-lens|title=Lomography Bridges Technology With the Past by Recreating the First Photographic Optic Lens|work=HYPEBEAST|access-date=2017-03-22|language=en}}</ref> for SLR cameras with [[Canon EF lens mount|Canon EF]], [[Nikon F-mount|Nikon F]] or [[Pentax K-mount|Pentax K]] mounts, inspired by 19th century [[Daguerreotype]] photography. In 2013, together with Zenit, Lomographische AG produced a new version of the Petzval Lens designed to work with Canon EF and Nikon F mount SLR cameras. |
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Some have questioned the pricing of Lomographische AG's cheaply-made plastic "toy" cameras,<ref name="alt" /><ref name="what" /> which run from $100<ref name="alt">{{cite web |title=Opinion: Lomography, an Alternative Perspective on Traditional Photo Standards |url=https://petapixel.com/2015/07/21/opinion-lomography-an-alternative-perspective-on-traditional-photo-standards/ |website=petapixel.com}}</ref> to $400 US.<ref name="bbcnews2007" /> Some photographers agree that they are overpriced, but buy them anyway.<ref name="what" /> |
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=== Models === |
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[[File:Diana Mini.jpg|thumb|A Diana Mini]] |
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[[File:Fisheye2.jpg|thumb|alt=The Fisheye 2 model |The Fisheye 2 model]] |
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Cameras that have been marketed by Lomographische AG: |
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* LOMO LC-A+<ref name="bbcnews2007" /> |
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* LC-A 120<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=2018-05-10|title=Film isn't dead! The Lomo LC-A 120 helps fuel the retro revival|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/photography-video-capture/cameras/film-isn-t-dead-the-lomo-lc-a-120-helps-fuel-the-retro-revival-1264614|newspaper=[[TechRadar]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|accessdate=2018-05-10|title=Lomography LC-A 120|url=http://uk.pcmag.com/lomography-lc-a-120/41746/review/lomography-lc-a-120|newspaper=PCMag UK|date=7 May 2015}}</ref> |
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* [[Diana camera|Diana]] F+<ref name="fastcompany" /> |
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* Spinner 360° |
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* Sprocket Rocket |
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* Actionsampler |
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* Pop-9 |
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* Oktomat |
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* Fisheye |
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* Fisheye 2 |
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* Colorsplash |
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* Colorsplash Flash |
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* SuperSampler |
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* La Sardina |
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* LomoKino – a 35 mm analog movie camera |
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* Diana Baby – 110 film |
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* Fisheye Baby – 110 film |
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* Konstruktor – a build-it-yourself 35 mm SLR camera |
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* Fritz the Blitz |
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== Film == |
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The company produces several kinds of 35 mm, 120 and 110 film. |
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== Publication == |
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* ''Holga: the World Through a Plastic Lens.'' Vienna: Lomographic Society International, 2006. By Adam Scott and Lomographic Society International. {{ISBN|3-902217-07-3}}. Paperback edition. |
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== Lomographic aesthetic == |
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The stated philosophy of lomography is summarized in its motto, "Don’t Think, Just Shoot."<ref name="bbcnews2007" /> This motto is accompanied by The Ten Golden Rules which are supposed to encourage spontaneity and the taking of photographs anywhere, while minimizing considerations of formal technique.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Ten Golden Rules|url=http://www.lomography.com/about/the-ten-golden-rules|publisher = Lomographische AG|accessdate=26 May 2012}}</ref>{{independent source – inline}} Typical lomography cameras are deliberately low-fidelity and of simple construction. Some cameras make use of multiple lenses and rainbow-colored flashes; some exhibit extreme optical distortions and [[light leak]]s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Niche Photography|url=http://www.appledaily.com.tw/appledaily/article/international/20110428/33349967|accessdate=26 May 2012|newspaper=Apple Daily|date=28 April 2009|language=Chinese}}</ref> The intention of the lomographic style is one of acceptance of such deficiencies in order to create images with a unique character. Most [[camera phone]] photo editor [[mobile app|apps]] include a "lomo" [[photographic filter|filter]], the exact mechanisms of which vary by app. |
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Typical of lomography are images with high contrast and with unusual saturation and color that were created using the technique called [[cross processing]] in which film intended for developing in slide chemistry ([[E-6 process|E-6]]) is processed in photographic negative chemistry ([[C-41 process|C-41]]), and vice versa. This technique can be employed with any film camera and can be somewhat mimicked with photo-editing software such as [[GIMP]] or [[Photoshop]]. |
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== Community == |
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[[File:HK Sheung Wan Po Yan Street Lomography Shop.JPG|thumb|Lomography Shop in Wan Po Yan St., Hong Kong]] |
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The Lomographic Society International runs "Lomography Gallery Stores" and so-called "embassies" dedicated to the growth, support and public exposure of analogue photography. Customers interact through social events such as exhibits and workshops. |
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An example of the society's events showing peoples' lomography talents is the ''Lomokikuyu'' competition, which raises money for charity.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lomokikyu|url=http://microsites.lomography.com/kikuyu/|publisher = Lomographische AG|accessdate=26 May 2012}}</ref> |
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The organisation organises the Lomography World Congress, an international conference. |
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The Lomographic Society International maintains a community website featuring lomographic photographs.<ref>{{cite news|last=Plummer|first=Libby|title=Lomography – the return of analogue|url=http://www.pocket-lint.com/news/38874/lomography-return-of-analogue-interview|accessdate=26 May 2012|newspaper=Pocket-Lint|date=3 March 2011}}</ref> |
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== Photo gallery == |
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<gallery> |
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File:Fisheye2 0709.jpg|A Fisheye 2 with a fisheye viewfinder |
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File:LOMOLCA.jpg|A 1988 LOMO LC-A camera |
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File:Wakayama-jo-Lomo.jpg|Fisheye-lens photo of [[Wakayama, Wakayama|Wakayama Castle]] |
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File:DowntownLA.jpg|alt=The view of buildings in Downtown Los Angeles |The view of buildings in [[Downtown Los Angeles]] through the Fisheye 2 camera. |
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</gallery> |
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== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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== External links == |
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{{Commons category}} |
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* {{Official website|www.lomography.com}} |
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* {{cite web |author1=Lily Rothman |title=Lomography and the ‘Analogue Future’ |url=http://time.com/3788437/lomography/ |website=Time ||date=May 10, 2012}} |
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* {{cite web |author1=Tyler Lee |title=Lomography Reinvigorates The Disposable Camera With ‘Simple Use’ |url=https://www.ubergizmo.com/2017/04/lomography-disposable-camera-simple-use/ |website=Ubergizmo |date=April 18, 2017}} |
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* {{cite web |title=What is Lomography? |url=https://1stwebdesigner.com/what-is-lomography/ |website=1stWebDesigner |date=May 5, 2017}} |
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* {{cite web |title=What is Lomography or lomo camera? |url=https://thedarkroom.com/what-is-lomography/ |website=The Darkroom Photo Lab |date=February 11, 2016}} |
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{{Photography}} |
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[[Category:Photography by genre]] |
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[[Category:Trademarks]] |
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Latest revision as of 14:22, 27 April 2022
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