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A '''neurochemical''' is an [[Organic chemistry|organic]] molecule, such as [[serotonin]], [[dopamine]], or [[nerve growth factor]], that participates in neural activity. The science of [[neurochemistry]] studies the functions of neurochemicals.
{{Short description|Molecule involved in neural activity}}A '''neurochemical''' is a small [[Organic chemistry|organic]] molecule or [[peptide]] that participates in [[neuron|neural]] activity. The science of [[neurochemistry]] studies the functions of neurochemicals.


==Prominent neurochemicals==
==Prominent neurochemicals==
{{incomplete list|June 2017}}
{{incomplete list|date=June 2017}}


===Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators===
===Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators===
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* [[Monoamine neurotransmitter]]s:
* [[Monoamine neurotransmitter]]s:
**[[Dopamine]] is a monoamine neurotransmitter. It plays a key role in the functioning of the [[limbic system]], which is involved in emotional function and control. It also is involved in cognitive processes associated with movement, arousal, [[executive function]], body temperature regulation, and [[reward system|pleasure and reward]], and other processes.
**[[Dopamine]] is a monoamine neurotransmitter. It plays a key role in the functioning of the [[limbic system]], which is involved in emotional function and control. It also is involved in cognitive processes associated with movement, arousal, [[executive function]], body temperature regulation, and [[reward system|pleasure and reward]], and other processes.
**[[Norepinephrine]] is a monoamine neurotransmitter that is involved in arousal, pain perception, [[executive function]], body temperature regulation, and other processes.
**[[Norepinephrine]], also known as noradrenaline, is a monoamine neurotransmitter that is involved in arousal, pain perception, [[executive function]], body temperature regulation, and other processes.
**[[Epinephrine]], also known as adrenaline, is a monoamine neurotransmitter that plays in [[fight-or-flight response]], increases blood flow to muscles, output of the heart, [[Pupillary response|pupil dilation]], and [[glucose]].
**[[Serotonin]] is a monoamine neurotransmitter that plays a regulatory role in mood, sleep, appetite, body temperature regulation, and other processes.
**[[Serotonin]] is a monoamine neurotransmitter that plays a regulatory role in mood, sleep, appetite, body temperature regulation, and other processes.
**[[Histamine]] is a monoamine neurotransmitter that is involved in arousal, pain, body temperature regulation, and appetite.
**[[Histamine]] is a monoamine neurotransmitter that is involved in arousal, pain, body temperature regulation, and appetite.
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|title=Arachidonic Acid
|title=Arachidonic Acid
|url= http://www.acnp.org/g4/GN401000059/Default.htm
|url= http://www.acnp.org/g4/GN401000059/Default.htm
| year= 2000|accessdate=2006-03-03|work=Neuropsychopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress}}</ref>
| year= 2000|access-date=2006-03-03|journal=Neuropsychopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress}}</ref>


===Neuropeptides===
===Neuropeptides===
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*[[Neurohypophysial hormone]]s:
*[[Neurohypophysial hormone]]s:
**[[Arginine-vasopressin]]
**[[Arginine-vasopressin]]
**[[Oxytocin]] regulates social cognition (e.g., [[trust]] and [[pair-bonding]]) and modulates maternal behavior.
**[[Oxytocin]] regulates social cognition (e.g., [[trust (social sciences)|trust]] and [[pair-bonding]]) and modulates maternal behavior.
*[[Endogenous opioid]]s:
*[[Endogenous opioid]]s:
**[[Dynorphin]]s
**[[Dynorphin]]s
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**[[Endomorphin]]s
**[[Endomorphin]]s
**[[Enkephalin]]s
**[[Enkephalin]]s
* [[Neurotrophic factors]] are [[biomolecule]]s&nbsp;– nearly all of which are [[peptide]]s or small [[protein]]s&nbsp;– that support the growth, survival, and [[cell differentiation|differentiation]] of both developing and mature neurons.<ref name="Nature NTFs">{{cite web | title = Neurotrophic factors | url = http://www.nature.com/subjects/neurotrophic-factors | publisher = Nature Publishing Group | accessdate=31 May 2016 | quote = Neurotrophic factors are molecules that enhance the growth and survival potential of neurons. They play important roles in both development, where they can act as guidance cues for developing neurons, and in the mature nervous system, where they are involved in neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity and the formation of long-lasting memories.}}</ref><ref name="NHM-Neurotrophic factors">{{cite book |vauthors=Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE |veditors=Sydor A, Brown RY | title = Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience | year = 2009 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Medical | location = New York | isbn = 9780071481274 | pages = 199, 215 | chapter=Chapter 8: Atypical Neurotransmitters | edition = 2nd | quote= Neurotrophic factors are polypeptides or small proteins that support the growth, differentiation, and survival of neurons. They produce their effects by activation of tyrosine kinases.}}</ref><ref name="NTFs">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zigmond MJ, Cameron JL, Hoffer BJ, Smeyne RJ | title = Neurorestoration by physical exercise: moving forward | journal = Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. | volume = 18 Suppl 1 | issue = | pages = S147–50 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22166417 | doi = 10.1016/S1353-8020(11)70046-3 | quote = As will be discussed below, exercise stimulates the expression of several neurotrophic factors (NTFs).}}</ref> Examples of notable neurotrophic factors include:
* [[Neurotrophic factors]] are [[biomolecule]]s&nbsp;– nearly all of which are [[peptide]]s or small [[protein]]s&nbsp;– that support the growth, survival, and [[cell differentiation|differentiation]] of both developing and mature neurons.<ref name="Nature NTFs">{{cite web | title = Neurotrophic factors | url = http://www.nature.com/subjects/neurotrophic-factors | publisher = Nature Publishing Group | access-date=31 May 2016 | quote = Neurotrophic factors are molecules that enhance the growth and survival potential of neurons. They play important roles in both development, where they can act as guidance cues for developing neurons, and in the mature nervous system, where they are involved in neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity and the formation of long-lasting memories.}}</ref><ref name="NHM-Neurotrophic factors">{{cite book |vauthors=Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE |veditors=Sydor A, Brown RY | title = Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience | year = 2009 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Medical | location = New York | isbn = 9780071481274 | pages = 199, 215 | chapter=Chapter 8: Atypical Neurotransmitters | edition = 2nd | quote= Neurotrophic factors are polypeptides or small proteins that support the growth, differentiation, and survival of neurons. They produce their effects by activation of tyrosine kinases.}}</ref><ref name="NTFs">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zigmond MJ, Cameron JL, Hoffer BJ, Smeyne RJ |author-link1=Michael J. Zigmond | title = Neurorestoration by physical exercise: moving forward | journal = Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. | volume = 18 Suppl 1 | pages = S147–50 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22166417 | doi = 10.1016/S1353-8020(11)70046-3 | quote = As will be discussed below, exercise stimulates the expression of several neurotrophic factors (NTFs).}}</ref> Examples of notable neurotrophic factors include:
** [[Insulin-like growth factor-1]] (IGF-1)
** [[Insulin-like growth factor-1]] (IGF-1)
** [[Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor]] (GDNF)
** [[Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor]] (GDNF)
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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
<references />


[[Category:Neurochemistry]]
[[Category:Neurochemistry]]

Latest revision as of 17:05, 17 June 2022

A neurochemical is a small organic molecule or peptide that participates in neural activity. The science of neurochemistry studies the functions of neurochemicals.

Prominent neurochemicals

[edit]

Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators

[edit]
  • Glutamate is the most common neurotransmitter. Most neurons secrete with glutamate or GABA. Glutamate is excitatory, meaning that the release of glutamate by one cell usually causes adjacent cells to fire an action potential. (Note: Glutamate is chemically identical to the MSG commonly used to flavor food.)
  • GABA is an example of an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
  • Monoamine neurotransmitters:
    • Dopamine is a monoamine neurotransmitter. It plays a key role in the functioning of the limbic system, which is involved in emotional function and control. It also is involved in cognitive processes associated with movement, arousal, executive function, body temperature regulation, and pleasure and reward, and other processes.
    • Norepinephrine, also known as noradrenaline, is a monoamine neurotransmitter that is involved in arousal, pain perception, executive function, body temperature regulation, and other processes.
    • Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a monoamine neurotransmitter that plays in fight-or-flight response, increases blood flow to muscles, output of the heart, pupil dilation, and glucose.
    • Serotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter that plays a regulatory role in mood, sleep, appetite, body temperature regulation, and other processes.
    • Histamine is a monoamine neurotransmitter that is involved in arousal, pain, body temperature regulation, and appetite.
  • Trace amines act as neuromodulators in monoamine neurons via binding to TAAR1.
  • Acetylcholine assists motor function and is involved in memory.
  • Nitric oxide functions as a neurotransmitter, despite being a gas. It is not grouped with the other neurotransmitters because it is not released in the same way.
  • Endocannabinoids act in the endocannabinoid system to control neurotransmitter release in a host of neuronal tissues, including the hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia, and cerebellum.
  • Eicosanoids act as neuromodulators via the Arachidonic acid cascade.[1]

Neuropeptides

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Piomelli, Daniele (2000). "Arachidonic Acid". Neuropsychopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress. Retrieved 2006-03-03.
  2. ^ "Neurotrophic factors". Nature Publishing Group. Retrieved 31 May 2016. Neurotrophic factors are molecules that enhance the growth and survival potential of neurons. They play important roles in both development, where they can act as guidance cues for developing neurons, and in the mature nervous system, where they are involved in neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity and the formation of long-lasting memories.
  3. ^ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 8: Atypical Neurotransmitters". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 199, 215. ISBN 9780071481274. Neurotrophic factors are polypeptides or small proteins that support the growth, differentiation, and survival of neurons. They produce their effects by activation of tyrosine kinases.
  4. ^ Zigmond MJ, Cameron JL, Hoffer BJ, Smeyne RJ (2012). "Neurorestoration by physical exercise: moving forward". Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 18 Suppl 1: S147–50. doi:10.1016/S1353-8020(11)70046-3. PMID 22166417. As will be discussed below, exercise stimulates the expression of several neurotrophic factors (NTFs).
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