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In the LGBT Community

There are some people who have started rejecting the gender binary as a whole. Postgenderism is a term used to describe the social concept of rejecting gender, and the systems that control it in society. They subscribe to the idea that the dismantling of the gender binary would make a safe space for all expressions, and thus make society better as a whole.

Ball culture is an example of how the LGBT community interprets and rejects the gender binary. Paris is Burning, a film directed by Jennie Livingston, depicts New York's ballroom scene in the last 1980's. To compete in the Balls, men, women, and everyone in between create costumes and walk in their respective categories, some being Butch Queen, Transmute Realness, and Femme Queen. During the Balls, the gender binary is thrown out the window, and the people competing are allowed to express themselves however they interpret the category. Within the scenes of people competing in various categories there's a narrative that describes life outside the gender binary in New York. Since the film came out there's been a decline in the Ballroom scene do to the rise of media and the appropriation of the Drag culture (NYT article).

References

Rejection

Degendering fashion

Self-expression that opposes the gender binary is stigmatized and in some cases has been criminalized.^[1] The United States has a history of laws and policies against cross-dressing, such as New York's "walking while trans" law and the informal three-article rule used during the 1940s-1960s by police to punish people that dressed in a way that defied the gender binary.^[1]^[2]

#DeGenderFashion

The social media hashtag #DeGenderFashion was created by transfeminine writer and activist Alok Vaid-Menon in 2019 and seeks to separate clothing from the gender binary. ^[3]^[4] They share their fears of violence due to existing as openly gender nonconforming and declare that degendering fashion "should be understood as an anti-violence imperative".^[5]

Examples in popular culture

There are public figures that also oppose the gender binary by wearing clothing not typically associated with their perceived gender, such as Prince, David Bowie, Kurt Cobain, Jaden Smith, Ruby Rose, Rain Dove, Billy Porter, and Harry Styles. ^[3]^[6]^[7]

Ruby Rose wrote, produced, and starred in a short film titled Break Free, in which Ruby appears wearing feminine clothing and makeup and then removes it, replacing it with masculine clothing.^[8]^[9] The video's description on YouTube describes it as, "A short film about gender roles, Trans, and what it is like to have an identity that deviates from the status quo".^[8] The video went viral, with millions of views within the first two weeks of its release in 2014, and inspired public discourse about transness and the gender binary.^[9]

Harry Styles' appearance on the cover of American Vogue in 2020 was the first instance a cisgender man doing so by himself.^[10] This was groundbreaking as well as controversial due to the fact that on the cover he wore both a dress, a clothing item associated with women, as well as a blazer, which is associated with men.^[10]^[11] His embrace of clothing associated with women and men is a rejection of the gender binary.^[11]

#IAmNonbinary

#IAmNonbinary is a social media hashtag that gives nonbinary users a specific platform to elevate their stories and share pride in existing outside the gender binary. ^[12] The hashtag has been used by people and celebrities alike, including musician and actor Janelle Monáe.^[12]^[13] Other public figures that identify outside the gender binary include Sam Smith, Indya Moore, Brigette Lundy-Paine, King Princess, Johnathan Van Ness, Bex Taylor-Klaus, Amandla Stenberg, Demi Lovato, and more.^[14]^[15]^[16]

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns in the English language are typically associated with either men (he/him) or women (she/her), which excludes people who do not identify as a man or a woman.^[17] However, gender-neutral pronouns, such as singular they pronouns (they/them) are sometimes used by nonbinary and gender nonconforming individuals.^[17]^[18] A 2019 study found that "close to 1 in 5 Americans personally know someone who uses gender-neutral pronouns such as ‘they’ instead of ‘he’ or “’she’”.^[19]^[20] In addition, people may use neopronouns in place of other personal pronouns.^[18] Examples of neopronouns include xe/xem, ze/zem, and sie/hir.^[18]

Individuals regardless of their gender identity are encouraged to share their pronouns to help normalize the practice and make more inclusive spaces for transgender people.^[21] This has resulted in people adding their pronouns in email signatures, professional sites like LinkedIn, and social media profiles.^[20]^[21] Recognizing this, Instagram released a feature in 2021 that gives users a dedicated space in their profile to add personal pronouns.^[22]

Limitations

Some scholars have contested the existence of a clear gender binary. Judith Lorber explains the problem of failing to question dividing people into these two groups "even though they often find more significant within-group differences than between-group differences."^[23] Lorber argues that this corroborates the fact that the gender binary is arbitrary and leads to false expectations of both men and women. Instead, there is growing support for the possibility of utilizing additional categories that compare people without "prior assumptions about who is like whom".^[23]

This idea of a gender as a binary is thought^{[by whom?]} to be an oppressive means of reflecting differential power dynamics.^[24]

In her paper "The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough", Anne Fausto-Sterling discusses the existence of intersex people, individuals possessing a combination of male and female sexual characteristics, who are seen as deviations from the norm, and who frequently undergo coercive surgery at a very young age in order to maintain the two-gender system. According to Fausto-Sterling the existence of these individuals challenges the standards of gender binaries and puts into question society's role in constructing gender.^[25]^{[original research?]} Fausto-Sterling says that modern practitioners encourage the idea that gender is a cultural construct and concludes that, "we are moving from an era of sexual dimorphism to one of variety beyond the number 2."^[26]^[relevant?]

Femmephobia

background on gendering characteristics, associations with masculinity/femininity

dive into why it's more acceptable to embrace masculinity than femininity

Cisnormativity

Cisnormativity is a product of the gender binary that assumes people are cisgender, meaning that their gender identity matches their sex assigned at birth.^[19] Both binary and nonbinary transgender individuals are excluded from this ideology.^[19] This leads to individuals outside the gender binary experiencing disparities in health and violence at individual, interpersonal, and institutional levels due to their non-normative status.^[27]

Violence against non-cisgender individuals

Transgender individuals are at a greater risk of physical and sexual intimate partner violence than cisgender individuals.^[28] The rates of intimate partner violence among transgender populations are referred to as “epidemic levels” and they are classified as a high risk population.^[28] Discrimination against transgender individuals is believed by researchers to contribute to greater risk of intimate partner violence.^[28] This is especially prominent in areas where gender identity is not legally protected against discrimination.^[28]

state violence via three-article rule (history of cross-dressing article), literal gender policing

Health disparities

Gender binarism poses limitations on the adequacy of medical care provided to gender nonconforming patients. There is a large gap in medical literature on non-binary populations who have unique healthcare needs.^[29] A lack of cultural competency about nonbinary gender identities among providers contribute to nonbinary transgender individuals facing greater health disparities than both binary transgender and cisgender individuals.^[30] However, cisnormativity affects transgender individuals that identify within the gender binary as well. An individual's discomfort due to incongruence with their gender identity and sex assigned at birth used to be classified as a mental illness.^[30]^[31] "Gender identity disorder" entered the DSM-IV in 1980 and was used by doctors to pathologize transgender individuals.^[30]^[31] While it was updated to the term "gender dysphoria" when the DSM-V was published in 2013, transgender health is otherwise largely absent from medical curriculums.^[30]^[31]^[32] Health systems remain cisnormative and discriminative, which lead to adverse health outcomes for transgender populations.^[30]^[33]

An individual's discomfort due to incongruence with their gender identity and sex assigned at birth used to be classified as a mental illness.^[30]^[31] "Gender identity disorder" entered the DSM-IV in 1980 and was used by doctors to pathologize transgender individuals.^[30]^[31] While it was updated to the term "gender dysphoria" when the DSM-V was published in 2013, transgender health is otherwise largely absent from medical curriculums.^[30]^[31]^[32] This is especially evident for nonbinary transgender individuals, whom face greater health disparities than both cisgender and binary transgender individuals due to the lack of culturally competent healthcare providers versed in nonbinary health.^[33]

References

^[28]

^ ^a ^b "New York repeals 'walking while trans' law after years of activism". NBC News. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
^ Ryan, Hugh. "How Dressing in Drag Was Labeled a Crime in the 20th Century". HISTORY. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
^ ^a ^b Weikle, Brandie (January 9, 2022). "Gender-fluid dressing could lead to renaissance in fashion, says advocate". CBC News. Retrieved April 28, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ Jun 07, Emily St Martin. "On TikTok, Fashion Is Already Post-Gender". InStyle. Retrieved 2022-05-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "degendering fashion is an anti-violence imperative". ALOK. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
^ "Jaden Smith Opens Up About Being A Gender Neutral Style Icon To 'GQ' & It's Truly Inspiring". Bustle. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
^ Geffen, Sasha (2020). Glitter Up the Dark : How Pop Music Broke the Binary. University of Texas Press. pp. 190–199. ISBN 9781477318782.
^ ^a ^b Break Free - Ruby Rose, retrieved 2022-05-01
^ ^a ^b "Ruby Rose on gender, bullying and breaking free: 'I had a problem with authority'". the Guardian. 2021-03-31. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
^ ^a ^b Mowat, Chris (2021-07). "Forum Introduction: Addressing Gender, Gendering Dress". Gender & History. 33 (2): 289–295. doi:10.1111/1468-0424.12539. ISSN 0953-5233. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ ^a ^b Brown, Nina Luangrath-. "Harry Styles: Breaking The Gender Binary". The Roar. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
^ ^a ^b Nast, Condé (2020-01-13). "Janelle Monáe Tweets "#IAmNonbinary"". them. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
^ Nast, Condé (2020-06-17). "Janelle Monáe Opens Up on Gender Identity and Directing Projects: "I'm Exploring"". them. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
^ Ahlgrim, Callie. "14 celebrities who don't identify as either male or female". Insider. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
^ Nast, Condé (2018-06-15). "King Princess Is a Genderqueer Pop Icon for the Next Generation of Queer Youth". them. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
^ "King Princess and Mj Rodriguez on the self-actualizing power of inventing a new persona". Document Journal. 2019-10-25. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
^ ^a ^b Lab, Purdue Writing. "Gendered Pronouns & Singular "They" // Purdue Writing Lab". Purdue Writing Lab. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
^ ^a ^b ^c Nast, Condé (2020-05-22). "Gender-Neutral Pronouns 101: Everything You've Always Wanted to Know". them. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
^ ^a ^b ^c Worthen, Meredith G. F. (2021-09-01). "Why Can't You Just Pick One? The Stigmatization of Non-binary/Genderqueer People by Cis and Trans Men and Women: An Empirical Test of Norm-Centered Stigma Theory". Sex Roles. 85 (5): 343–356. doi:10.1007/s11199-020-01216-z. ISSN 1573-2762.
^ ^a ^b "Should your email say if you're he, she or they?". BBC News. 2020-02-19. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
^ ^a ^b Masure (they/them), Max (2019-03-14). "Why I Put Pronouns on my Email Signature (and LinkedIn profile) and You Should Too". Trans Inclusion. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
^ "Instagram launches feature to let users add pronouns to profile". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
^ ^a ^b Lorber, Judith. "Believing is Seeing: Biology as Ideology." In The Gendered Society Reader, edited by Michael S. Kimmel, Amy Aronson, and Amy Kaler, 11-18. Toronto, ON: Oxford University Press, 2011.
^ Boydston, Jeanne (November 2008). "Gender as a Question of Historical Analysis". Gender & History. 20 (3): 558–583. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0424.2008.00537.x. ISSN 0953-5233.
^ Morgan Holmes (2008). Intersex: A Perilous Difference. Associated University Presse. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-575-91117-5. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
^ Fausto-Sterling, Anne (March–April 1993). "The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough". The Sciences: 20–24. doi:10.1002/j.2326-1951.1993.tb03081.x.
^ LeMaster, Benny (2017). "Unlearning the Violence of the Normative". QED: A Journal in GLBTQ Worldmaking. 4 (2): 123–130. doi:10.14321/qed.4.2.0123. ISSN 2327-1574.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Peitzmeier, Sarah M.; Malik, Mannat; Kattari, Shanna K.; Marrow, Elliot; Stephenson, Rob; Agénor, Madina; Reisner, Sari L. (2020-09). "Intimate Partner Violence in Transgender Populations: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prevalence and Correlates". American Journal of Public Health. 110 (9): e1 – e14. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2020.305774. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 7427218. PMID 32673114. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
^ Edmiston, E. Kale; Donald, Cameron A.; Sattler, Alice Rose; Peebles, J. Klint; Ehrenfeld, Jesse M.; Eckstrand, Kristen Laurel (2016). "Opportunities and Gaps in Primary Care Preventative Health Services for Transgender Patients: A Systemic Review". Transgender Health. 1 (1): 216–230. doi:10.1089/trgh.2016.0019. ISSN 2380-193X. PMC 5367473. PMID 28861536.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Hana, Tommy; Butler, Kat; Young, L Trevor; Zamora, Gerardo; Lam, June Sing Hong (2021-04-01). "Transgender health in medical education" (PDF). Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 99 (4): 296–303. doi:10.2471/BLT.19.249086. ISSN 0042-9686. PMC 8085635. PMID 33953447.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Koh, Jun (2012). "[The history of the concept of gender identity disorder]". Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi = Psychiatria Et Neurologia Japonica. 114 (6): 673–680. ISSN 0033-2658. PMID 22844818.
^ ^a ^b Vahia, VihangN (2013). "Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5: A quick glance". Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 55 (3): 220. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.117131. ISSN 0019-5545. PMC 3777342. PMID 24082241.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
^ ^a ^b Rider, G. Nic; Vencill, Jennifer A.; Berg, Dianne R.; Becker-Warner, Rachel; Candelario-Pérez, Leonardo; Spencer, Katherine G. (2019-07-03). "The gender affirmative lifespan approach (GALA): A framework for competent clinical care with nonbinary clients". International Journal of Transgenderism. 20 (2–3): 275–288. doi:10.1080/15532739.2018.1485069. ISSN 1553-2739. PMC 6831004. PMID 32999613.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)

[:10-1] "New York repeals 'walking while trans' law after years of activism". NBC News. Retrieved 2022-05-01.

[2] Ryan, Hugh. "How Dressing in Drag Was Labeled a Crime in the 20th Century". HISTORY. Retrieved 2022-05-01.

[:0-3] Weikle, Brandie (January 9, 2022). "Gender-fluid dressing could lead to renaissance in fashion, says advocate". CBC News. Retrieved April 28, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[4] Jun 07, Emily St Martin. "On TikTok, Fashion Is Already Post-Gender". InStyle. Retrieved 2022-05-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[5] "degendering fashion is an anti-violence imperative". ALOK. Retrieved 2022-05-01.

[6] "Jaden Smith Opens Up About Being A Gender Neutral Style Icon To 'GQ' & It's Truly Inspiring". Bustle. Retrieved 2022-04-29.

[7] Geffen, Sasha (2020). Glitter Up the Dark : How Pop Music Broke the Binary. University of Texas Press. pp. 190–199. ISBN 9781477318782.

[:7-8] Break Free - Ruby Rose, retrieved 2022-05-01

[:8-9] "Ruby Rose on gender, bullying and breaking free: 'I had a problem with authority'". the Guardian. 2021-03-31. Retrieved 2022-05-01.

[:1-10] Mowat, Chris (2021-07). "Forum Introduction: Addressing Gender, Gendering Dress". Gender & History. 33 (2): 289–295. doi:10.1111/1468-0424.12539. ISSN 0953-5233. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[:2-11] Brown, Nina Luangrath-. "Harry Styles: Breaking The Gender Binary". The Roar. Retrieved 2022-04-29.

[:9-12] Nast, Condé (2020-01-13). "Janelle Monáe Tweets "#IAmNonbinary"". them. Retrieved 2022-05-01.

[13] Nast, Condé (2020-06-17). "Janelle Monáe Opens Up on Gender Identity and Directing Projects: "I'm Exploring"". them. Retrieved 2022-05-01.

[14] Ahlgrim, Callie. "14 celebrities who don't identify as either male or female". Insider. Retrieved 2022-05-01.

[15] Nast, Condé (2018-06-15). "King Princess Is a Genderqueer Pop Icon for the Next Generation of Queer Youth". them. Retrieved 2022-05-01.

[16] "King Princess and Mj Rodriguez on the self-actualizing power of inventing a new persona". Document Journal. 2019-10-25. Retrieved 2022-05-01.

[:12-17] Lab, Purdue Writing. "Gendered Pronouns & Singular "They" // Purdue Writing Lab". Purdue Writing Lab. Retrieved 2022-05-02.

[:13-18] Nast, Condé (2020-05-22). "Gender-Neutral Pronouns 101: Everything You've Always Wanted to Know". them. Retrieved 2022-05-02.

[:14-19] Worthen, Meredith G. F. (2021-09-01). "Why Can't You Just Pick One? The Stigmatization of Non-binary/Genderqueer People by Cis and Trans Men and Women: An Empirical Test of Norm-Centered Stigma Theory". Sex Roles. 85 (5): 343–356. doi:10.1007/s11199-020-01216-z. ISSN 1573-2762.

[:15-20] "Should your email say if you're he, she or they?". BBC News. 2020-02-19. Retrieved 2022-05-02.

[:16-21] Masure (they/them), Max (2019-03-14). "Why I Put Pronouns on my Email Signature (and LinkedIn profile) and You Should Too". Trans Inclusion. Retrieved 2022-05-02.

[22] "Instagram launches feature to let users add pronouns to profile". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2022-05-02.

[lorber-23] Lorber, Judith. "Believing is Seeing: Biology as Ideology." In The Gendered Society Reader, edited by Michael S. Kimmel, Amy Aronson, and Amy Kaler, 11-18. Toronto, ON: Oxford University Press, 2011.

[24] Boydston, Jeanne (November 2008). "Gender as a Question of Historical Analysis". Gender & History. 20 (3): 558–583. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0424.2008.00537.x. ISSN 0953-5233.

[Drowninginlimbo-25] Morgan Holmes (2008). Intersex: A Perilous Difference. Associated University Presse. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-575-91117-5. Retrieved 29 April 2014.

[26] Fausto-Sterling, Anne (March–April 1993). "The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough". The Sciences: 20–24. doi:10.1002/j.2326-1951.1993.tb03081.x.

[27] LeMaster, Benny (2017). "Unlearning the Violence of the Normative". QED: A Journal in GLBTQ Worldmaking. 4 (2): 123–130. doi:10.14321/qed.4.2.0123. ISSN 2327-1574.

[:3-28] Peitzmeier, Sarah M.; Malik, Mannat; Kattari, Shanna K.; Marrow, Elliot; Stephenson, Rob; Agénor, Madina; Reisner, Sari L. (2020-09). "Intimate Partner Violence in Transgender Populations: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prevalence and Correlates". American Journal of Public Health. 110 (9): e1 – e14. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2020.305774. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 7427218. PMID 32673114. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)

[29] Edmiston, E. Kale; Donald, Cameron A.; Sattler, Alice Rose; Peebles, J. Klint; Ehrenfeld, Jesse M.; Eckstrand, Kristen Laurel (2016). "Opportunities and Gaps in Primary Care Preventative Health Services for Transgender Patients: A Systemic Review". Transgender Health. 1 (1): 216–230. doi:10.1089/trgh.2016.0019. ISSN 2380-193X. PMC 5367473. PMID 28861536.

[:4-30] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Hana, Tommy; Butler, Kat; Young, L Trevor; Zamora, Gerardo; Lam, June Sing Hong (2021-04-01). "Transgender health in medical education" (PDF). Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 99 (4): 296–303. doi:10.2471/BLT.19.249086. ISSN 0042-9686. PMC 8085635. PMID 33953447.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)

[:5-31] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Koh, Jun (2012). "[The history of the concept of gender identity disorder]". Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi = Psychiatria Et Neurologia Japonica. 114 (6): 673–680. ISSN 0033-2658. PMID 22844818.

[:11-32] Vahia, VihangN (2013). "Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5: A quick glance". Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 55 (3): 220. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.117131. ISSN 0019-5545. PMC 3777342. PMID 24082241.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[:6-33] Rider, G. Nic; Vencill, Jennifer A.; Berg, Dianne R.; Becker-Warner, Rachel; Candelario-Pérez, Leonardo; Spencer, Katherine G. (2019-07-03). "The gender affirmative lifespan approach (GALA): A framework for competent clinical care with nonbinary clients". International Journal of Transgenderism. 20 (2–3): 275–288. doi:10.1080/15532739.2018.1485069. ISSN 1553-2739. PMC 6831004. PMID 32999613.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)

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@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 == Rejection ==
-=== #DeGenderFashion ===
-Gender non-conformity in clothing is does not have widespread support, and has historically been banned in many cultures.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=New York repeals 'walking while trans' law after years of activism |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/new-york-repeals-walking-while-trans-law-after-years-activism-n1256736 |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> The United States has a history of laws and policies against cross-dressing, such as the "[[LGBT rights in New York|walking while trans]]" law and "three-article rule" that punished people that dressed in a way that defied the gender binary.<ref name=":10" /> The hashtag movement to degender fashion was created by transfeminine writer and activist [[Alok Vaid-Menon]], which seeks to separate clothing from cultural gender norms. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Weikle |first=Brandie |date=January 9, 2022 |title=Gender-fluid dressing could lead to renaissance in fashion, says advocate |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/tapestry/gender-fluid-dressing-could-lead-to-renaissance-in-fashion-says-advocate-1.6306160 |url-status=live |access-date=April 28, 2022 |website=CBC News}}</ref> They share fears and experiences of [[Trans bashing|violence]] due to existing as openly gender nonconforming and declare that degendering fashion "should be understood as an anti-violence imperative".<ref>{{Cite web |title=degendering fashion is an anti-violence imperative |url=https://www.alokvmenon.com/blog/2019/11/25/degendering-fashion-is-an-anti-violence-imperative |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=ALOK |language=en-US}}</ref> There are public figures that also oppose the gender binary by wearing clothing not typically associated with their perceived gender, such as [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], [[David Bowie]], [[Kurt Cobain]], [[Jaden Smith]], [[Ruby Rose]], [[Rain Dove]], [[Billy Porter (actor)|Billy Porter]], and [[Harry Styles]]. <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaden Smith Opens Up About Being A Gender Neutral Style Icon To 'GQ' & It's Truly Inspiring |url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/147896-jaden-smith-opens-up-about-being-a-gender-neutral-style-icon-to-gq-its-truly |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Bustle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Geffen |first=Sasha |title=Glitter Up the Dark : How Pop Music Broke the Binary |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781477318782 |pages=190-199 |language=en}}</ref>
+=== Degendering fashion ===
-Harry Styles' appearance on the cover of American ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' in 2020 was the first instance a cisgender man doing so by himself.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Mowat |first=Chris |date=2021-07 |title=Forum Introduction: Addressing Gender, Gendering Dress |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0424.12539 |journal=Gender & History |language=en |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=289–295 |doi=10.1111/1468-0424.12539 |issn=0953-5233}}</ref> This was groundbreaking as well as controversial due to the fact that on the cover he wore both a dress, a clothing item associated with women, as well as a blazer, which is associated with men.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Nina Luangrath- |title=Harry Styles: Breaking The Gender Binary |url=https://pfhstheroar.com/8812/culture/harry-styles-breaking-the-gender-binary/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=The Roar}}</ref> His embrace of clothing associated with women and men is a rejection of the gender binary.<ref name=":2" />
+Self-expression that opposes the gender binary is stigmatized and in some cases has been criminalized.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=New York repeals 'walking while trans' law after years of activism |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/new-york-repeals-walking-while-trans-law-after-years-activism-n1256736 |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> The United States has a history of laws and policies against cross-dressing, such as New York's "[[LGBT rights in New York|walking while trans]]" law and the informal three-article rule used during the 1940s-1960s by police to punish people that dressed in a way that defied the gender binary.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ryan |first=Hugh |title=How Dressing in Drag Was Labeled a Crime in the 20th Century |url=https://www.history.com/news/stonewall-riots-lgbtq-drag-three-article-rule |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref>
+==== #DeGenderFashion ====
+The social media hashtag #DeGenderFashion was created by transfeminine writer and activist [[Alok Vaid-Menon]] in 2019 and seeks to separate clothing from the gender binary. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Weikle |first=Brandie |date=January 9, 2022 |title=Gender-fluid dressing could lead to renaissance in fashion, says advocate |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/tapestry/gender-fluid-dressing-could-lead-to-renaissance-in-fashion-says-advocate-1.6306160 |url-status=live |access-date=April 28, 2022 |website=CBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jun 07 |first=Emily St Martin |title=On TikTok, Fashion Is Already Post-Gender |url=https://www.instyle.com/fashion/clothing/tiktok-gender-free-fashion |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=InStyle |language=en}}</ref> They share their fears of [[Trans bashing|violence]] due to existing as openly gender nonconforming and declare that degendering fashion "should be understood as an anti-violence imperative".<ref>{{Cite web |title=degendering fashion is an anti-violence imperative |url=https://www.alokvmenon.com/blog/2019/11/25/degendering-fashion-is-an-anti-violence-imperative |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=ALOK |language=en-US}}</ref>
+==== Examples in popular culture ====
+There are public figures that also oppose the gender binary by wearing clothing not typically associated with their perceived gender, such as [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], [[David Bowie]], [[Kurt Cobain]], [[Jaden Smith]], [[Ruby Rose]], [[Rain Dove]], [[Billy Porter (actor)|Billy Porter]], and [[Harry Styles]]. <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaden Smith Opens Up About Being A Gender Neutral Style Icon To 'GQ' & It's Truly Inspiring |url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/147896-jaden-smith-opens-up-about-being-a-gender-neutral-style-icon-to-gq-its-truly |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Bustle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Geffen |first=Sasha |title=Glitter Up the Dark : How Pop Music Broke the Binary |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781477318782 |pages=190-199 |language=en}}</ref>
 Ruby Rose wrote, produced, and starred in a short film titled ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFjsSSDLl8w Break Free]'', in which Ruby appears wearing feminine clothing and makeup and then removes it, replacing it with masculine clothing.<ref name=":7">{{Citation |title=Break Free - Ruby Rose |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFjsSSDLl8w |language=en |access-date=2022-05-01}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-31 |title=Ruby Rose on gender, bullying and breaking free: ‘I had a problem with authority’ |url=http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2021/mar/31/ruby-rose-on-gender-bullying-and-breaking-free-i-had-a-problem-with-authority |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> The video's description on YouTube describes it as, "A short film about gender roles, Trans, and what it is like to have an identity that deviates from the status quo".<ref name=":7" /> The video went viral, with millions of views within the first two weeks of its release in 2014, and inspired public discourse about transness and the gender binary.<ref name=":8" />
+Harry Styles' appearance on the cover of American ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' in 2020 was the first instance a cisgender man doing so by himself.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Mowat |first=Chris |date=2021-07 |title=Forum Introduction: Addressing Gender, Gendering Dress |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0424.12539 |journal=Gender & History |language=en |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=289–295 |doi=10.1111/1468-0424.12539 |issn=0953-5233}}</ref> This was groundbreaking as well as controversial due to the fact that on the cover he wore both a dress, a clothing item associated with women, as well as a blazer, which is associated with men.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Nina Luangrath- |title=Harry Styles: Breaking The Gender Binary |url=https://pfhstheroar.com/8812/culture/harry-styles-breaking-the-gender-binary/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=The Roar}}</ref> His embrace of clothing associated with women and men is a rejection of the gender binary.<ref name=":2" />
 === #IAmNonbinary ===
 [https://nonbinary.wiki/wiki/IAmNonbinary #IAmNonbinary] is a social media hashtag that gives nonbinary users a specific platform to elevate their stories and share pride in existing outside the gender binary. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Nast |first=Condé |date=2020-01-13 |title=Janelle Monáe Tweets “#IAmNonbinary” |url=https://www.them.us/story/janelle-monae-nonbinary-iamnonbinary |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=them. |language=en-US}}</ref> The hashtag has been used by people and celebrities alike, including musician and actor [[Janelle Monáe]].<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nast |first=Condé |date=2020-06-17 |title=Janelle Monáe Opens Up on Gender Identity and Directing Projects: “I’m Exploring” |url=https://www.them.us/story/janelle-monae-opens-up-gender-identity |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=them. |language=en-US}}</ref> Other public figures that identify outside the gender binary include [[Sam Smith]], [[Indya Moore]], [[Brigette Lundy-Paine]], [[King Princess]], [[Jonathan Van Ness|Johnathan Van Ness]], [[Bex Taylor-Klaus]], [[Amandla Stenberg]], [[Demi Lovato]], and [[List of people with non-binary gender identities|more]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahlgrim |first=Callie |title=14 celebrities who don't identify as either male or female |url=https://www.insider.com/9-celebrities-who-identify-as-gender-non-binary-2019-6 |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nast |first=Condé |date=2018-06-15 |title=King Princess Is a Genderqueer Pop Icon for the Next Generation of Queer Youth |url=https://www.them.us/story/king-princess-make-my-bed |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=them. |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-25 |title=King Princess and Mj Rodriguez on the self-actualizing power of inventing a new persona |url=https://www.documentjournal.com/2019/10/king-princess-cheap-queen-mj-rodriguez-pose-discuss-power-and-persona/ |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=Document Journal |language=en-US}}</ref>
-=== Pronouns ===
+=== Personal pronouns ===
+Personal pronouns in the English language are typically associated with either men (he/him) or women (she/her), which excludes people who do not identify as a man or a woman.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Lab |first=Purdue Writing |title=Gendered Pronouns & Singular “They” // Purdue Writing Lab |url=https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/grammar/pronouns/gendered_pronouns_and_singular_they.html |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=Purdue Writing Lab |language=en}}</ref> However, [[Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns|gender-neutral pronouns]], such as [[Singular they|singular ''they'']] pronouns (they/them) are sometimes used by nonbinary and gender nonconforming individuals.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Nast |first=Condé |date=2020-05-22 |title=Gender-Neutral Pronouns 101: Everything You've Always Wanted to Know |url=https://www.them.us/story/gender-neutral-pronouns-101-they-them-xe-xem |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=them. |language=en-US}}</ref> A 2019 study found that "close to 1 in 5 Americans personally know someone who uses gender-neutral pronouns such as ‘they’ instead of ‘he’ or “’she’”.<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Worthen |first=Meredith G. F. |date=2021-09-01 |title=Why Can’t You Just Pick One? The Stigmatization of Non-binary/Genderqueer People by Cis and Trans Men and Women: An Empirical Test of Norm-Centered Stigma Theory |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-020-01216-z |journal=Sex Roles |language=en |volume=85 |issue=5 |pages=343–356 |doi=10.1007/s11199-020-01216-z |issn=1573-2762}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite news |date=2020-02-19 |title=Should your email say if you're he, she or they? |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51331571 |access-date=2022-05-02}}</ref> In addition, people may use [[Neopronoun|neopronouns]] in place of other personal pronouns.<ref name=":13" /> Examples of neopronouns include xe/xem, ze/zem, and sie/hir.<ref name=":13" />
+Individuals regardless of their gender identity are encouraged to share their pronouns to help normalize the practice and make more inclusive spaces for transgender people.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Masure (they/them) |first=Max |date=2019-03-14 |title=Why I Put Pronouns on my Email Signature (and LinkedIn profile) and You Should Too |url=https://medium.com/gender-inclusivit/why-i-put-pronouns-on-my-email-signature-and-linkedin-profile-and-you-should-too-d3dc942c8743 |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=Trans Inclusion |language=en}}</ref> This has resulted in people adding their pronouns in email signatures, professional sites like [[LinkedIn]], and social media profiles.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" /> Recognizing this, Instagram released a feature in 2021 that gives users a dedicated space in their profile to add personal pronouns.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram launches feature to let users add pronouns to profile |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/instagram-pronouns-profiles/ |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
-* singular they/them pronouns
-* neopronouns
-* instagram / other social media platforms adding options to disclose or share pronouns
-* movements to normalize sharing pronouns?
 == Limitations ==
+Some scholars have contested the existence of a clear gender binary. [[Judith Lorber]] explains the problem of failing to question dividing people into these two groups "even though they often find more significant within-group differences than between-group differences."<ref name="lorber">Lorber, Judith. "Believing is Seeing: Biology as Ideology." In ''The Gendered Society Reader,'' edited by Michael S. Kimmel, Amy Aronson, and Amy Kaler, 11-18. Toronto, ON: Oxford University Press, 2011.</ref> Lorber argues that this corroborates the fact that the gender binary is arbitrary and leads to false expectations of both men and women. Instead, there is growing support for the possibility of utilizing additional categories that compare people without "prior assumptions about who is like whom".<ref name="lorber" />
+This idea of a gender as a binary is thought{{by whom|date=April 2022}} to be an oppressive means of reflecting differential power dynamics.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boydston |first=Jeanne |date=November 2008 |title=Gender as a Question of Historical Analysis |journal=Gender & History |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=558–583 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0424.2008.00537.x |issn=0953-5233}}</ref>
+In her paper "The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough", [[Anne Fausto-Sterling]] discusses the existence of intersex people, individuals possessing a combination of male and female sexual characteristics, who are seen as deviations from the norm, and who frequently undergo coercive surgery at a very young age in order to maintain the two-gender system. According to Fausto-Sterling the existence of these individuals challenges the standards of gender binaries and puts into question society's role in constructing gender.<ref name="Drowninginlimbo">{{cite book |author=Morgan Holmes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YYTnmY2EelUC |title=Intersex: A Perilous Difference |date=2008 |publisher=Associated University Presse |isbn=978-1-575-91117-5 |pages=17 |access-date=29 April 2014}}</ref>{{Original research inline|date=October 2021}} Fausto-Sterling says that modern practitioners encourage the idea that gender is a [[cultural construct]] and concludes that, "we are moving from an era of [[sexual dimorphism]] to one of variety beyond the number 2."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fausto-Sterling |first=Anne |author-link=Anne Fausto-Sterling |date=March–April 1993 |title=The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough |journal=The Sciences |pages=20–24 |doi=10.1002/j.2326-1951.1993.tb03081.x}}</ref>{{Relevance inline|date=October 2021|reason=The article is fully aware that sex and gender are two distinct things.
+Anne Fausto-Sterling's paper is clearly talking about the number of sexes not the number of genders. As a matter of fact her essay doesn't say anything on the gender binary. The word gender is only used once and isn't touched upon.}}
 === Femmephobia ===
@@ Line 46: / Line 58: @@
 === Cisnormativity ===
+Cisnormativity is a product of the gender binary that assumes people are cisgender, meaning that their gender identity matches their sex assigned at birth.<ref name=":14" /> Both binary and nonbinary transgender individuals are excluded from this ideology.<ref name=":14" /> This leads to individuals outside the gender binary experiencing disparities in health and violence at individual, interpersonal, and institutional levels due to their non-normative status.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=LeMaster |first=Benny |date=2017 |title=Unlearning the Violence of the Normative |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.14321/qed.4.2.0123 |journal=QED: A Journal in GLBTQ Worldmaking |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=123–130 |doi=10.14321/qed.4.2.0123 |issn=2327-1574}}</ref>
-definition, how it operates, who it includes / excludes, how this relates to violence and health
 ==== Violence against non-cisgender individuals ====
 Transgender individuals are at a greater risk of physical and sexual intimate partner violence than cisgender individuals.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Peitzmeier |first=Sarah M. |last2=Malik |first2=Mannat |last3=Kattari |first3=Shanna K. |last4=Marrow |first4=Elliot |last5=Stephenson |first5=Rob |last6=Agénor |first6=Madina |last7=Reisner |first7=Sari L. |date=2020-09 |title=Intimate Partner Violence in Transgender Populations: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prevalence and Correlates |url=https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305774 |journal=American Journal of Public Health |language=en |volume=110 |issue=9 |pages=e1–e14 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2020.305774 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=PMC7427218 |pmid=32673114}}</ref> The rates of intimate partner violence among transgender populations are referred to as “epidemic levels” and they are classified as a high risk population.<ref name=":3" /> Discrimination against transgender individuals is believed by researchers to contribute to greater risk of intimate partner violence.<ref name=":3" /> This is especially prominent in areas where gender identity is not legally protected against discrimination.<ref name=":3" />
-state violence via three-article rule (history of cross-dressing article)
+state violence via three-article rule (history of cross-dressing article), literal gender policing
 ==== Health disparities ====
-An individual's discomfort due to incongruence with their gender identity and sex assigned at birth used to be classified as a mental illness.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Hana |first=Tommy |last2=Butler |first2=Kat |last3=Young |first3=L Trevor |last4=Zamora |first4=Gerardo |last5=Lam |first5=June Sing Hong |date=2021-04-01 |title=Transgender health in medical education |url=http://www.who.int/entity/bulletin/volumes/99/4/19-249086.pdf |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=99 |issue=4 |pages=296–303 |doi=10.2471/BLT.19.249086 |issn=0042-9686 |pmc=PMC8085635 |pmid=33953447}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Koh |first=Jun |date=2012 |title=[The history of the concept of gender identity disorder] |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22844818 |journal=Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi = Psychiatria Et Neurologia Japonica |volume=114 |issue=6 |pages=673–680 |issn=0033-2658 |pmid=22844818}}</ref> "Gender identity disorder" entered the DSM-IV in 1980 and was used by doctors to [[Medicalization|pathologize]] transgender individuals.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> While it was updated to the term "[[gender dysphoria]]" when the DSM-V was published in 2013, transgender health is otherwise largely absent from medical curriculums.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vahia |first=VihangN |date=2013 |title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5: A quick glance |url=https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/0019-5545.117131 |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |language=en |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=220 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.117131 |issn=0019-5545 |pmc=PMC3777342 |pmid=24082241}}</ref> This is especially evident for nonbinary transgender individuals, whom face greater health disparities than both cisgender and binary transgender individuals due to the lack of culturally competent healthcare providers versed in nonbinary health.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Rider |first=G. Nic |last2=Vencill |first2=Jennifer A. |last3=Berg |first3=Dianne R. |last4=Becker-Warner |first4=Rachel |last5=Candelario-Pérez |first5=Leonardo |last6=Spencer |first6=Katherine G. |date=2019-07-03 |title=The gender affirmative lifespan approach (GALA): A framework for competent clinical care with nonbinary clients |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15532739.2018.1485069 |journal=International Journal of Transgenderism |language=en |volume=20 |issue=2-3 |pages=275–288 |doi=10.1080/15532739.2018.1485069 |issn=1553-2739 |pmc=PMC6831004 |pmid=32999613}}</ref> Health systems remain cisnormative and discriminative, which lead to adverse health outcomes for transgender populations.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" />
+Gender binarism poses limitations on the adequacy of medical care provided to gender nonconforming patients. There is a large gap in medical literature on non-binary populations who have unique healthcare needs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Edmiston |first1=E. Kale |last2=Donald |first2=Cameron A. |last3=Sattler |first3=Alice Rose |last4=Peebles |first4=J. Klint |last5=Ehrenfeld |first5=Jesse M. |last6=Eckstrand |first6=Kristen Laurel |date=2016 |title=Opportunities and Gaps in Primary Care Preventative Health Services for Transgender Patients: A Systemic Review |journal=Transgender Health |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=216–230 |doi=10.1089/trgh.2016.0019 |issn=2380-193X |pmc=5367473 |pmid=28861536}}</ref> A lack of cultural competency about nonbinary gender identities among providers contribute to nonbinary transgender individuals facing greater health disparities than both binary transgender and cisgender individuals.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Hana |first=Tommy |last2=Butler |first2=Kat |last3=Young |first3=L Trevor |last4=Zamora |first4=Gerardo |last5=Lam |first5=June Sing Hong |date=2021-04-01 |title=Transgender health in medical education |url=http://www.who.int/entity/bulletin/volumes/99/4/19-249086.pdf |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=99 |issue=4 |pages=296–303 |doi=10.2471/BLT.19.249086 |issn=0042-9686 |pmc=PMC8085635 |pmid=33953447}}</ref> However, cisnormativity affects transgender individuals that identify within the gender binary as well. An individual's discomfort due to incongruence with their gender identity and sex assigned at birth used to be classified as a mental illness.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Koh |first=Jun |date=2012 |title=[The history of the concept of gender identity disorder] |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22844818 |journal=Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi = Psychiatria Et Neurologia Japonica |volume=114 |issue=6 |pages=673–680 |issn=0033-2658 |pmid=22844818}}</ref> "Gender identity disorder" entered the DSM-IV in 1980 and was used by doctors to [[Medicalization|pathologize]] transgender individuals.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> While it was updated to the term "[[gender dysphoria]]" when the DSM-V was published in 2013, transgender health is otherwise largely absent from medical curriculums.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Vahia |first=VihangN |date=2013 |title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5: A quick glance |url=https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/0019-5545.117131 |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |language=en |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=220 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.117131 |issn=0019-5545 |pmc=PMC3777342 |pmid=24082241}}</ref> Health systems remain cisnormative and discriminative, which lead to adverse health outcomes for transgender populations.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Rider |first=G. Nic |last2=Vencill |first2=Jennifer A. |last3=Berg |first3=Dianne R. |last4=Becker-Warner |first4=Rachel |last5=Candelario-Pérez |first5=Leonardo |last6=Spencer |first6=Katherine G. |date=2019-07-03 |title=The gender affirmative lifespan approach (GALA): A framework for competent clinical care with nonbinary clients |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15532739.2018.1485069 |journal=International Journal of Transgenderism |language=en |volume=20 |issue=2-3 |pages=275–288 |doi=10.1080/15532739.2018.1485069 |issn=1553-2739 |pmc=PMC6831004 |pmid=32999613}}</ref>
+<s>An individual's discomfort due to incongruence with their gender identity and sex assigned at birth used to be classified as a mental illness.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> "Gender identity disorder" entered the DSM-IV in 1980 and was used by doctors to [[Medicalization|pathologize]] transgender individuals.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> While it was updated to the term "[[gender dysphoria]]" when the DSM-V was published in 2013, transgender health is otherwise largely absent from medical curriculums.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":11" /> This is especially evident for nonbinary transgender individuals, whom face greater health disparities than both cisgender and binary transgender individuals due to the lack of culturally competent healthcare providers versed in nonbinary health.<ref name=":6" /></s>
 === References ===