Terahertz gap: Difference between revisions
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#REDIRECT [[Terahertz radiation#Terahertz gap]] |
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{{short description|Electromagnetic radiation from 0.1 to 10 THz}} |
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__NOTOC__ |
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In engineering, the '''terahertz gap''' is a [[frequency band]] in the [[terahertz radiation|terahertz]] region of the [[electromagnetic spectrum]] between [[radio wave]]s and [[infrared light]] for which practical technologies for generating and detecting the radiation do not exist. It is defined as 0.1 to 10 THz ([[wavelength]]s of 3 mm to 30 µm). Currently, at frequencies within this range, useful power generation and receiver technologies are inefficient and unfeasible. |
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Mass production of devices in this range and operation at [[room temperature]] (at which energy [[kT (energy)|{{mvar|k·T}}]] is equal to the [[Planck's energy-frequency relation|energy of a photon]] with a frequency of 6.2 THz) are mostly impractical. This leaves a gap between mature [[microwave]] technologies in the highest frequencies of the [[radio spectrum]] and the well developed [[optical engineering]] of [[infrared detector]]s in their lowest frequencies. This radiation is mostly used in small-scale, specialized applications such as [[submillimetre astronomy]]. [[Research]] that attempts to resolve this issue has been conducted since the late 20th century.<ref name="springer">{{cite book |last1=Gharavi |first1=Sam |last2=Heydari |first2=Babak |date=2011-09-25 |df=dmy-all |title=Ultra High-Speed CMOS Circuits: Beyond 100 GHz |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=1–5 (Introduction) and 100 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iJZIcUwmyfYC&pg=PA1 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-0305-0 |isbn=978-1-4614-0305-0}}</ref><ref name="sirt">{{cite journal |last1=Sirtori |first1=Carlo |year=2002 |title=Bridge for the terahertz gap |series=Applied physics |journal=Nature |volume=417 |issue=6885 |pages=132–133 |doi=10.1038/417132b |url=http://lib.semi.ac.cn:8080/tsh/dzzy/wsqk/Nature/nature417-132.pdf |format=Free PDF download |pmid=12000945 |bibcode=2002Natur.417..132S}}</ref><ref name="borak">{{cite journal |last1=Borak |first1=A. |year=2005 |title=Toward bridging the terahertz gap with silicon-based lasers |series=Applied physics |journal=Science |volume=308 |issue=5722 |pages=638–639 |pmid=15860612 |doi=10.1126/science.1109831 |url=http://lib.semi.ac.cn:8080/tsh/dzzy/wsqk/science/vol308/308-638.pdf |format=Free PDF download}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Karpowicz |first1=Nicholas |last2=Dai |first2=Jianming |last3=Lu |first3=Xiaofei |last4=Chen |first4=Yunqing |last5=Yamaguchi |first5=Masashi |last6=Zhao |first6=Hongwei |last7=Zhang |first7=X.-C. |last8=Zhang |first8=Liangliang |last9=Zhang |first9=Cunlin |last10=Price-Gallagher |first10=Matthew |last11=Fletcher |first11=Clark |last12=Mamer |first12=Orval |last13=Lesimple |first13=Alain |last14=Johnson |first14=Keith |display-authors=6 |year=2008 |title=Coherent heterodyne time-domain spectrometry covering the entire ''terahertz gap'' |journal=Applied Physics Letters |volume=92 |issue=1 |page=011131 |bibcode=2008ApPhL..92a1131K |doi=10.1063/1.2828709 |type=Abstract}}</ref><ref name="klnnr">{{cite journal |last1=Kleiner |first1=R. |year=2007 |title=Filling the terahertz gap |journal=Science |volume=318 |issue=5854 |pages=1254–1255 |doi=10.1126/science.1151373 |pmid=18033873 |type=Abstract}}</ref> |
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==Closure of the terahertz gap== |
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Most vacuum electronic devices that are used for microwave generation can be modified to operate at terahertz frequencies, including the magnetron, <ref>{{cite web |last1=Larraza |first1=Andres |last2=Wolfe |first2=David M. |last3=Catterlin |first3=Jeffrey K. |date=2013-05-21 |df=dmy-all |title=Terahertz (THZ) reverse magnetron |id=US Patent 8,446,096 B1 |department=Dudley Knox Library |publisher=Naval Postgraduate School |place=Monterey, California |url=https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/33987}}{{full citation |date=March 2020|df=dmy-all}}</ref> gyrotron,<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Mikhail |last1=Glyavin |first2=Grigory |last2=Denisov |first3=V.E. |last3=Zapevalov |first4=A.N. |last4=Kuftin |date=August 2014 |title=Terahertz gyrotrons: State of the art and prospects |journal=Journal of Communications Technology and Electronics |volume=59 |issue=8 |pages=792–797 |doi=10.1134/S1064226914080075 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271745395 |via=researchgate.net |access-date=2020-03-18 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> synchrotron,<ref>{{cite journal |first1=C. |last1=Evain |first2=C. |last2=Szwaj |first3=E. |last3=Roussel |first4=J. |last4=Rodriguez |first5=M. |last5=Le Parquier |first6=M.-A. |last6=Tordeux |first7=F. |last7=Ribeiro |first8=M. |last8=Labat |first9=N. |last9=Hubert |first10=J.-B. |last10=Brubach |first11=P. |last11=Roy |first12=S. |last12=Bielawski |title=Stable coherent terahertz synchrotron radiation from controlled relativistic electron bunches |journal=Nature Physics |volume=15 |pages=635–639 |date=8 April 2019 |issue=7 |doi=10.1038/s41567-019-0488-6 |arxiv=1810.11805 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> and free electron laser.<ref>{{cite web |title=UCSB free electron laser source |series=Terahertz facility |website=www.mrl.ucsb.edu |publisher=University of California – Santa Barbara |url=http://www.mrl.ucsb.edu/terahertz-facility/instruments/ucsb-free-electron-laser-source}}{{full citation |date=March 2020|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Similarly, microwave detectors such as the [[tunnel diode]] have been re-engineered to detect at terahertz<ref>{{cite journal |title=[no title cited] |year=2012 |volume=49 |issue=1 ? |page=93 ? |journal=ECS Transactions |publisher=The Electrochemical Society |via=IOP Science |type=abstract |url=http://ecst.ecsdl.org/content/49/1/93.abstract |url-status=dead |access-date=2020-03-18 |df=dmy-all}}{{full citation |date=March 2020|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and infrared<ref>{{cite conference |last=Davids |first=Paul |date=2016-07-01 |df=dmy-all |title=Tunneling rectification in an infrared nanoantenna coupled MOS diode |
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|conference=Meta 16 |place=Malaga, Spain |website=osti.gov |url=https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1371628 |publisher=U.S. Department of Energy |department=Office of Scientific and Technical Information}}{{full citation |date=March 2020|df=dmy-all}}</ref> frequencies as well. However, many of these devices are in prototype form, are not compact, or exist at university or government research labs, without the benefit of cost savings due to mass production. |
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==Research== |
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Ongoing investigation has resulted in [[Semiconductor laser theory|improved emitters]] (sources) and [[sensor|detectors]], and research in this area has intensified. However, drawbacks remain that include the substantial size of emitters, incompatible frequency ranges, and undesirable operating temperatures, as well as component, device, and detector requirements that are somewhere between [[solid state electronics]] and [[photonic]] technologies.<ref name=ferguson>{{cite journal |last1=Ferguson |first1=Bradley |last2=Zhang |first2=Xi-Cheng |year=2002 |title=Materials for terahertz science and technology |journal=Nature Materials |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=26–33 |url=http://www.eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/groups/thz/publications/ferguson_2002_npg.pdf |format=free PDF download |doi=10.1038/nmat708 |pmid=12618844 |bibcode=2002NatMa...1...26F}}</ref><ref name=tonom>{{cite journal |last1=Tonouchi |first1=Masayoshi |year=2007 |title=Cutting-edge terahertz technology |journal=Nature Photonics |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=97–105 |id=200902219783121992 |url=http://www.ile.osaka-u.ac.jp/research/THP/pdf/nphoton144.pdf |format=free PDF download |doi=10.1038/nphoton.2007.3 |bibcode=2007NaPho...1...97T}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Hou-Tong |last2=Padilla |first2=Willie J. |last3=Cich |first3=Michael J. |last4=Azad |first4=Abul K. |last5=Averitt |first5=Richard D. |last6=Taylor |first6=Antoinette J. |year=2009 |title=A metamaterial solid-state terahertz phase modulator |journal=Nature Photonics |volume=3 |issue=3 |page=148 |url=http://nanoscience.bu.edu/papers/Averitt%20-%20Nature%20Photonics%20(2009).pdf |format=free PDF download |doi=10.1038/nphoton.2009.3 |bibcode=2009NaPho...3..148C |citeseerx=10.1.1.423.5531}}</ref> |
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[[Free-electron laser]]s can generate a wide range of [[Laser|stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation]] from microwaves, through terahertz radiation to [[X-ray]]. However, they are bulky, expensive and not suitable for applications that require critical timing (such as [[Wireless|wireless communications]]). Other [[Terahertz radiation#Sources|sources of terahertz radiation]] which are actively being researched include solid state oscillators (through [[Frequency multiplier|frequency multiplication]]), [[Backward-wave oscillator|backward wave oscillators]] (BWOs), [[quantum cascade laser]]s, and [[gyrotron]]s. |
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==References== |
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{{reflist|25em}} |
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==Further reading== |
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*{{cite conference |
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|editor1-last=Miles |
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|editor1-first=Robert E |
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|editor2-last=Harrison |
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|editor2-first=Paul |
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|editor3-last=Lippens |
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|editor3-first=D. |
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|title=Terahertz Sources and Systems |
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|conference=NATO Advanced Research Workshop |
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|series=NATO Science Series II |
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|volume=27 |
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|publication-date=2001 |
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|location=Château de Bonas, France |
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|date=June 2000 |
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|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYwPHQ6bHkwC |via=Google Books |
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|lccn=2001038180 |
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|isbn=978-0-7923-7096-3 |
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|oclc=248547276 |
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}} |
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==External links== |
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* {{cite web |last=Williams |first=G. |url=http://casa.jlab.org/seminars/2003/slides/williams_031114.pdf |title=Filling the THz gap |series=CASA Seminar |year=2003 |website=jlab.org}} |
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* {{cite news |
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|last=Cooke |
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|first=Mike |
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|title=Filling the THz gap with new applications |
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|volume=2 |
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|pages=39–43 |
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|issue=1 |
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|magazine=Semiconductor Today |
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|year=2007 |
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|url=http://www.semiconductor-today.com/features/PDF/Semiconductor%20Today%20-%20Filling%20the%20THz%20gap.pdf |
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|access-date=2019-07-30 |df=dmy-all}} |
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* {{cite press release |
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|last=Janet |
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|first=Rae-Dupree |
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|title=New life for old electrons in biological imaging, sensing technologies |
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|publisher=Stanford University |
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|place=Palo Alto, California |
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|department=SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory |
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|date=8 November 2011 |
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|url=https://www6.slac.stanford.edu/news/2011-11-08-new-life-for-old-electrons-in-biological-imaging.aspx |
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|quote=... researchers have successfully generated intense pulses of light in a largely untapped part of the electromagnetic spectrum – the so-called ''terahertz gap''.}} |
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[[Category:Electromagnetic radiation]] |
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Latest revision as of 19:28, 25 August 2022
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