Jump to content

User:Elitre (WMF)/sandbox: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
mNo edit summary
Citation bot (talk | contribs)
Bots
5,371,941 edits
Add: url-status. Removed parameters. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by AManWithNoPlan | #UCB_CommandLine
 
(23 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:


'''<big>{{seealso|Languages of Africa}}</big>'''
<!-- Article title: '''Selhurst residence, Melton Hill''' siteId: 16011 placeRef:601247 -->
==Rating in Speakers==
{{Use Australian English|date=January 2016}}
The following is a table displaying the number of speakers of given languages within Africa:
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}


{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:99%;"
{{Infobox protected area
|-
| name = Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site
!width=15%|Language
| photo = Monks Mound in July.JPG
!width=15%|Family
| photo_caption = [[Monks Mound]], the largest earthen structure at Cahokia <small>(for scale, an adult is standing on top)</small>
!width=15% data-sort-type="number"|Native speakers (L1)
| map = USA
!width=30%|Official status per country
| relief = 1
|-
| location = [[St. Clair County, Illinois|St. Clair County]], [[Illinois]], U.S.
| [[Abron language|Abron]] || [[Niger-Congo languages|Niger-Congo]] || || {{flag|Ghana}}
| nearest_city = [[Collinsville, Illinois]]
|-
| coordinates = {{coords|38|39|14|N|90|3|52|W|region:US|display=inline, title}}
| [[Afrikaans]] || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || 7,200,000<ref name="statssa-2011-language-1">{{cite book |title=Census 2011: Census in brief |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf |publisher=Statistics South Africa |location=Pretoria |year=2012 |isbn=9780621413885 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513171240/http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> || National language in {{flag|Namibia}}, co-official in {{flag|South Africa}}
| established =
|-
| visitation_num =
| [[Akan language|Akan]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 11,000,000<ref name="ReferenceA">[[Nationalencyklopedin]] "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007</ref> || None. Government sponsored language of {{flag|Ghana}}
| visitation_year =
|-
| governing_body = [[Illinois Historic Preservation Agency]]
| [[Amharic]] || [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]] || 21,800,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/amh|title=Amharic|publisher=}}</ref> || {{flag|Ethiopia}}
| embedded1 = {{designation list | embed=yes
|-
| designation1 = WHS
| [[Arabic]] || [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]] || 150,000,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ara|title=Arabic|publisher=}}</ref> but with separate mutually unintelligible varieties|| {{flag|Algeria}}, {{flag|Chad}}, {{flag|Comoros}}, {{flag|Djibouti}}, {{flag|<!--furt-->}}, {{flag|Eritrea}}, {{flag|Libya}}, {{flag|Mauritania}}, {{flag|Morocco}}, {{flag|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}}, {{flag|Somalia}}, {{flag|Sudan}}, {{flag|Tanzania}} ([[Zanzibar]]), {{flag|Tunisia}}
| designation1_offname = Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site
|-
| designation1_date = 1982 <small>(6th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small>
| [[Berber languages|Berber]] || [[Afroasiatic language|Afroasiatic]] || 16,000,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/berber|title=Berber|publisher=}}</ref> (estimated) (including separate mutually unintelligible varieties) || {{flag|Morocco}}, {{flag|Algeria}}
| designation1_type = Cultural
|-
| designation1_criteria = iii, iv
| [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] || [[Indo-European language|Indo-European]] || || Spoken in {{flag|Mauritius}}
| designation1_number = [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/198 198]
|-
| designation1_free1name = State Party
| [[Cape Verdean Creole]] || [[Portuguese-based creole languages|Portugeuese Creole]] || || National language in {{flag|Cape Verde}}
| designation1_free1value = [[United States]]
|-
| designation1_free2name = Region
| [[Chewa language|Chewa]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 9,700,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/nya|title=Chichewa|publisher=}}</ref> || {{flag|Malawi}}, {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
| designation1_free2value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in North America|Europe and North America]]
|-
| designation2 = NRHP
| [[Dangme language|Dangme]] || [[Niger-Congo languages|Niger-Congo]] || || {{flag|Ghana}}
| designation2_offname = Cahokia Mounds
|-
| designation2_date = October 15, 1966<ref name="nhlsum"/>
| [[English language|English]] || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || 6,500,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/eng|title=English|publisher=}}</ref> (estimated) || See [[List of territorial entities where English is an official language]]
| designation2_number = 66000899
|-
| designation3 = NHL
| [[Fon language|Fon]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || || {{flag|Benin}}
| designation3_offname = Cahokia Mounds
|-
| designation3_date = July 19, 1964<ref name="nhlsum"/>
| [[French language|French]] || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || 120,000,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/fra|title=French|website=Ethnologue.com|access-date=2017-07-11}}</ref><ref name="EdmistonDumenil2015">{{cite book|author1=William Edmiston|author2=Annie Dumenil|title=La France contemporaine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1TjBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT90|date=2015-01-01|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-305-80441-8|page=90}}</ref> (estimated) || see [[List of territorial entities where French is an official language]] and [[African French]]
}}
|-
| area_acre = 2200
| [[Fula language|Fulani]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 25,000,000<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || national language of {{flag|Senegal}}
|map caption=This should be a caption for, you know, the map.}}
|-
| [[Ga language|Ga]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || || {{flag|Ghana}}
|-
| [[German language|German]] || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || || national language of {{flag|Namibia}}, special status in {{flag|South Africa}}
|-
| [[Gikuyu language|Gikuyu]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 6,600,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/kik|title=Gikuyu|publisher=}}</ref> ||
|-
| [[Hausa language|Hausa]] || [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]] || 34,000,000<ref>''Ethnologue'' (2009) cites 18,5 million L1 and 15 million L2 speakers in Nigeria in 1991; 5.5 million L1 speakers and half that many L2 speakers in Niger in 2006, 0.8 million in Benin in 2006, and just over 1 million in other countries.</ref> || recognized in {{flag|Nigeria}}, {{flag|Ghana}}, {{flag|Niger}}
|-
| [[Igbo language|Igbo]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 27,000,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ibo|title=Igbo|publisher=Ethnologue}}</ref> || native in {{flag|Nigeria}}
|-
| [[Italian language|Italian]] || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || || recognized in {{flag|Libya}}, {{flag|Eritrea}}, {{flag|Somalia}}
|-
| [[Khoekhoe language|Khoekhoe]] || [[Khoe languages|Khoe]] || 300,000<ref>Brenzinger, Matthias (2011) "The twelve modern Khoisan languages." In Witzlack-Makarevich & Ernszt (eds.), ''Khoisan languages and linguistics: proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium, Riezlern / Kleinwalsertal'' (Research in Khoisan Studies 29). Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.</ref> || national language of {{flag|Namibia}}
|-
| [[Kimbundu]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || || {{flag|Angola}}
|-
| [[Kinyarwanda]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 9,800,000<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || {{flag|Rwanda}}
|-
| [[Kirundi]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 8,800,000<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || {{flag|Burundi}}
|-
| [[Kituba]] || [[Kongo language|Kongo-based]] [[Creole language|creole]] || || {{flag|Democratic Republic of Congo}}, {{flag|Republic of Congo}}
|-
| [[Kongo language|Kongo]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 5,600,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/kon|title=Kongo|publisher=}}</ref> || {{flag|Angola}}, recognised national language of {{flag|Republic of Congo}} and {{flag|Democratic Republic of Congo}}
|-
| [[Lingala language|Lingala]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 5,500,000<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || National language of {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}, {{flag|Republic of Congo}}
|-
| [[Luganda]] || [[Niger-Congo languages|Niger-Congo]] || 4,100,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/lug/|title=Luganda}}</ref> || Native language of {{flag|Uganda}}
|-
| [[Luo dialect|Luo]] || [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]] (probable) || 4,200,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/luo|title=Dholuo|publisher=}}</ref> ||
|-
| [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]] || [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] || 18,000,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mlg|title=Malagasy|publisher=}}</ref> || {{flag|Madagascar}}
|-
| [[Mauritian Creole]] || [[French-based creole languages|French Creole]] || 1,100,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mfe|title=Morisyen|publisher=}}</ref> || Native language of {{flag|Mauritius}}
|-
| [[Mossi language|Mossi]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 7,600,000<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || Recognised regional language in {{flag|Burkina Faso}}
|-
| [[Nambya langauge|Nambya]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || || {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|-
| [[Ndau language|Ndau]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || || {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|-
| [[Southern Ndebele language|Ndebele]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 1,100,000<ref>{{cite web|title=Ndebele|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/nbl/|publisher=Ethnologue|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref> || Statutory national language in {{flag|South Africa}}
|-
| [[Noon language|Noon]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || || {{flag|Senegal}}
|-
| [[Northern Ndebele language|Northern Ndebele]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || ||{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|-
| [[Northern Sotho language|Northern Sotho]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 4,600,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/nso|title=Sotho, Northern|publisher=}}</ref> || {{flag|South Africa}}
|-
| [[Oromo language|Oromo]] || [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]] || 26,000,000<ref name="ReferenceA"/> ||{{flag|Ethiopia}}
|-
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || 13,700,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thetranslationcompany.com/resources/language-country/portuguese-language/portuguese-language/future-portuguese.htm|title=The Future of Portuguese - The Translation Company|publisher=}}</ref> (estimated) || {{flag|Angola}}, {{flag|Cape Verde}}, {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}, {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}, {{flag|Mozambique}}, {{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}
|-
| [[Sena language|Sena]] || [[Niger-Congo languages|Niger-Congo]] || || {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|-
| [[Northern Sotho language|Sepedi]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || || {{flag|South Africa}}
|-
| [[Sesotho language|Sesotho]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 5,600,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/sot|title=Sotho, Southern|publisher=}}</ref> || {{flag|Lesotho}}, {{flag|South Africa}}, {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|-
| [[Seychellois Creole]] || [[French-based creole languages|French Creole]] || || {{flag|Seychelles}}
|-
| [[Shona language|Shona]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 7,200,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_family.asp?subid=1934-16|title=Ethnologue report for Shona (S.10)|publisher=}}</ref> || {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|-
| [[Somali language|Somali]] || [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]] || 16,600,000<ref name="eth">{{cite web | title = Somali | publisher = [[SIL International]]| date = 2013 | url = http://www.ethnologue.com/language/som | accessdate = May 4, 2013}}</ref> || {{flag|Somalia}}, {{flag|Djibouti}}
|-
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || 1,100,000<ref>{{cite web|title=Spanish|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/spa|publisher=Ethnologue|accessdate=10 January 2018}}</ref> || {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}, {{flag|Spain}} ([[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]], [[Canary islands]]), still marginally spoken in {{flag|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}}, recognized in {{flag|Morocco}}
|-
| [[Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || || {{flag|South Africa}}
|-
| [[Swahili language|Swahili]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 15,000,000<ref>{{cite book |title=African folklore: an encyclopedia |last=Peek |first=Philip M. |authorlink= |author2=Kwesi Yankah |year=2004 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=0-415-93933-X |page=699}}</ref> || Official in {{flag|Tanzania}}, {{flag|Kenya}}, {{flag|Uganda}}, {{flag|Rwanda}}, {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
|-
| [[Swazi language|Swazi]] || [[Niger-Congo languages|Niger-Congo]] || || Official in {{flag|South Africa}}, {{flag|Swaziland}}
|-
| [[tamil language|Tamil]] || [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] || || Spoken in {{flag|Mauritius}}
|-
| [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]] || [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]] || 7,000,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tir|title=Tigrigna|publisher=}}</ref> || {{flag|Eritrea}}, regional language in {{flag|Ethiopia}}
|-
| [[Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)|Tonga]] || [[Niger-Congo language|Niger-Congo]] || || {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|-
| [[Tsoa language|Tsoa]] || [[Khoe languages|Khoe]] || || {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|-
| [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || || {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|-
| [[Twi language|Twi]] || [[Niger-Congo languages|Niger-Congo]] || || Regional language in {{flag|Ghana}}
|-
| [[Luba-Kasai language|Tshiluba]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 6,300,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/lua|title=Luba-Kasai|publisher=}}</ref> (1991) || National language of {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
|-
| [[Xitsonga language|Tsonga]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 5,000,000<ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tso</ref> || {{flag|South Africa}}, {{flag|Zimbabwe}} (as 'as Shangani'), {{flag|Mozambique}}
|-
| [[Venda language|Tshivenda]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || || {{flag|South Africa}}, {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|-
| [[Tswana language|Tswana]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 5,800,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/tsn|title=Tswana|publisher=}}</ref> || {{flag|Botswana}}, {{flag|South Africa}}, {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|-
| [[Umbundu]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 6,000,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/umb|title=Umbundu|publisher=}}</ref> || {{flag|Angola}}
|-
| [[Venda language|Venda]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || || {{flag|South Africa}}, {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|-
| [[Wolof language|Wolof]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || || Lingua franca in {{flag|Senegal}}
|-
| [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 7,600,000<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || {{flag|South Africa}}, {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|-
| [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 28,000,000<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || {{flag|Nigeria}}, {{flag|Benin}}, {{flag|Togo}}
|-
| [[Zulu language|Zulu]] || [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] || 10,400,000<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || {{flag|South Africa}}
|}
===By region===


Below is a list of the major languages of Africa by region, family and total number of [[primary language]] speakers in millions.
'''Selhurst''' is a heritage-listed [[detached house]] at 24 Cleveland Terrace, [[North Ward, Queensland|North Ward]], [[City of Townsville]], [[Queensland]], Australia. It was built in 1919. It was added to the [[Queensland Heritage Register]] on 30 May 2003.<ref name=qhr>{{cite QHR|16011|Selhurst|601247|accessdate=1 August 2014}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-valign:top"

|-valign="top"
The Harlin Rail Bridge, which crossed Ivory Creek (previously Maronghi Creek) at Harlin was located 61 miles 20 chains (98.340&nbsp;km) from [[Wulkuraka railway station]]. It was a half-through [[Pratt truss]] (or [[pony truss]]) bridge built between 1909 and 1910 and was the only surviving concrete and steel railway bridge on the [[Brisbane Valley railway line]]. This line was developed as a branch line from the [[Main Line railway, Queensland|main Brisbane-Toowoomba rail line]]. It was constructed from Wulkuraka near [[Ipswich, Queensland|Ipswich]] to [[Lowood, Queensland|Lowood]] (1884), then extended to [[Esk, Queensland|Esk]] (1886), then [[Toogoolawah, Queensland|Toogoolawah]] (February 1904), [[Yimbun]] (September 1904), [[Linville, Queensland|Linville]] (1910), [[Benarkin, Queensland|Benarkin]] and [[Blackbutt, Queensland|Blackbutt]] (1911) and finally to [[Yarraman, Queensland|Yarraman]] (1913). Originally intended that the line would eventually meet the [[Nanango railway line|Gympie to Nanango rail line]] to serve as a rail connection to [[Gympie]] and be a shorter route between the [[South Burnett]] and Brisbane, the final linking section was never constructed.<ref name="qhr2">{{cite QHR|28759|Harlin Rail Bridge|602636|accessdate=1 August 2014}}</ref>
|

;Central Africa
The Upper [[Brisbane Valley]] was settled by [[Squatting (pastoral)|squatters]] in the 1840s and the timber industry in the Brisbane Valley also dates from this period. Closer settlement began in the 1870s. The timber industry quickly developed thereafter as land was rapidly cleared by selectors and the increased population of Brisbane and Ipswich from the 1870s demanded timber for housing and fuel on a continuing basis. The first sawmills in the Brisbane Valley, established in the 1870s, were located at [[Rosewood, Queensland|Rosewood]], [[Dundas, Queensland|Dundas]] and [[Colinton, Queensland|Colinton]].<ref name="qhr2" />
*[[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]], [[Bantu languages|Bantu]]

**[[Lingala]]<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>
This line was developed as a branch line from the [[Main Line railway, Queensland|main Brisbane-Toowoomba rail line]]. It was constructed from Wulkuraka near [[Ipswich, Queensland|Ipswich]] to [[Lowood, Queensland|Lowood]] (1884), then extended to [[Esk, Queensland|Esk]] (1886), then [[Toogoolawah, Queensland|Toogoolawah]] (February 1904), [[Yimbun]] (September 1904), [[Linville, Queensland|Linville]] (1910), [[Benarkin, Queensland|Benarkin]] and [[Blackbutt, Queensland|Blackbutt]] (1911) and finally to [[Yarraman, Queensland|Yarraman]] (1913). Originally intended that the line would eventually meet the [[Nanango railway line|Gympie to Nanango rail line]] to serve as a rail connection to [[Gympie]] and be a shorter route between the [[South Burnett]] and Brisbane, the final linking section was never constructed.<ref name="qhr3">{{cite QHR|28759|Harlin Rail Bridge|602636|accessdate=1 August 2014}}</ref>
**[[Kinyarwanda]]:12<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rw.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>

**[[Kongo language|Kongo]]:5+<ref name="ReferenceC"/><ref name="cia.gov1">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ao.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cf.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>
The Upper [[Brisbane Valley]] was settled by [[Squatting (pastoral)|squatters]] in the 1840s and the timber industry in the Brisbane Valley also dates from this period. Closer settlement began in the 1870s. The timber industry quickly developed thereafter as land was rapidly cleared by selectors and the increased population of Brisbane and Ipswich from the 1870s demanded timber for housing and fuel on a continuing basis. The first sawmills in the Brisbane Valley, established in the 1870s, were located at [[Rosewood, Queensland|Rosewood]], [[Dundas, Queensland|Dundas]] and [[Colinton, Queensland|Colinton]].<ref name="qhr3" />
**[[Tshiluba language|Tshiluba]]<ref name="ReferenceC"/>

**[[Kirundi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/by.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>
Closer settlement of the Brisbane Valley had progressed sufficiently by 1877 for the country from [[Walloon, Queensland|Walloon]] via Esk and [[Nanango]] to be examined as a possible route for a railway to Gympie. In 1879 [[Queensland Premier]] [[Thomas McIlwraith]] approved the building of several branch lines, including one to Esk. However, the original plans for these branch lines were withdrawn from parliamentary consideration in 1880 on the recommendation of [[Francis Thomas Gregory]], [[Member of the Queensland Legislative Council]]. In spite of this opposition, in 1881 the [[Queensland Parliament]] approved the building of the Brisbane Valley branch line from Wulkuraka to Esk. The contract for the first section was let to O'Rourke and McSharry in October 1882 with [[Henry Charles Stanley]] acting as Chief Engineer. This section to Lowood, a place that scarcely existed before the railway, opened on 16 June 1884. The Brisbane Valley Branch Line was the second branch line in Queensland after the [[Dugandan railway line]], which opened to [[Harrisville, Queensland|Harrisville]] in 1882. Within weeks an extension of the line from Lowood to Esk was approved in August 1884 by Premier [[Samuel Griffith]]. Henry Charles Stanley remained as Chief Engineer but HA Brigg was appointed as the contractor. The second section to Esk opened on 9 August 1886 and remained the terminus for more than 17 years, becoming an important centre and livestock loading point.<ref name="qhr3" />
|

;Horn of Africa
During the 1880s closer settlement of the Brisbane Valley intensified. Land from [[Cressbrook Station]] was resumed and settled. In 1889 James McConnel began selling off small parcels of land from his property Cressbrook to his workers for dairying. The railway, which provided rapid and cheap transport to Brisbane, fostered the timber industry's development. Over the next 30 years sawmills were established at Lowood, Esk, Toogoolawah, [[Moore, Queensland|Moore]], Linville, Harlin, Blackbutt, [[Monsildale, Queensland|Monsildale]] and [[Perseverance, Queensland|Perseverance]] as well as a number of portable sawmills operating in stands of timber.<ref name="qhr3" />
*[[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]

**[[Semitic languages|Semitic]]
In the late 19th century four dairy factories operated in the Brisbane Valley and utilised the railway for transporting milk and its products. Lowood dairy factory opened in 1890. Toogoolawah dairy factory (managed by Cressbrook Dairy Company) and Colinton Dairy Factory (managed by Standard Dairy Co Ltd) opened in 1898, while the Esk dairy factory opened in 1904. Circa 1898 Cressbrook Condensed Milk Factory, owned by James McConnel and owner/manager Colin Munro, opened on the banks of Cressbrook Creek. The factory and seven dairy farms that supplied it were purchased by [[Nestlé]] in 1907 and remained in operation until 1930 with local dairy farmers supplying its milk.<ref name="qhr3" />
***[[Amharic]]: 20+

***[[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]: 5
In 1900 a parliamentary inquiry was conducted to determine the best route for a proposed rail line to Nanango. James McConnel of Cressbrook stated that an extension of the Brisbane Valley Railway Line would enable selectors to pursue dairying rather than grazing and to cultivate the land. The inquiry subsequently recommended a 45 kilometre extension of the Brisbane Valley Branch Line to Moore, which was approved in December of the same year. The first section, to the new township of Toogoolawah, which was the site of the Cressbrook Condensed Milk Factory, opened on 8 February 1904. On 1 September 1904 the extension to Yimbun was opened and remained the terminus until 1910.<ref name="qhr3" />
**[[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]]

***[[Somali language|Somali]]: 10–15
To access the vast timber resources beyond Yimbun a further extension of the line to Blackbutt was considered. The Blackbutt Tableland was notable as a rich farming district, that the railway was expected to expand. On the ranges hoop and bunya pines were already being exploited, and with conservation it was expected that freight for the railway would be supplied for many years. At Moore there were two sawmills operating and there were two more in the Blackbutt area. Plans for the 28 miles of rail line from Yimbun to Blackbutt were approved at a Committee meeting on [[Lucinda (steam yacht)|S.S. Lucinda]] on 9 January 1907. They were introduced into Parliament on 13 March 1908 and passed on 1 April 1908.<ref name="qhr3" />
***[[Oromo language|Oromo]]: 30–35

*[[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]: 1<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=29 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214221803/http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf |archivedate=14 February 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/er.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>
The Commissioner of Railways' report on the Blackbutt extension noted that substantial bridges would be needed at five sites including over Maronghi Creek and all were to be built with timber. However, the bridges over both Maronghi and Emu Creeks were built of steel and concrete. In 1908 drawings of a standard 62 foot span were drawn up for the Harlin Rail Bridge. In the following year materials for the building of railway bridges over Maronghi Creek and Emu Creek and the Yimbun tunnel were purchased. The tender for cast iron cylinders for the steel bridges over Maronghi and Emu Creeks was won by Bundaberg Foundry with a quote of £562/18/0 in 1909. They also won the tender for the same supplies for a bridge over Neerkol Creek ([[Central Western railway line, Queensland|Central Western railway line]]). [[Walkers Limited|Walkers]], [[Maryborough, Queensland|Maryborough]] were contracted to supply other materials for these bridges.<ref name="qhr3" />
**[[Gumuz language|Gumuz]]

**[[Anuak language|Anuak]]
The type of bridge constructed over Maronghi Creek at Harlin was a half-through Pratt truss structure. This bridge type differed subtly from the more widely used through Pratt truss bridge in that its girders were not high enough to allow cross bracing at the top between the trusses on each side of the bridge. Half-through Pratt truss bridges were designed to carry a lesser load than through Pratt truss bridges.<ref name="qhr3" />
**[[Kunama language|Kunama]]

**[[Nara language|Nara]]
== History ==
*[[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]]: 1<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.somraf.org/research%20Matrerials/joint%20british%20danish%20dutch%20fact%20finding%20mission%20in%20Nairobi%20-%202001.pdf |title=Maquiagem Seu Espaço Vip – Encontre Tudo Sobre Maquiagem |publisher= |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021044246/http://www.somraf.org/research%20Matrerials/joint%20british%20danish%20dutch%20fact%20finding%20mission%20in%20Nairobi%20-%202001.pdf |archivedate=21 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>
Selhurst, built in 1919 was probably designed by [[Townsville]] architect [[Walter Hunt (architect)|Walter Hunt]]. The house was commissioned by John Alexander Carpenter, Townsville manager for the [[Burns Philp|Burns Philp Company]], as his private residence.<ref name=qhr/>
**[[Zigula language|Zigula]]

|
[[James Burns (shipowner)|James Burns]] established his general business in Townsville in 1872 after several years working on stations in southern Queensland and as an assistant and later partner in his brother John's grocery business, branches of which were located in [[Brisbane]] and [[Gympie]]. The Townsville store, opened in 1871, was established as a wholesale business to supply goods to the recently established gold field of [[Charters Towers]] and to Cape River, [[Ravenswood, Queensland|Ravenswood]] and later the Etheridge, [[Palmer, Queensland|Palmer]] and Hodgkinson River gold fields. Burns also provided a wholesale and retail service for the isolated stations in the interior.<ref name=qhr/>
;North Africa

*[[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]
[[Robert Philp]], hired by Burns in 1874, became a partner in the business in 1876, prior to Burns moving to [[Sydney]] to open a branch of the company.<ref name=qhr/>
**[[Semitic languages|Semitic]]

***[[Arabic]]: 200
The company, incorporated in April 1883 as Burns, Philp and Company Limited, came to dominate trade in [[North Queensland]] and the Pacific through its land and sea interests. Its success was bound up in the booms in the mining, pastoral and sugar industries in North Queensland.<ref name=qhr/>
**[[Berber languages|Berber]]: 30–40

***[[Kabyle language|Kabyle]]
During the early to mid 1880s the Burns Philp Company was involved in the [[Kanaka (Pacific Island worker)|Pacific Islander]] labour trade. Pacific islanders were imported as cheap indentured labour to work mainly on sugar plantations. In 1882 Philp, together with Burdekin plantation owner Colin Munro and other investors, formed the Townsville Shipping Co.Ltd. as a cover for recruiting South Sea Islander labourers. After the establishment of the company Burns Philp ships were openly dispatched on recruiting voyages. During 1883-84 the company had five ships working in the trade, however, they dropped out of the trade after two crew from a company ship Hopeful were found guilty of murder and the captain and crew were found guilty of kidnapping in 1884.<ref name=qhr/>
***[[Atlas languages|Atlas]]

***[[Tuareg languages|Tuareg]]
Despite the loss of the Pacific labour trade, by the 1890s there were branches of the business at [[Cairns]], Charters Towers, [[Cooktown, Queensland|Cooktown]], [[Normanton, Queensland|Normanton]], [[Burketown, Queensland|Burketown]], Brisbane, Sydney and in the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]]. At the same time Burns became a shipping agent for companies such as the [[Queensland Steam Shipping Company]] which had the mail contract from London via [[Singapore]], [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]], [[Thursday Island, Queensland|Thursday Island]], Townsville to Sydney.<ref name=qhr/>
***[[Zenaga language|Zenaga]]

*[[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]
During his years in Townsville, Robert Philp developed an interest in politics through his involvement in the campaign to expand the railway to the west and through his participation in the movement to create a [[State of North Queensland|separate north Queensland state]]. He was elected to the [[Queensland Legislative Assembly]] in 1886 as the [[Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly|member]] for [[Electoral district of Musgrave|Musgrave]], a constituency north of Townsville. Philp became member for [[Electoral district of Townsville|Townsville]] in 1888, [[Premier of Queensland|Premier]] in December 1899 and Premier again in 1907-1908. He remained in politics until 1915.<ref name=qhr/>
**[[Nubian language|Nubian]]: 5+<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.secid.org/usefsociety/pdf/nubian.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=14 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406044519/http://www.secid.org/usefsociety/pdf/nubian.pdf |archivedate=6 April 2012 }}</ref>

**[[Fur language|Fur]]: 5+<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/CORRECTION-Census-shows-South,30867|title=CORRECTION: Census shows South Sudan population at 8.2 million: report - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan|website=www.sudantribune.com|language=en|access-date=21 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unsudanig.org/docs/darfur_fact_sheet_v22_5.pdf|title=unsudanig.org|publisher=}}</ref><ref>http://www.darfurcentre.ch/images/00_DRDC_documents/DRDC_Reports_Briefing_Papers/DRDC_Report_on_the_5th_Population_Census_in_Sudan.pdf</ref>
Management of the Townsville Branch of the firm passed to several managers after Philp entered politics. John Alexander Carpenter, who later transferred to Townsville, was a very successful manager of the Cairns Branch from 1907 to 1914. The Cairns Branch, during Carpenter's time, became the biggest net earner of any branch in Australia. However, due to poor management and aggressive competition from firms such as Samuel Allen and Cummins & Campbell, the Townsville Branch slumped and John Alexander Carpenter was transferred to the Townsville office in June 1914. Carpenter purchased land on [[Melton Hill, Townsville|Melton Hill]] in North Ward on 22 October 1914. The property was transferred to his wife on 18 December 1916 and a year later the original house was destroyed by fire. The second house, Selhurst, was built in 1919 after the fire. While it is not known who designed and constructed the building it is possible that Townsville architect Walter Hunt was the architect. The house was sold to the Burns Philp Company, as a manager's residence, after Alexander Carpenter was transferred to [[New Zealand]] as General Manager in 1919.<ref name=qhr/>
**[[Zaghawa language|Zaghawa]]<ref name="John A. Shoup 2011 p. 333">John A. Shoup, Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East (2011), p. 333, {{ISBN|159884363X}}: "The Zaghawa is one of the major divisions of the Beri peoples who live in western Sudan and eastern Chad, and their language, also called Zaghawa, belongs to the Saharan branch of the Nilo-Saharan language group."</ref>

**[[Masalit language|Masalit]]
The house continued as the manager's residence until 1976 when Burns Philp sold its Townsville office.<ref name=qhr/>
*[[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]]

**[[Kordofanian languages]]
It is important to note that from early settlement Melton Hill has been the location for residences for managerial staff, lawyers and doctors. The first house was built by [[John Melton Black]], manager for [[Robert Towns]] c 1865. The [[Commonwealth Bank]] and [[Bank of New South Wales]] also built managers' houses on the hill, as did several insurance companies and the [[Shell Oil Company]]. Jacob Leu of the law firm Roberts & Leu also constructed [[Warringa, North Ward|Warringa]] as his residence next door to Selhurst.<ref name=qhr/>
***[[Nuba]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/su.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>

|
Apart from Selhurst, a number of significant villa residences from the nineteenth and early to mid twentieth century survive along Cleveland Terrace. These places include The Rocks - 1888, former McMahon House - {{circa|1896}}, Mandalay - {{circa|1898}}, Illawarra - 1911, Warringa - 1912, Duncragan - 1917, the former Shell Company manager's house - {{circa|1930}}, and Former North house - 1940.<ref name=qhr/>
;Southeast Africa

*[[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]], [[Bantu languages|Bantu]]:
== Description ==
**[[Swahili language|Swahili]]: 5–10
Situated almost atop Melton Hill, Selhurst faces east towards the Pacific Ocean and is placed close to the front of the block of land, on Cleveland Terrace.<ref name=qhr/>
**[[Gikuyu language|Gikuyu]]: 9<ref name="cia.gov2">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ke.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>

**[[Ganda language|Ganda]]:6<ref name="cia.gov3">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ug.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>
Selhurst is a low set single storey residence with verandahs on three sides. The corrugated iron roof has a ventilated raised ridge capping with louvred screens at each end to assist internal cooling.<ref name=qhr/>
**[[Luhya languages|Luhya]]: 6<ref name="cia.gov2"/>

*[[Austronesian language|Austronesian]]
The house has a timber balustrade and a timber "skirt" down to the [[Foundation (engineering)|foundation]]. There are panelled doors at the front of Selhurst. The house has a central hall with rooms opening to either side and a small ballroom at the rear of the house which has been converted to a family room.<ref name=qhr/>
**[[Malagasy language|Malagasy]]: 20+<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mlg|title=Malagasy|publisher=}}</ref>

*[[Niger-Congo languages|Niger-Congo]], [[Ubangian languages|Ubangian]]
The house is constructed on a platform cut into the hillside. At the rear of the block, in the southeast corner, the land rises to a second level. The house is surrounded by gardens and includes a large rock wall and ivy hedge along the front of the yard. This wall is believed to be a remnant of an 1865 rock wall constructed by South Sea Island labourers as part of an enclosure which surrounded [[John Melton Black]]'s property on Melton Hill.<ref name=qhr/>
**[[Gbaya languages|Gbaya]]:2<ref name="cia.gov4">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ct.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>

**[[Banda languages|Banda]]:1-2<ref name="cia.gov4"/>
Palm trees are scattered around the house giving it a tropical look. A white paling fence encloses the swimming pool and several ferns are intermingled with the palms and lawns in this area. Plans are in place to restore the rear garden. Selhurst is one of only three houses of a similar design remaining in Townsville. It is the only one of this specific design to have survived.<ref name=qhr/>
**[[Zande language|Zande]]<ref name="cia.gov5">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/od.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>

*[[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]
== Heritage listing ==
**[[Kanuri language|Kanuri]]:10<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="cia.gov6">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html |title=The World Factbook |publisher= |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424020620/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html |archivedate=24 April 2013 }}</ref>
Selhurst was listed on the [[Queensland Heritage Register]] on 30 May 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.<ref name=qhr/>
**[[Luo language|Luo]]:5 <ref name="cia.gov2"/><ref name="cia.gov3"/>

**[[Sara languages|Sara]]:3-4 <ref name="cia.gov6"/><ref name="cia.gov4"/>
'''The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.'''
**[[Kalenjin language|Kalenjin]]:5<ref name="cia.gov2"/>

**[[Dinka language|Dinka]] <ref name="cia.gov5"/>
Selhurst, constructed in 1919 as the manager's residence for Queensland shipping firm Burns Philp, is an important component of early North Queensland commercial history and is indicative of the significant contribution made by the company to the economic development of Queensland.<ref name=qhr/>
**[[Nuer language|Nuer]]<ref name="cia.gov5"/>

**[[Shilluk language|Shilluk]]<ref name="cia.gov5"/>
'''The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.'''
**[[Maasai language|Maasai]]:1-2<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knbs.or.ke/censusethnic.php |title=Archived copy |accessdate=28 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121153548/http://www.knbs.or.ke/censusethnic.php |archivedate=21 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thelanguagejournal.com/2012/04/maasai-of-kenya-and-tanzania.html|title=The Language Journal: The Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania|publisher=}}</ref>

|
As an early North Queensland vernacular style residence, Selhurst is one of a number of significant villa residences along Cleveland Terrace. Together with Warringa and [[St James' Cathedral, Townsville|St James Cathedral]], Selhurst makes a significant aesthetic contribution, through form, scale and materials to the Melton Hill streetscape.<ref name=qhr/>
;Southern Africa

*[[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]], [[Bantu languages|Bantu]]
'''The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.'''
**[[Zulu language|Zulu]]: 10<ref name=G>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sf.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>

**[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]: 8<ref name=G/>
The house, which served as the managers' residence for the Burns Philp Company for fifty-seven years, is thought to be an example of the work of Townsville architect Walter Hunt.<ref name=qhr/>
**[[Shona language|Shona]]: 7

**[[Sotho language|Sotho]]: 5
=== [[Example Article Name]] ===
**[[Tsonga language|Tsonga]]: 12
* {{pagelinks|Example Article Name}}
**[[Tswana language|Tswana]]: 4<ref name="G"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bc.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>
'''Semi-protection:''' High level of IP vandalism. [[User:Elitre (WMF)|Elitre (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Elitre (WMF)|talk]]) 09:32, 29 May 2017 (UTC)
**[[Umbundu language|Umbundu]]: 4<ref name="cia.gov1"/>

**[[Northern Sotho language|Northern Sotho]]: 4<ref name=G/>
== References ==
**[[Chichewa language|Chichewa]]: 8<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mi.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/za.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>
{{reflist}}
**[[Makua language|Makua]]: 8<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mz.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>

*[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
=== Attribution ===
**[[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
[[File:CC-BY-icon-80x15.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CC-BY-icon-80x15.png]] This Wikipedia article was originally based on ''[https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/the-queensland-heritage-registers "The Queensland heritage register"]'' published by the [[State of Queensland|State o]]Mary[[State of Maryland|nsland]] under [[creativecommons:by/3.0/au/|CC-BY 3.0 AU]] license (accessed on 7 July 2[[creativecommons:by/3.0/au/|7]]14, [http://web.archive.org/web/20141008094804/https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/the-queensland-heritage-register archived] on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the [https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/queensland-heritage-register-boundaries ''"Queensland heritage register boundaries"''] published by the [[State of Queensland]] under [[creativecommons:by/3.0/au/|CC-BY 3.0 AU]] license (accessed on 5 September 2014, [http://web.archive.org/web/20141015223514/https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/queensland-heritage-register-boundaries archived] on 15 October 2014).
***[[Afrikaans]]: 7
***[[English language|English]]: 5
**[[Romance languages|Romance]]
***[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: 14<ref>{{cite web|title=The Future of Portuguese|url=http://www.bbportuguese.com/the-future-of-portuguese.html|publisher=BB Portuguese|accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref>
|
;West Africa
*[[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]]
**[[Benue–Congo]]
***[[Ibibio language|Ibibio]] (Nigeria): 7<ref name="cia.gov"/>
**[[Volta–Niger]]
***[[Igbo language|Igbo]] (Nigeria): 30–35<ref name="cia.gov"/>
***[[Yoruba language|Yoruba]]: 40<ref name="cia.gov"/>
**[[Kwa languages|Kwa]]:
***[[Akan language|Akan]] (Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire): 20–25
**[[Gur languages|Gur]]
***[[More language|More]]: 5
**[[Senegambian languages|Senegambian]]
***[[Fula language|Fula]] (West Africa): 40<ref name="cia.gov"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="cia.gov7">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sg.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="cia.gov8">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ga.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>
***[[Wolof language|Wolof]]: 8<ref name="cia.gov7"/><ref name="cia.gov8"/>
*[[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]
**[[Chadic languages|Chadic]]
***[[Hausa language|Hausa]]: 50 <ref name="cia.gov"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/>
*[[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]
**[[Saharan languages|Saharan]]
***[[Kanuri language|Kanuri]]: 10<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="cia.gov6"/>
***[[Songhai language|Songhai]]:5<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>
***[[Zarma language|Zarma]]:5 <ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/>
|}

Latest revision as of 23:17, 8 June 2022

See also: Languages of Africa

Rating in Speakers

[edit]

The following is a table displaying the number of speakers of given languages within Africa:

Language Family Native speakers (L1) Official status per country
Abron Niger-Congo  Ghana
Afrikaans Indo-European 7,200,000[1] National language in  Namibia, co-official in  South Africa
Akan Niger–Congo 11,000,000[2] None. Government sponsored language of  Ghana
Amharic Afroasiatic 21,800,000[3]  Ethiopia
Arabic Afroasiatic 150,000,000[4] but with separate mutually unintelligible varieties  Algeria,  Chad,  Comoros,  Djibouti,  [[|]],  Eritrea,  Libya,  Mauritania,  Morocco,  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic,  Somalia,  Sudan,  Tanzania (Zanzibar),  Tunisia
Berber Afroasiatic 16,000,000[5] (estimated) (including separate mutually unintelligible varieties)  Morocco,  Algeria
Bhojpuri Indo-European Spoken in  Mauritius
Cape Verdean Creole Portugeuese Creole National language in  Cape Verde
Chewa Niger–Congo 9,700,000[6]  Malawi,  Zimbabwe
Dangme Niger-Congo  Ghana
English Indo-European 6,500,000[7] (estimated) See List of territorial entities where English is an official language
Fon Niger–Congo  Benin
French Indo-European 120,000,000[8][9] (estimated) see List of territorial entities where French is an official language and African French
Fulani Niger–Congo 25,000,000[2] national language of  Senegal
Ga Niger–Congo  Ghana
German Indo-European national language of  Namibia, special status in  South Africa
Gikuyu Niger–Congo 6,600,000[10]
Hausa Afroasiatic 34,000,000[11] recognized in  Nigeria,  Ghana,  Niger
Igbo Niger–Congo 27,000,000[12] native in  Nigeria
Italian Indo-European recognized in  Libya,  Eritrea,  Somalia
Khoekhoe Khoe 300,000[13] national language of  Namibia
Kimbundu Niger–Congo  Angola
Kinyarwanda Niger–Congo 9,800,000[2]  Rwanda
Kirundi Niger–Congo 8,800,000[2]  Burundi
Kituba Kongo-based creole  Democratic Republic of Congo,  Republic of Congo
Kongo Niger–Congo 5,600,000[14]  Angola, recognised national language of  Republic of Congo and  Democratic Republic of Congo
Lingala Niger–Congo 5,500,000[2] National language of  Democratic Republic of the Congo,  Republic of Congo
Luganda Niger-Congo 4,100,000[15] Native language of  Uganda
Luo Nilo-Saharan (probable) 4,200,000[16]
Malagasy Austronesian 18,000,000[17]  Madagascar
Mauritian Creole French Creole 1,100,000[18] Native language of  Mauritius
Mossi Niger–Congo 7,600,000[2] Recognised regional language in  Burkina Faso
Nambya Niger–Congo  Zimbabwe
Ndau Niger–Congo  Zimbabwe
Ndebele Niger–Congo 1,100,000[19] Statutory national language in  South Africa
Noon Niger–Congo  Senegal
Northern Ndebele Niger–Congo  Zimbabwe
Northern Sotho Niger–Congo 4,600,000[20]  South Africa
Oromo Afroasiatic 26,000,000[2]  Ethiopia
Portuguese Indo-European 13,700,000[21] (estimated)  Angola,  Cape Verde,  Guinea-Bissau,  Equatorial Guinea,  Mozambique,  São Tomé and Príncipe
Sena Niger-Congo  Zimbabwe
Sepedi Niger–Congo  South Africa
Sesotho Niger–Congo 5,600,000[22]  Lesotho,  South Africa,  Zimbabwe
Seychellois Creole French Creole  Seychelles
Shona Niger–Congo 7,200,000[23]  Zimbabwe
Somali Afroasiatic 16,600,000[24]  Somalia,  Djibouti
Spanish Indo-European 1,100,000[25]  Equatorial Guinea,  Spain (Ceuta, Melilla, Canary islands), still marginally spoken in  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, recognized in  Morocco
Southern Ndebele Niger–Congo  South Africa
Swahili Niger–Congo 15,000,000[26] Official in  Tanzania,  Kenya,  Uganda,  Rwanda,  Democratic Republic of the Congo
Swazi Niger-Congo Official in  South Africa,  Swaziland
Tamil Dravidian Spoken in  Mauritius
Tigrinya Afroasiatic 7,000,000[27]  Eritrea, regional language in  Ethiopia
Tonga Niger-Congo  Zimbabwe
Tsoa Khoe  Zimbabwe
Tsonga Niger–Congo  Zimbabwe
Twi Niger-Congo Regional language in  Ghana
Tshiluba Niger–Congo 6,300,000[28] (1991) National language of  Democratic Republic of the Congo
Tsonga Niger–Congo 5,000,000[29]  South Africa,  Zimbabwe (as 'as Shangani'),  Mozambique
Tshivenda Niger–Congo  South Africa,  Zimbabwe
Tswana Niger–Congo 5,800,000[30]  Botswana,  South Africa,  Zimbabwe
Umbundu Niger–Congo 6,000,000[31]  Angola
Venda Niger–Congo  South Africa,  Zimbabwe
Wolof Niger–Congo Lingua franca in  Senegal
Xhosa Niger–Congo 7,600,000[2]  South Africa,  Zimbabwe
Yoruba Niger–Congo 28,000,000[2]  Nigeria,  Benin,  Togo
Zulu Niger–Congo 10,400,000[2]  South Africa

By region

[edit]

Below is a list of the major languages of Africa by region, family and total number of primary language speakers in millions.

Central Africa
Horn of Africa
North Africa
Southeast Africa
Southern Africa
West Africa
  1. ^ Census 2011: Census in brief (PDF). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 2012. ISBN 9780621413885. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Nationalencyklopedin "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007
  3. ^ "Amharic".
  4. ^ "Arabic".
  5. ^ "Berber".
  6. ^ "Chichewa".
  7. ^ "English".
  8. ^ "French". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
  9. ^ William Edmiston; Annie Dumenil (2015-01-01). La France contemporaine. Cengage Learning. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-305-80441-8.
  10. ^ "Gikuyu".
  11. ^ Ethnologue (2009) cites 18,5 million L1 and 15 million L2 speakers in Nigeria in 1991; 5.5 million L1 speakers and half that many L2 speakers in Niger in 2006, 0.8 million in Benin in 2006, and just over 1 million in other countries.
  12. ^ "Igbo". Ethnologue.
  13. ^ Brenzinger, Matthias (2011) "The twelve modern Khoisan languages." In Witzlack-Makarevich & Ernszt (eds.), Khoisan languages and linguistics: proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium, Riezlern / Kleinwalsertal (Research in Khoisan Studies 29). Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
  14. ^ "Kongo".
  15. ^ "Luganda".
  16. ^ "Dholuo".
  17. ^ "Malagasy".
  18. ^ "Morisyen".
  19. ^ "Ndebele". Ethnologue. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  20. ^ "Sotho, Northern".
  21. ^ "The Future of Portuguese - The Translation Company".
  22. ^ "Sotho, Southern".
  23. ^ "Ethnologue report for Shona (S.10)".
  24. ^ "Somali". SIL International. 2013. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  25. ^ "Spanish". Ethnologue. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  26. ^ Peek, Philip M.; Kwesi Yankah (2004). African folklore: an encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 699. ISBN 0-415-93933-X.
  27. ^ "Tigrigna".
  28. ^ "Luba-Kasai".
  29. ^ https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tso
  30. ^ "Tswana".
  31. ^ "Umbundu".
  32. ^ a b c "The World Factbook".
  33. ^ "The World Factbook".
  34. ^ a b "The World Factbook".
  35. ^ "The World Factbook".
  36. ^ "The World Factbook".
  37. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  38. ^ "The World Factbook".
  39. ^ "Maquiagem Seu Espaço Vip – Encontre Tudo Sobre Maquiagem" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2013.
  40. ^ "The World Factbook".
  41. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  42. ^ "CORRECTION: Census shows South Sudan population at 8.2 million: report - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan". www.sudantribune.com. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
  43. ^ "unsudanig.org" (PDF).
  44. ^ http://www.darfurcentre.ch/images/00_DRDC_documents/DRDC_Reports_Briefing_Papers/DRDC_Report_on_the_5th_Population_Census_in_Sudan.pdf
  45. ^ John A. Shoup, Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East (2011), p. 333, ISBN 159884363X: "The Zaghawa is one of the major divisions of the Beri peoples who live in western Sudan and eastern Chad, and their language, also called Zaghawa, belongs to the Saharan branch of the Nilo-Saharan language group."
  46. ^ "The World Factbook".
  47. ^ a b c d "The World Factbook".
  48. ^ a b "The World Factbook".
  49. ^ "Malagasy".
  50. ^ a b c "The World Factbook".
  51. ^ a b c d "The World Factbook".
  52. ^ a b c d e f "The World Factbook".
  53. ^ a b c "The World Factbook". Archived from the original on 24 April 2013.
  54. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  55. ^ "The Language Journal: The Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania".
  56. ^ a b c d "The World Factbook".
  57. ^ "The World Factbook".
  58. ^ "The World Factbook".
  59. ^ "The World Factbook".
  60. ^ "The World Factbook".
  61. ^ "The Future of Portuguese". BB Portuguese. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
  62. ^ a b "The World Factbook".
  63. ^ a b "The World Factbook".
  64. ^ "The World Factbook".
  65. ^ a b "The World Factbook".
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=User:Elitre_(WMF)/sandbox&oldid=1092224853"