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<!-- Article title: '''Selhurst residence, Melton Hill''' siteId: 16011 placeRef:601247 -->
{{Use Australian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Selhurst, North Ward
| image = Selhurst.jpg
| caption = Selhurst
| locmapin = Queensland#Australia
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|-19.2552|146.8184|region:AU-QLD_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| location = 24 Cleveland Terrace, [[North Ward, Queensland|North Ward]], [[City of Townsville]], [[Queensland]], Australia
| beginning_label = Design period
| beginning_date = 1914 - 1919 (World War I)
| built = 1919
| built_for =
| demolished =
| architect =
| architecture =
| owner =
| designation1 = Queensland Heritage Register
| designation1_offname = Selhurst
| designation1_type = state heritage (built)
| designation1_date = 30 May 2003
| delisted1_date =
| designation1_partof =
| designation1_number = 601247
| designation1_free1name = Significant period
| designation1_free1value = 1919 (fabric, historical)
| designation1_free2name = Significant components
| designation1_free2value = residential accommodation - manager's house/quarters, ballroom, roof/ridge ventilator/s / fleche/s, views to, fence/wall - perimeter, garden/grounds, views from
| designation1_free3name = Builders
| designation1_free3value =
}}


'''<big>{{seealso|Languages of Africa}}</big>'''
'''Selhurst''' is a heritage-listed [[detached house]] at 24 Cleveland Terrace, [[North Ward, Queensland|North Ward]], [[City of Townsville]], [[Queensland]], Australia. It was built in 1919. It was added to the [[Queensland Heritage Register]] on 30 May 2003.<ref name=qhr>{{cite QHR|16011|Selhurst|601247|accessdate=1 August 2014}}</ref>
==Rating in Speakers==
The following is a table displaying the number of speakers of given languages within Africa:


{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:99%;"
== History ==
|-
Selhurst, built in 1919 was probably designed by [[Townsville]] architect [[Walter Hunt (architect)|Walter Hunt]]. The house was commissioned by John Alexander Carpenter, Townsville manager for the [[Burns Philp|Burns Philp Company]], as his private residence.<ref name=qhr/>
!width=15%|Language
!width=15%|Family
!width=15% data-sort-type="number"|Native speakers (L1)
!width=30%|Official status per country
|-
| [[Abron language|Abron]] || [[Niger-Congo languages|Niger-Congo]] || || {{flag|Ghana}}
|-
| [[Afrikaans]] || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || 7,200,000<ref name="statssa-2011-language-1">{{cite book |title=Census 2011: Census in brief |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf |publisher=Statistics South Africa |location=Pretoria |year=2012 |isbn=9780621413885 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513171240/http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> || National language in {{flag|Namibia}}, co-official in {{flag|South Africa}}
|-
| [[Akan language|Akan]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 11,000,000<ref name="ReferenceA">[[Nationalencyklopedin]] "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007</ref> || None. Government sponsored language of {{flag|Ghana}}
|-
| [[Amharic]] || [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]] || 21,800,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/amh|title=Amharic|publisher=}}</ref> || {{flag|Ethiopia}}
|-
| [[Arabic]] || [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]] || 150,000,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ara|title=Arabic|publisher=}}</ref> but with separate mutually unintelligible varieties|| {{flag|Algeria}}, {{flag|Chad}}, {{flag|Comoros}}, {{flag|Djibouti}}, {{flag|<!--furt-->}}, {{flag|Eritrea}}, {{flag|Libya}}, {{flag|Mauritania}}, {{flag|Morocco}}, {{flag|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}}, {{flag|Somalia}}, {{flag|Sudan}}, {{flag|Tanzania}} ([[Zanzibar]]), {{flag|Tunisia}}
|-
| [[Berber languages|Berber]] || [[Afroasiatic language|Afroasiatic]] || 16,000,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/berber|title=Berber|publisher=}}</ref> (estimated) (including separate mutually unintelligible varieties) || {{flag|Morocco}}, {{flag|Algeria}}
|-
| [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] || [[Indo-European language|Indo-European]] || || Spoken in {{flag|Mauritius}}
|-
| [[Cape Verdean Creole]] || [[Portuguese-based creole languages|Portugeuese Creole]] || || National language in {{flag|Cape Verde}}
|-
| [[Chewa language|Chewa]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 9,700,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/nya|title=Chichewa|publisher=}}</ref> || {{flag|Malawi}}, {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|-
| [[Dangme language|Dangme]] || [[Niger-Congo languages|Niger-Congo]] || || {{flag|Ghana}}
|-
| [[English language|English]] || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || 6,500,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/eng|title=English|publisher=}}</ref> (estimated) || See [[List of territorial entities where English is an official language]]
|-
| [[Fon language|Fon]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || || {{flag|Benin}}
|-
| [[French language|French]] || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || 120,000,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/fra|title=French|website=Ethnologue.com|access-date=2017-07-11}}</ref><ref name="EdmistonDumenil2015">{{cite book|author1=William Edmiston|author2=Annie Dumenil|title=La France contemporaine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1TjBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT90|date=2015-01-01|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-305-80441-8|page=90}}</ref> (estimated) || see [[List of territorial entities where French is an official language]] and [[African French]]
|-
| [[Fula language|Fulani]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 25,000,000<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || national language of {{flag|Senegal}}
|-
| [[Ga language|Ga]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || || {{flag|Ghana}}
|-
| [[German language|German]] || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || || national language of {{flag|Namibia}}, special status in {{flag|South Africa}}
|-
| [[Gikuyu language|Gikuyu]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 6,600,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/kik|title=Gikuyu|publisher=}}</ref> ||
|-
| [[Hausa language|Hausa]] || [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]] || 34,000,000<ref>''Ethnologue'' (2009) cites 18,5 million L1 and 15 million L2 speakers in Nigeria in 1991; 5.5 million L1 speakers and half that many L2 speakers in Niger in 2006, 0.8 million in Benin in 2006, and just over 1 million in other countries.</ref> || recognized in {{flag|Nigeria}}, {{flag|Ghana}}, {{flag|Niger}}
|-
| [[Igbo language|Igbo]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 27,000,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ibo|title=Igbo|publisher=Ethnologue}}</ref> || native in {{flag|Nigeria}}
|-
| [[Italian language|Italian]] || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || || recognized in {{flag|Libya}}, {{flag|Eritrea}}, {{flag|Somalia}}
|-
| [[Khoekhoe language|Khoekhoe]] || [[Khoe languages|Khoe]] || 300,000<ref>Brenzinger, Matthias (2011) "The twelve modern Khoisan languages." In Witzlack-Makarevich & Ernszt (eds.), ''Khoisan languages and linguistics: proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium, Riezlern / Kleinwalsertal'' (Research in Khoisan Studies 29). Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.</ref> || national language of {{flag|Namibia}}
|-
| [[Kimbundu]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || || {{flag|Angola}}
|-
| [[Kinyarwanda]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 9,800,000<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || {{flag|Rwanda}}
|-
| [[Kirundi]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 8,800,000<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || {{flag|Burundi}}
|-
| [[Kituba]] || [[Kongo language|Kongo-based]] [[Creole language|creole]] || || {{flag|Democratic Republic of Congo}}, {{flag|Republic of Congo}}
|-
| [[Kongo language|Kongo]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 5,600,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/kon|title=Kongo|publisher=}}</ref> || {{flag|Angola}}, recognised national language of {{flag|Republic of Congo}} and {{flag|Democratic Republic of Congo}}
|-
| [[Lingala language|Lingala]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 5,500,000<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || National language of {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}, {{flag|Republic of Congo}}
|-
| [[Luganda]] || [[Niger-Congo languages|Niger-Congo]] || 4,100,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/lug/|title=Luganda}}</ref> || Native language of {{flag|Uganda}}
|-
| [[Luo dialect|Luo]] || [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]] (probable) || 4,200,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/luo|title=Dholuo|publisher=}}</ref> ||
|-
| [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]] || [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] || 18,000,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mlg|title=Malagasy|publisher=}}</ref> || {{flag|Madagascar}}
|-
| [[Mauritian Creole]] || [[French-based creole languages|French Creole]] || 1,100,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mfe|title=Morisyen|publisher=}}</ref> || Native language of {{flag|Mauritius}}
|-
| [[Mossi language|Mossi]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 7,600,000<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || Recognised regional language in {{flag|Burkina Faso}}
|-
| [[Nambya langauge|Nambya]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || || {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|-
| [[Ndau language|Ndau]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || || {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|-
| [[Southern Ndebele language|Ndebele]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 1,100,000<ref>{{cite web|title=Ndebele|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/nbl/|publisher=Ethnologue|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref> || Statutory national language in {{flag|South Africa}}
|-
| [[Noon language|Noon]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || || {{flag|Senegal}}
|-
| [[Northern Ndebele language|Northern Ndebele]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || ||{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|-
| [[Northern Sotho language|Northern Sotho]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 4,600,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/nso|title=Sotho, Northern|publisher=}}</ref> || {{flag|South Africa}}
|-
| [[Oromo language|Oromo]] || [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]] || 26,000,000<ref name="ReferenceA"/> ||{{flag|Ethiopia}}
|-
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || 13,700,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thetranslationcompany.com/resources/language-country/portuguese-language/portuguese-language/future-portuguese.htm|title=The Future of Portuguese - The Translation Company|publisher=}}</ref> (estimated) || {{flag|Angola}}, {{flag|Cape Verde}}, {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}, {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}, {{flag|Mozambique}}, {{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}
|-
| [[Sena language|Sena]] || [[Niger-Congo languages|Niger-Congo]] || || {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|-
| [[Northern Sotho language|Sepedi]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || || {{flag|South Africa}}
|-
| [[Sesotho language|Sesotho]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 5,600,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/sot|title=Sotho, Southern|publisher=}}</ref> || {{flag|Lesotho}}, {{flag|South Africa}}, {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|-
| [[Seychellois Creole]] || [[French-based creole languages|French Creole]] || || {{flag|Seychelles}}
|-
| [[Shona language|Shona]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 7,200,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_family.asp?subid=1934-16|title=Ethnologue report for Shona (S.10)|publisher=}}</ref> || {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|-
| [[Somali language|Somali]] || [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]] || 16,600,000<ref name="eth">{{cite web | title = Somali | publisher = [[SIL International]]| date = 2013 | url = http://www.ethnologue.com/language/som | accessdate = May 4, 2013}}</ref> || {{flag|Somalia}}, {{flag|Djibouti}}
|-
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || 1,100,000<ref>{{cite web|title=Spanish|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/spa|publisher=Ethnologue|accessdate=10 January 2018}}</ref> || {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}, {{flag|Spain}} ([[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]], [[Canary islands]]), still marginally spoken in {{flag|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}}, recognized in {{flag|Morocco}}
|-
| [[Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || || {{flag|South Africa}}
|-
| [[Swahili language|Swahili]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 15,000,000<ref>{{cite book |title=African folklore: an encyclopedia |last=Peek |first=Philip M. |authorlink= |author2=Kwesi Yankah |year=2004 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=0-415-93933-X |page=699}}</ref> || Official in {{flag|Tanzania}}, {{flag|Kenya}}, {{flag|Uganda}}, {{flag|Rwanda}}, {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
|-
| [[Swazi language|Swazi]] || [[Niger-Congo languages|Niger-Congo]] || || Official in {{flag|South Africa}}, {{flag|Swaziland}}
|-
| [[tamil language|Tamil]] || [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] || || Spoken in {{flag|Mauritius}}
|-
| [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]] || [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]] || 7,000,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tir|title=Tigrigna|publisher=}}</ref> || {{flag|Eritrea}}, regional language in {{flag|Ethiopia}}
|-
| [[Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)|Tonga]] || [[Niger-Congo language|Niger-Congo]] || || {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|-
| [[Tsoa language|Tsoa]] || [[Khoe languages|Khoe]] || || {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|-
| [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || || {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|-
| [[Twi language|Twi]] || [[Niger-Congo languages|Niger-Congo]] || || Regional language in {{flag|Ghana}}
|-
| [[Luba-Kasai language|Tshiluba]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 6,300,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/lua|title=Luba-Kasai|publisher=}}</ref> (1991) || National language of {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
|-
| [[Xitsonga language|Tsonga]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 5,000,000<ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tso</ref> || {{flag|South Africa}}, {{flag|Zimbabwe}} (as 'as Shangani'), {{flag|Mozambique}}
|-
| [[Venda language|Tshivenda]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || || {{flag|South Africa}}, {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|-
| [[Tswana language|Tswana]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 5,800,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/tsn|title=Tswana|publisher=}}</ref> || {{flag|Botswana}}, {{flag|South Africa}}, {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|-
| [[Umbundu]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 6,000,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/umb|title=Umbundu|publisher=}}</ref> || {{flag|Angola}}
|-
| [[Venda language|Venda]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || || {{flag|South Africa}}, {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|-
| [[Wolof language|Wolof]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || || Lingua franca in {{flag|Senegal}}
|-
| [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 7,600,000<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || {{flag|South Africa}}, {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|-
| [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 28,000,000<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || {{flag|Nigeria}}, {{flag|Benin}}, {{flag|Togo}}
|-
| [[Zulu language|Zulu]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 10,400,000<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || {{flag|South Africa}}
|}
===By region===


Below is a list of the major languages of Africa by region, family and total number of [[primary language]] speakers in millions.
[[James Burns (shipowner)|James Burns]] established his general business in Townsville in 1872 after several years working on stations in southern Queensland and as an assistant and later partner in his brother John's grocery business, branches of which were located in [[Brisbane]] and [[Gympie]]. The Townsville store, opened in 1871, was established as a wholesale business to supply goods to the recently established gold field of [[Charters Towers]] and to Cape River, [[Ravenswood, Queensland|Ravenswood]] and later the Etheridge, [[Palmer, Queensland|Palmer]] and Hodgkinson River gold fields. Burns also provided a wholesale and retail service for the isolated stations in the interior.<ref name=qhr/>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-valign:top"

|-valign="top"
[[Robert Philp]], hired by Burns in 1874, became a partner in the business in 1876, prior to Burns moving to [[Sydney]] to open a branch of the company.<ref name=qhr/>
|

;Central Africa
The company, incorporated in April 1883 as Burns, Philp and Company Limited, came to dominate trade in [[North Queensland]] and the Pacific through its land and sea interests. Its success was bound up in the booms in the mining, pastoral and sugar industries in North Queensland.<ref name=qhr/>
*[[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]], [[Bantu languages|Bantu]]

**[[Lingala]]<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>
During the early to mid 1880s the Burns Philp Company was involved in the [[Kanaka (Pacific Island worker)|Pacific Islander]] labour trade. Pacific islanders were imported as cheap indentured labour to work mainly on sugar plantations. In 1882 Philp, together with Burdekin plantation owner Colin Munro and other investors, formed the Townsville Shipping Co.Ltd. as a cover for recruiting South Sea Islander labourers. After the establishment of the company Burns Philp ships were openly dispatched on recruiting voyages. During 1883-84 the company had five ships working in the trade, however, they dropped out of the trade after two crew from a company ship Hopeful were found guilty of murder and the captain and crew were found guilty of kidnapping in 1884.<ref name=qhr/>
**[[Kinyarwanda]]:12<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rw.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>

**[[Kongo language|Kongo]]:5+<ref name="ReferenceC"/><ref name="cia.gov1">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ao.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cf.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>
Despite the loss of the Pacific labour trade, by the 1890s there were branches of the business at [[Cairns]], Charters Towers, [[Cooktown, Queensland|Cooktown]], [[Normanton, Queensland|Normanton]], [[Burketown, Queensland|Burketown]], Brisbane, Sydney and in the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]]. At the same time Burns became a shipping agent for companies such as the [[Queensland Steam Shipping Company]] which had the mail contract from London via [[Singapore]], [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]], [[Thursday Island, Queensland|Thursday Island]], Townsville to Sydney.<ref name=qhr/>
**[[Tshiluba language|Tshiluba]]<ref name="ReferenceC"/>

**[[Kirundi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/by.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>
During his years in Townsville, Robert Philp developed an interest in politics through his involvement in the campaign to expand the railway to the west and through his participation in the movement to create a [[State of North Queensland|separate north Queensland state]]. He was elected to the [[Queensland Legislative Assembly]] in 1886 as the [[Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly|member]] for [[Electoral district of Musgrave|Musgrave]], a constituency north of Townsville. Philp became member for [[Electoral district of Townsville|Townsville]] in 1888, [[Premier of Queensland|Premier]] in December 1899 and Premier again in 1907-1908. He remained in politics until 1915.<ref name=qhr/>
|

;Horn of Africa
Management of the Townsville Branch of the firm passed to several managers after Philp entered politics. John Alexander Carpenter, who later transferred to Townsville, was a very successful manager of the Cairns Branch from 1907 to 1914. The Cairns Branch, during Carpenter's time, became the biggest net earner of any branch in Australia. However, due to poor management and aggressive competition from firms such as Samuel Allen and Cummins & Campbell, the Townsville Branch slumped and John Alexander Carpenter was transferred to the Townsville office in June 1914. Carpenter purchased land on [[Melton Hill, Townsville|Melton Hill]] in North Ward on 22 October 1914. The property was transferred to his wife on 18 December 1916 and a year later the original house was destroyed by fire. The second house, Selhurst, was built in 1919 after the fire. While it is not known who designed and constructed the building it is possible that Townsville architect Walter Hunt was the architect. The house was sold to the Burns Philp Company, as a manager's residence, after Alexander Carpenter was transferred to [[New Zealand]] as General Manager in 1919.<ref name=qhr/>
*[[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]

**[[Semitic languages|Semitic]]
The house continued as the manager's residence until 1976 when Burns Philp sold its Townsville office.<ref name=qhr/>
***[[Amharic]]: 20+

***[[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]: 5
It is important to note that from early settlement Melton Hill has been the location for residences for managerial staff, lawyers and doctors. The first house was built by [[John Melton Black]], manager for [[Robert Towns]] c 1865. The [[Commonwealth Bank]] and [[Bank of New South Wales]] also built managers' houses on the hill, as did several insurance companies and the [[Shell Oil Company]]. Jacob Leu of the law firm Roberts & Leu also constructed [[Warringa, North Ward|Warringa]] as his residence next door to Selhurst.<ref name=qhr/>
**[[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]]

***[[Somali language|Somali]]: 10–15
Apart from Selhurst, a number of significant villa residences from the nineteenth and early to mid twentieth century survive along Cleveland Terrace. These places include The Rocks - 1888, former McMahon House - {{circa|1896}}, Mandalay - {{circa|1898}}, Illawarra - 1911, Warringa - 1912, Duncragan - 1917, the former Shell Company manager's house - {{circa|1930}}, and Former North house - 1940.<ref name=qhr/>
***[[Oromo language|Oromo]]: 30–35

*[[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]: 1<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=29 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214221803/http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf |archivedate=14 February 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/er.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>
== Description ==
**[[Gumuz language|Gumuz]]
Situated almost atop Melton Hill, Selhurst faces east towards the Pacific Ocean and is placed close to the front of the block of land, on Cleveland Terrace.<ref name=qhr/>
**[[Anuak language|Anuak]]

**[[Kunama language|Kunama]]
Selhurst is a low set single storey residence with verandahs on three sides. The corrugated iron roof has a ventilated raised ridge capping with louvred screens at each end to assist internal cooling.<ref name=qhr/>
**[[Nara language|Nara]]

*[[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]]: 1<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.somraf.org/research%20Matrerials/joint%20british%20danish%20dutch%20fact%20finding%20mission%20in%20Nairobi%20-%202001.pdf |title=Maquiagem Seu Espaço Vip – Encontre Tudo Sobre Maquiagem |publisher= |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021044246/http://www.somraf.org/research%20Matrerials/joint%20british%20danish%20dutch%20fact%20finding%20mission%20in%20Nairobi%20-%202001.pdf |archivedate=21 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>
The house has a timber balustrade and a timber "skirt" down to the [[Foundation (engineering)|foundation]]. There are panelled doors at the front of Selhurst. The house has a central hall with rooms opening to either side and a small ballroom at the rear of the house which has been converted to a family room.<ref name=qhr/>
**[[Zigula language|Zigula]]

|
The house is constructed on a platform cut into the hillside. At the rear of the block, in the southeast corner, the land rises to a second level. The house is surrounded by gardens and includes a large rock wall and ivy hedge along the front of the yard. This wall is believed to be a remnant of an 1865 rock wall constructed by South Sea Island labourers as part of an enclosure which surrounded [[John Melton Black]]'s property on Melton Hill.<ref name=qhr/>
;North Africa

*[[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]
Palm trees are scattered around the house giving it a tropical look. A white paling fence encloses the swimming pool and several ferns are intermingled with the palms and lawns in this area. Plans are in place to restore the rear garden. Selhurst is one of only three houses of a similar design remaining in Townsville. It is the only one of this specific design to have survived.<ref name=qhr/>
**[[Semitic languages|Semitic]]

***[[Arabic]]: 200
== Heritage listing ==
**[[Berber languages|Berber]]: 30–40
Selhurst was listed on the [[Queensland Heritage Register]] on 30 May 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.<ref name=qhr/>
***[[Kabyle language|Kabyle]]

***[[Atlas languages|Atlas]]
'''The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.'''
***[[Tuareg languages|Tuareg]]

***[[Zenaga language|Zenaga]]
Selhurst, constructed in 1919 as the manager's residence for Queensland shipping firm Burns Philp, is an important component of early North Queensland commercial history and is indicative of the significant contribution made by the company to the economic development of Queensland.<ref name=qhr/>
*[[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]

**[[Nubian language|Nubian]]: 5+<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.secid.org/usefsociety/pdf/nubian.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=14 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406044519/http://www.secid.org/usefsociety/pdf/nubian.pdf |archivedate=6 April 2012 }}</ref>
'''The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.'''
**[[Fur language|Fur]]: 5+<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/CORRECTION-Census-shows-South,30867|title=CORRECTION: Census shows South Sudan population at 8.2 million: report - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan|website=www.sudantribune.com|language=en|access-date=21 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unsudanig.org/docs/darfur_fact_sheet_v22_5.pdf|title=unsudanig.org|publisher=}}</ref><ref>http://www.darfurcentre.ch/images/00_DRDC_documents/DRDC_Reports_Briefing_Papers/DRDC_Report_on_the_5th_Population_Census_in_Sudan.pdf</ref>

**[[Zaghawa language|Zaghawa]]<ref name="John A. Shoup 2011 p. 333">John A. Shoup, Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East (2011), p. 333, {{ISBN|159884363X}}: "The Zaghawa is one of the major divisions of the Beri peoples who live in western Sudan and eastern Chad, and their language, also called Zaghawa, belongs to the Saharan branch of the Nilo-Saharan language group."</ref>
As an early North Queensland vernacular style residence, Selhurst is one of a number of significant villa residences along Cleveland Terrace. Together with Warringa and [[St James' Cathedral, Townsville|St James Cathedral]], Selhurst makes a significant aesthetic contribution, through form, scale and materials to the Melton Hill streetscape.<ref name=qhr/>
**[[Masalit language|Masalit]]

*[[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]]
'''The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.'''
**[[Kordofanian languages]]

***[[Nuba]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/su.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>
The house, which served as the managers' residence for the Burns Philp Company for fifty-seven years, is thought to be an example of the work of Townsville architect Walter Hunt.<ref name=qhr/>
|

;Southeast Africa
== References ==
*[[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]], [[Bantu languages|Bantu]]:
{{reflist}}
**[[Swahili language|Swahili]]: 5–10

**[[Gikuyu language|Gikuyu]]: 9<ref name="cia.gov2">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ke.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>
=== Attribution ===
**[[Ganda language|Ganda]]:6<ref name="cia.gov3">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ug.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>
[[File:CC-BY-icon-80x15.png]] This Wikipedia article was originally based on [https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/the-queensland-heritage-register ''"The Queensland heritage register"''] published by the [[State of Queensland]] under [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/ CC-BY 3.0 AU] licence (accessed on 7 July 2014, [https://web.archive.org/web/20141008094804/https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/the-queensland-heritage-register archived] on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the [https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/queensland-heritage-register-boundaries ''"Queensland heritage register boundaries"''] published by the [[State of Queensland]] under [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/ CC-BY 3.0 AU] licence (accessed on 5 September 2014, [https://web.archive.org/web/20141015223514/https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/queensland-heritage-register-boundaries archived] on 15 October 2014).
**[[Luhya languages|Luhya]]: 6<ref name="cia.gov2"/>
*[[Austronesian language|Austronesian]]
**[[Malagasy language|Malagasy]]: 20+<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mlg|title=Malagasy|publisher=}}</ref>
*[[Niger-Congo languages|Niger-Congo]], [[Ubangian languages|Ubangian]]
**[[Gbaya languages|Gbaya]]:2<ref name="cia.gov4">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ct.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>
**[[Banda languages|Banda]]:1-2<ref name="cia.gov4"/>
**[[Zande language|Zande]]<ref name="cia.gov5">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/od.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>
*[[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]
**[[Kanuri language|Kanuri]]:10<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="cia.gov6">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html |title=The World Factbook |publisher= |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424020620/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html |archivedate=24 April 2013 }}</ref>
**[[Luo language|Luo]]:5 <ref name="cia.gov2"/><ref name="cia.gov3"/>
**[[Sara languages|Sara]]:3-4 <ref name="cia.gov6"/><ref name="cia.gov4"/>
**[[Kalenjin language|Kalenjin]]:5<ref name="cia.gov2"/>
**[[Dinka language|Dinka]] <ref name="cia.gov5"/>
**[[Nuer language|Nuer]]<ref name="cia.gov5"/>
**[[Shilluk language|Shilluk]]<ref name="cia.gov5"/>
**[[Maasai language|Maasai]]:1-2<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knbs.or.ke/censusethnic.php |title=Archived copy |accessdate=28 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121153548/http://www.knbs.or.ke/censusethnic.php |archivedate=21 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thelanguagejournal.com/2012/04/maasai-of-kenya-and-tanzania.html|title=The Language Journal: The Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania|publisher=}}</ref>
|
;Southern Africa
*[[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]], [[Bantu languages|Bantu]]
**[[Zulu language|Zulu]]: 10<ref name=G>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sf.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>
**[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]: 8<ref name=G/>
**[[Shona language|Shona]]: 7
**[[Sotho language|Sotho]]: 5
**[[Tsonga language|Tsonga]]: 12
**[[Tswana language|Tswana]]: 4<ref name="G"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bc.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>
**[[Umbundu language|Umbundu]]: 4<ref name="cia.gov1"/>
**[[Northern Sotho language|Northern Sotho]]: 4<ref name=G/>
**[[Chichewa language|Chichewa]]: 8<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mi.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/za.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>
**[[Makua language|Makua]]: 8<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mz.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>
*[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
**[[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
***[[Afrikaans]]: 7
***[[English language|English]]: 5
**[[Romance languages|Romance]]
***[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: 14<ref>{{cite web|title=The Future of Portuguese|url=http://www.bbportuguese.com/the-future-of-portuguese.html|publisher=BB Portuguese|accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref>
|
;West Africa
*[[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]]
**[[Benue–Congo]]
***[[Ibibio language|Ibibio]] (Nigeria): 7<ref name="cia.gov"/>
**[[Volta–Niger]]
***[[Igbo language|Igbo]] (Nigeria): 30–35<ref name="cia.gov"/>
***[[Yoruba language|Yoruba]]: 40<ref name="cia.gov"/>
**[[Kwa languages|Kwa]]:
***[[Akan language|Akan]] (Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire): 20–25
**[[Gur languages|Gur]]
***[[More language|More]]: 5
**[[Senegambian languages|Senegambian]]
***[[Fula language|Fula]] (West Africa): 40<ref name="cia.gov"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="cia.gov7">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sg.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="cia.gov8">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ga.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>
***[[Wolof language|Wolof]]: 8<ref name="cia.gov7"/><ref name="cia.gov8"/>
*[[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]
**[[Chadic languages|Chadic]]
***[[Hausa language|Hausa]]: 50 <ref name="cia.gov"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/>
*[[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]
**[[Saharan languages|Saharan]]
***[[Kanuri language|Kanuri]]: 10<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="cia.gov6"/>
***[[Songhai language|Songhai]]:5<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>
***[[Zarma language|Zarma]]:5 <ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/>
|}

Latest revision as of 23:17, 8 June 2022

See also: Languages of Africa

Rating in Speakers

[edit]

The following is a table displaying the number of speakers of given languages within Africa:

Language Family Native speakers (L1) Official status per country
Abron Niger-Congo  Ghana
Afrikaans Indo-European 7,200,000[1] National language in  Namibia, co-official in  South Africa
Akan Niger–Congo 11,000,000[2] None. Government sponsored language of  Ghana
Amharic Afroasiatic 21,800,000[3]  Ethiopia
Arabic Afroasiatic 150,000,000[4] but with separate mutually unintelligible varieties  Algeria,  Chad,  Comoros,  Djibouti,  [[|]],  Eritrea,  Libya,  Mauritania,  Morocco,  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic,  Somalia,  Sudan,  Tanzania (Zanzibar),  Tunisia
Berber Afroasiatic 16,000,000[5] (estimated) (including separate mutually unintelligible varieties)  Morocco,  Algeria
Bhojpuri Indo-European Spoken in  Mauritius
Cape Verdean Creole Portugeuese Creole National language in  Cape Verde
Chewa Niger–Congo 9,700,000[6]  Malawi,  Zimbabwe
Dangme Niger-Congo  Ghana
English Indo-European 6,500,000[7] (estimated) See List of territorial entities where English is an official language
Fon Niger–Congo  Benin
French Indo-European 120,000,000[8][9] (estimated) see List of territorial entities where French is an official language and African French
Fulani Niger–Congo 25,000,000[2] national language of  Senegal
Ga Niger–Congo  Ghana
German Indo-European national language of  Namibia, special status in  South Africa
Gikuyu Niger–Congo 6,600,000[10]
Hausa Afroasiatic 34,000,000[11] recognized in  Nigeria,  Ghana,  Niger
Igbo Niger–Congo 27,000,000[12] native in  Nigeria
Italian Indo-European recognized in  Libya,  Eritrea,  Somalia
Khoekhoe Khoe 300,000[13] national language of  Namibia
Kimbundu Niger–Congo  Angola
Kinyarwanda Niger–Congo 9,800,000[2]  Rwanda
Kirundi Niger–Congo 8,800,000[2]  Burundi
Kituba Kongo-based creole  Democratic Republic of Congo,  Republic of Congo
Kongo Niger–Congo 5,600,000[14]  Angola, recognised national language of  Republic of Congo and  Democratic Republic of Congo
Lingala Niger–Congo 5,500,000[2] National language of  Democratic Republic of the Congo,  Republic of Congo
Luganda Niger-Congo 4,100,000[15] Native language of  Uganda
Luo Nilo-Saharan (probable) 4,200,000[16]
Malagasy Austronesian 18,000,000[17]  Madagascar
Mauritian Creole French Creole 1,100,000[18] Native language of  Mauritius
Mossi Niger–Congo 7,600,000[2] Recognised regional language in  Burkina Faso
Nambya Niger–Congo  Zimbabwe
Ndau Niger–Congo  Zimbabwe
Ndebele Niger–Congo 1,100,000[19] Statutory national language in  South Africa
Noon Niger–Congo  Senegal
Northern Ndebele Niger–Congo  Zimbabwe
Northern Sotho Niger–Congo 4,600,000[20]  South Africa
Oromo Afroasiatic 26,000,000[2]  Ethiopia
Portuguese Indo-European 13,700,000[21] (estimated)  Angola,  Cape Verde,  Guinea-Bissau,  Equatorial Guinea,  Mozambique,  São Tomé and Príncipe
Sena Niger-Congo  Zimbabwe
Sepedi Niger–Congo  South Africa
Sesotho Niger–Congo 5,600,000[22]  Lesotho,  South Africa,  Zimbabwe
Seychellois Creole French Creole  Seychelles
Shona Niger–Congo 7,200,000[23]  Zimbabwe
Somali Afroasiatic 16,600,000[24]  Somalia,  Djibouti
Spanish Indo-European 1,100,000[25]  Equatorial Guinea,  Spain (Ceuta, Melilla, Canary islands), still marginally spoken in  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, recognized in  Morocco
Southern Ndebele Niger–Congo  South Africa
Swahili Niger–Congo 15,000,000[26] Official in  Tanzania,  Kenya,  Uganda,  Rwanda,  Democratic Republic of the Congo
Swazi Niger-Congo Official in  South Africa,  Swaziland
Tamil Dravidian Spoken in  Mauritius
Tigrinya Afroasiatic 7,000,000[27]  Eritrea, regional language in  Ethiopia
Tonga Niger-Congo  Zimbabwe
Tsoa Khoe  Zimbabwe
Tsonga Niger–Congo  Zimbabwe
Twi Niger-Congo Regional language in  Ghana
Tshiluba Niger–Congo 6,300,000[28] (1991) National language of  Democratic Republic of the Congo
Tsonga Niger–Congo 5,000,000[29]  South Africa,  Zimbabwe (as 'as Shangani'),  Mozambique
Tshivenda Niger–Congo  South Africa,  Zimbabwe
Tswana Niger–Congo 5,800,000[30]  Botswana,  South Africa,  Zimbabwe
Umbundu Niger–Congo 6,000,000[31]  Angola
Venda Niger–Congo  South Africa,  Zimbabwe
Wolof Niger–Congo Lingua franca in  Senegal
Xhosa Niger–Congo 7,600,000[2]  South Africa,  Zimbabwe
Yoruba Niger–Congo 28,000,000[2]  Nigeria,  Benin,  Togo
Zulu Niger–Congo 10,400,000[2]  South Africa

By region

[edit]

Below is a list of the major languages of Africa by region, family and total number of primary language speakers in millions.

Central Africa
Horn of Africa
North Africa
Southeast Africa
Southern Africa
West Africa
  1. ^ Census 2011: Census in brief (PDF). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 2012. ISBN 9780621413885. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Nationalencyklopedin "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007
  3. ^ "Amharic".
  4. ^ "Arabic".
  5. ^ "Berber".
  6. ^ "Chichewa".
  7. ^ "English".
  8. ^ "French". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
  9. ^ William Edmiston; Annie Dumenil (2015-01-01). La France contemporaine. Cengage Learning. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-305-80441-8.
  10. ^ "Gikuyu".
  11. ^ Ethnologue (2009) cites 18,5 million L1 and 15 million L2 speakers in Nigeria in 1991; 5.5 million L1 speakers and half that many L2 speakers in Niger in 2006, 0.8 million in Benin in 2006, and just over 1 million in other countries.
  12. ^ "Igbo". Ethnologue.
  13. ^ Brenzinger, Matthias (2011) "The twelve modern Khoisan languages." In Witzlack-Makarevich & Ernszt (eds.), Khoisan languages and linguistics: proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium, Riezlern / Kleinwalsertal (Research in Khoisan Studies 29). Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
  14. ^ "Kongo".
  15. ^ "Luganda".
  16. ^ "Dholuo".
  17. ^ "Malagasy".
  18. ^ "Morisyen".
  19. ^ "Ndebele". Ethnologue. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  20. ^ "Sotho, Northern".
  21. ^ "The Future of Portuguese - The Translation Company".
  22. ^ "Sotho, Southern".
  23. ^ "Ethnologue report for Shona (S.10)".
  24. ^ "Somali". SIL International. 2013. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  25. ^ "Spanish". Ethnologue. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  26. ^ Peek, Philip M.; Kwesi Yankah (2004). African folklore: an encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 699. ISBN 0-415-93933-X.
  27. ^ "Tigrigna".
  28. ^ "Luba-Kasai".
  29. ^ https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tso
  30. ^ "Tswana".
  31. ^ "Umbundu".
  32. ^ a b c "The World Factbook".
  33. ^ "The World Factbook".
  34. ^ a b "The World Factbook".
  35. ^ "The World Factbook".
  36. ^ "The World Factbook".
  37. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  38. ^ "The World Factbook".
  39. ^ "Maquiagem Seu Espaço Vip – Encontre Tudo Sobre Maquiagem" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2013.
  40. ^ "The World Factbook".
  41. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  42. ^ "CORRECTION: Census shows South Sudan population at 8.2 million: report - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan". www.sudantribune.com. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
  43. ^ "unsudanig.org" (PDF).
  44. ^ http://www.darfurcentre.ch/images/00_DRDC_documents/DRDC_Reports_Briefing_Papers/DRDC_Report_on_the_5th_Population_Census_in_Sudan.pdf
  45. ^ John A. Shoup, Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East (2011), p. 333, ISBN 159884363X: "The Zaghawa is one of the major divisions of the Beri peoples who live in western Sudan and eastern Chad, and their language, also called Zaghawa, belongs to the Saharan branch of the Nilo-Saharan language group."
  46. ^ "The World Factbook".
  47. ^ a b c d "The World Factbook".
  48. ^ a b "The World Factbook".
  49. ^ "Malagasy".
  50. ^ a b c "The World Factbook".
  51. ^ a b c d "The World Factbook".
  52. ^ a b c d e f "The World Factbook".
  53. ^ a b c "The World Factbook". Archived from the original on 24 April 2013.
  54. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  55. ^ "The Language Journal: The Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania".
  56. ^ a b c d "The World Factbook".
  57. ^ "The World Factbook".
  58. ^ "The World Factbook".
  59. ^ "The World Factbook".
  60. ^ "The World Factbook".
  61. ^ "The Future of Portuguese". BB Portuguese. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
  62. ^ a b "The World Factbook".
  63. ^ a b "The World Factbook".
  64. ^ "The World Factbook".
  65. ^ a b "The World Factbook".
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