Grease trail: Difference between revisions

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A grease trail is an overland trade route, part of a network of trails connecting the Pacific coast with the Interior in the Pacific Northwest.

History

Trails were developed for trade between indigenous people, particularly the trade in eulachon oil (also spelled oolichan oil).^[1] The grease from these small fish could be traded for furs, copper, and obsidian, among other things. The Stó:lō people of the Fraser River simply ate the fish, either fresh or smoked, but the people of the interior used the oil as a condiment (similar to butter) and in various other ways.

Origin of the name

"Grease Trail", Carrier /tl'inaɣeti/. The name comes from the fact that the most important item traded into the interior was the processed oil of the eulachon fish Thaleichthys pacificus. Indeed, the Carrier word /tl'inaɣe/ "eulachon oil" is a compound of Carrier /xe/ "grease, oil" (combining form /ɣe/) with /tl'ina/, a loan from Heiltsuk or Haisla, North Wakashan languages spoken on the coast.^[2]

"Because these trails were commonly used to transport Oolichan grease, they are now referred to as 'grease trails.' For thousands of years, First Nations traders followed well-trodden 'grease trails,' usually the easiest routes across plateaus, highlands and over challenging mountains far into the western interior, back-packing heavy boxes of valuable Oolichan grease, held in place by cedar rope 'tump-lines,' attached to headbands. The trails, operating on a relay system, covered a geographic area from what is now the Yukon Territories in Canada south to what is now northern California in the United States and as far east as central Montana and Alberta, to interior peoples like the Babine, Carrier and other Athabaskans."^[3]

Grease trails and former grease trails

Citations

^ "Grease Trails". Living Landscapes. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
^ "Words from the West". Language Log. September 27, 2004. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
^ Hirch 2003, p. 3.

References

Birchwater, Sage. Ulkatcho. Stories of the Grease Trail, Anahim Lake, Ulkatcho Indian Band 1993.
Harrington, Lyn. (1953, March). Trail of the Candlefish. The Beaver Magazine Of The North. (pp. 40–44)
Hirch, Mirjam (September 12, 2003). Trading across time and space: Culture along the North American "Grease Trails" from a European perspective. Canadian Studies International Interdisciplinary Conference. Kamloops, BC: University College of the Caribou.
Grease Trails, in: Turkel, William Joseph. The Archive of Place. Unearthing the Pasts of the Chilcotin Plateau, pp. 108–135.

External links

Smelt, What's Cooking America?
Fraser River Discovery Centre

[1] "Grease Trails". Living Landscapes. Retrieved November 6, 2012.

[2] "Words from the West". Language Log. September 27, 2004. Retrieved November 6, 2012.

[FOOTNOTEHirch20033-3] Hirch 2003, p. 3.

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Type of overland trade route in America}}
 [[Image:Eulachon.jpg|thumb|200px|Eulachon]]
 A '''grease trail''' is an overland [[trade route]], part of a network of trails connecting the [[British Columbia Coast|Pacific coast]] with the [[British Columbia Interior|Interior]] in the [[Pacific Northwest]].
 == History ==
@@ Line 7: / Line 8: @@
 | title = Grease Trails
 | work = Living Landscapes
-| accessdate = 2012-11-06
+| accessdate = November 6, 2012
 | url = http://www.livinglandscapes.bc.ca/northwest/oolichan_history/grease_trails.htm
 }}</ref> The grease from these small fish could be traded for furs, [[copper]], and [[obsidian]], among other things. The [[Stó:lō]] people of the [[Fraser River]] simply ate the fish, either fresh or smoked, but the people of the interior used the oil as a condiment (similar to [[butter]]) and in various other ways.
 == Origin of the name ==
@@ Line 16: / Line 17: @@
 | title = Words from the West
 | work = Language Log
-| accessdate = 2012-11-06
+| accessdate = November 6, 2012
-| date = 2004-09-27
+| date = September 27, 2004
 | url = http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/001500.html
 }}</ref>
 </blockquote>
-"Because these trails were commonly used to transport Oolichan grease, they are now referred to as 'grease trails.' For thousands of years, First Nations traders followed well-trodden 'grease trails,' usually the easiest routes across plateaus, highlands and over challenging mountains far into the western interior, back-packing heavy boxes of valuable Oolichan grease, held in place by cedar rope 'tump-lines,' attached to headbands. The trails, operating on a relay system, covered a geographic area from what is now the Yukon Territories in Canada south to what is now northern California in the United States and as far east as central Montana and Alberta. to interior peoples like the Babine, Carrier and other Athabaskans."{{sfn|Hirch|2003|3}}
+"Because these trails were commonly used to transport Oolichan grease, they are now referred to as 'grease trails.' For thousands of years, First Nations traders followed well-trodden 'grease trails,' usually the easiest routes across plateaus, highlands and over challenging mountains far into the western interior, back-packing heavy boxes of valuable Oolichan grease, held in place by cedar rope 'tump-lines,' attached to headbands. The trails, operating on a relay system, covered a geographic area from what is now the Yukon Territories in Canada south to what is now northern California in the United States and as far east as central Montana and Alberta, to interior peoples like the Babine, Carrier and other Athabaskans."{{sfn|Hirch|2003|p=3}}
 ==Grease trails and former grease trails==
@@ Line 36: / Line 37: @@
 ==References==
 * Birchwater, Sage. ''Ulkatcho. Stories of the Grease Trail'', Anahim Lake, Ulkatcho Indian Band 1993.
-* Harrington, Lyn. (1953, March). Trail of the Candlefish. The Beaver Magazine Of The North. (pp. 40-44)
+* Harrington, Lyn. (1953, March). Trail of the Candlefish. The Beaver Magazine Of The North. (pp.&nbsp;40–44)
-*{{citation|last=Hirch|first=Mirjam|date=12 September 2003|location=Kamloops, BC|institution=University College of the Caribou|title=Trading across time and space: Culture along the North American "Grease Trails" from a European perspective|conference=Canadian Studies International Interdisciplinary Conference |accessdate=7 December 2013|ref={{sfnref|Hirch|2003}}}}
+*{{cite conference|last=Hirch|first=Mirjam|date=September 12, 2003|location=Kamloops, BC|institution=University College of the Caribou|title=Trading across time and space: Culture along the North American "Grease Trails" from a European perspective|conference=Canadian Studies International Interdisciplinary Conference }}
-*''Grease Trails'', in: Turkel, William Joseph. ''The Archive of Place. Unearthing the Pasts of the Chilcotin Plateau'', pp. 108-135.
+*''Grease Trails'', in: Turkel, William Joseph. ''The Archive of Place. Unearthing the Pasts of the Chilcotin Plateau'', pp.&nbsp;108–135.
 ==External links==
 *[http://whatscookingamerica.net/History/Smelt.htm Smelt], What's Cooking America?
-*[http://www.fraserriverdiscovery.org/pages/stories.html Fraser River Discovery Centre]
+*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070706020543/http://www.fraserriverdiscovery.org/pages/stories.html Fraser River Discovery Centre]
 [[Category:Grease trails| ]]
 [[Category:Trade routes]]
 [[Category:Roads in Canada by type]]
-{{BritishColumbia-geo-stub}}
-{{FirstNations-stub}}