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#REDIRECT [[Terahertz radiation#Terahertz gap]] |
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'''Terahertz gap''' is an engineering term for a [[frequency band]] in the [[terahertz radiation|terahertz]] region of the [[electromagnetic spectrum]] between [[radio wave]]s and [[infrared light]] for which practical technologies for generating and detecting the radiation do not exist. It is defined as 0.1 to 10 THz ([[wavelength]]s of 3 mm to 30 µm). Currently, at frequencies within this range, useful power generation and receiver technologies are inefficient and impractical. |
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Mass production of devices in this range and operation at [[room temperature]] (at which [[kT (energy)|kT]] is equal to the [[Planck's energy-frequency relation|energy of a photon]] with a frequency of 6.2 THz) are mostly unfeasible. This leaves a gap between mature [[microwave]] technologies in the highest frequencies of the [[radio spectrum]] and the well developed [[optical engineering]] of [[infrared detector]]s in their lowest frequencies. This radiation is mostly used in small-scale, specialized applications such as [[submillimetre astronomy]]. [[Research]] that attempts to resolve this issue has been conducted since the late 20th century.<ref name="springer"> |
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{{R to section}} |
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{{cite book |
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| authorlink = |
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| title =Ultra High-Speed CMOS Circuits : Beyond 100 GHz |
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| publisher =Springer Science+Business Media |
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| series = |
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| volume = |
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| edition =1st |
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| date =2011-09-25 |
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| location =New York |
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| pages = 1–5 (Introduction) and 100 |
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| language = |
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| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=iJZIcUwmyfYC&pg=PA1 |
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| doi =10.1007/978-1-4614-0305-0 |
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| id = |
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| isbn =978-1-4614-0305-0 |
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| author1 =Gharavi |
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| first1 =Sam |
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| last2 =Heydari |
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| first2 =Babak }}</ref><ref name="sirt"> |
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{{cite journal |
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| doi= 10.1038/417132b |
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| url= http://lib.semi.ac.cn:8080/tsh/dzzy/wsqk/Nature/nature417-132.pdf |
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| format=Free PDF download |
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| title= Applied physics: Bridge for the terahertz gap |
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| year= 2002 |
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| last1= Sirtori |
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| first1= Carlo |
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| journal= Nature |
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| volume= 417 |
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| issue= 6885 |
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| pages= 132–3 |
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| pmid= 12000945 |bibcode = 2002Natur.417..132S }}</ref><ref name="borak"> |
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{{cite journal |
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| doi= 10.1126/science.1109831 |
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| url= http://lib.semi.ac.cn:8080/tsh/dzzy/wsqk/science/vol308/308-638.pdf |
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| format=Free PDF download |
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| title= Applied physics:: Toward Bridging the Terahertz Gap with Silicon-Based Lasers |
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| year= 2005 |
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| last1= Borak |
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| first1= A. |
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| journal= Science |
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| volume= 308 |
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| issue= 5722 |
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| pages= 638–9 |
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| pmid= 15860612}}</ref><ref> |
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{{cite journal |
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| doi= 10.1063/1.2828709 |
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| url= |
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| type=Abstract |
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| title= Coherent heterodyne time-domain spectrometry covering the entire "terahertz gap" |
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| year= 2008 |
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| last1= Karpowicz |
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| first1= Nicholas |
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| last2= Dai |
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| first2= Jianming |
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| last3= Lu |
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| first3= Xiaofei |
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| last4= Chen |
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| first4= Yunqing |
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| last5= Yamaguchi |
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| first5= Masashi |
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| last6= Zhao |
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| first6= Hongwei |
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| last7= Zhang |
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| first7= X.-C. |
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| last8= Zhang |
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| first8= Liangliang |
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| last9= Zhang |
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| first9= Cunlin |
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| last10= Price-Gallagher| first10= Matthew| last11= Fletcher| first11= Clark| last12= Mamer| first12= Orval| last13= Lesimple| first13= Alain| last14= Johnson| first14= Keith| journal= Applied Physics Letters |
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| volume= 92 |
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| issue= 1 |
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| pages= 011131|bibcode = 2008ApPhL..92a1131K }}</ref><ref name="klnnr"> |
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{{cite journal |
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| doi= 10.1126/science.1151373 |
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| title= Filling the Terahertz Gap |
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| type=Abstract |
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| url= |
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| year= 2007 |
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| last1= Kleiner |
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| first1= R. |
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| journal= Science |
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| volume= 318 |
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| issue= 5854 |
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| pages= 1254–5 |
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| pmid= 18033873}}</ref> |
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==Research== |
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Ongoing investigation has resulted in [[Semiconductor laser theory|improved emitters]] (sources) and [[sensor|detectors]], and research in this area has intensified. However, drawbacks remain that include the substantial size of emitters, incompatible frequency ranges, and undesirable operating temperatures, as well as component, device, and detector requirements that are somewhere between [[solid state electronics]] and [[photonic]] technologies.<ref name=ferguson> |
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{{cite journal |
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| doi= 10.1038/nmat708 |
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| url= http://www.eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/groups/thz/publications/ferguson_2002_npg.pdf |
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| format=Free PDF download |
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| title= Materials for terahertz science and technology |
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| year= 2002 |
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| last1= Ferguson |
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| first1= Bradley |
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| last2= Zhang |
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| first2= Xi-Cheng |
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| journal= Nature Materials |
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| volume= 1 |
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| pages= 26–33 |
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| pmid= 12618844 |
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| issue= 1|bibcode = 2002NatMa...1...26F }}</ref><ref name=tonom> |
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{{cite journal |
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| doi= 10.1038/nphoton.2007.3 |
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| url= http://www.ile.osaka-u.ac.jp/research/THP/pdf/nphoton144.pdf |
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| format=Free PDF download |
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| title= Cutting-edge terahertz technology |
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| id=200902219783121992 |
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| year= 2007 |
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| last1= Tonouchi |
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| first1= Masayoshi |
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| journal= Nature Photonics |
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| volume= 1 |
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| issue= 2 |
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| pages= 97–105 |bibcode = 2007NaPho...1...97T }}</ref><ref> |
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{{cite journal |
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| doi= 10.1038/nphoton.2009.3 |
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| url= http://nanoscience.bu.edu/papers/Averitt%20-%20Nature%20Photonics%20(2009).pdf |
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| format=Free PDF download |
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| title= A metamaterial solid-state terahertz phase modulator |
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| year= 2009 |
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| last1= Chen |
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| first1= Hou-Tong |
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| last2= Padilla |
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| first2= Willie J. |
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| last3= Cich |
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| first3= Michael J. |
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| last4= Azad |
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| first4= Abul K. |
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| last5= Averitt |
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| first5= Richard D. |
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| last6= Taylor |
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| first6= Antoinette J. |
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| journal= Nature Photonics |
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| volume= 3 |
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| issue= 3 |
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| pages= 148|bibcode = 2009NaPho...3..148C | citeseerx= 10.1.1.423.5531 |
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}}</ref> |
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[[Free-electron laser]]s can generate a wide range of [[Laser|stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation]] from microwaves, through terahertz radiation to [[X-ray]]. However, they are bulky, expensive and not suitable for applications that require critical timing (such as [[Wireless|wireless communications]]). Other [[Terahertz radiation#Sources|sources of terahertz radiation]] which are actively being researched include solid state oscillators (through [[Frequency multiplier|frequency multiplication]]), [[Backward-wave oscillator|backward wave oscillators]] (BWOs), [[quantum cascade laser]]s, and [[gyrotron]]s. |
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==References== |
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{{reflist|30em}} |
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==Further reading== |
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*{{cite conference |
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| title = ''Terahertz Sources and Systems'' |
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| publisher = ''Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop'' |
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| series = Nato Science Series II |
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| volume = 27 |
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| edition = |
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| year = 2001 |
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| location = June 2000. Château de Bonas, France |
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| pages = |
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| language = |
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| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xYwPHQ6bHkwC |
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| doi = |
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| lccn = 2001038180 |
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| isbn = 978-0-7923-7096-3 |
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| format = |
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| oclc = 248547276 |
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| author1 =Miles |
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| first1 =Robert E |
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| last2 =Harrison |
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| first2 =Paul |
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| last3 =Lippens |
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| first3 =D (Eds.) |
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}} |
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==External links== |
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*Williams, G. "[http://casa.jlab.org/seminars/2003/slides/williams_031114.pdf Filling the THz Gap]." CASA Seminar. 2003. |
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*{{cite news |
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| last =Cooke |
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| first =Mike |
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| coauthors = |
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| title =Filling the THz Gap with New Applications |
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| newspaper = |
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| volume = 2 |
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| pages = 39–43 |
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| issue = 1 |
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| publisher =Semiconductor Today |
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| year = 2007 |
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| url =http://www.semiconductor-today.com/features/PDF/Semiconductor%20Today%20-%20Filling%20the%20THz%20gap.pdf |
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| accessdate =2019-07-30}} |
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*{{cite web |
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| title =Understanding THz |
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| website = |
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| publisher =Teraphysics |
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| year = 2013 |
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| url =http://www.teraphysics.com/understanding-thz.php |
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| doi = |
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| accessdate =2014-06-24}} |
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*{{cite web |
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| last = Janet |
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| first = Rae-Dupree |
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| title =New Life for Old Electrons in Biological Imaging, Sensing Technologies |
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| publisher =SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory |
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| date = November 8, 2011 |
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| url = https://news.slac.stanford.edu/features/new-life-old-electrons-biological-imaging-sensing-technologies |
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| quote = ''...researchers have successfully generated intense pulses of light in a largely untapped part of the electromagnetic spectrum – the so-called terahertz gap. ''}} |
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[[Category:Electromagnetic radiation]] |
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Latest revision as of 19:28, 25 August 2022
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