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{{Infobox archaeological culture |
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The '''Pengtoushan culture''' ({{zh|t=彭頭山文化|s=彭头山文化}}), dating 7500–6100 BCE,<ref name="Stark84">{{cite book|title=Archaeology of Asia|pages=84|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CUBL0Y8L2JMC|author=Miriam T. Stark|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2006|isbn=1405102128}}</ref> was a [[Neolithic]] culture centered primarily around the central [[Yangtze River]] region in northwestern [[Hunan]], [[People's Republic of China|China]]. It was roughly contemporaneous with its northern neighbor, the [[Peiligang culture]]. The two primary examples of Pengtoushan culture are the [[type site]] at Pengtoushan and the later site at [[Bashidang]]. |
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|name = Pengtoushan culture |
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|map = Pengtoushan_map.svg |
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|region = [[China]] |
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|period = [[Neolithic China]] |
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|dates = 7500–6100 BC |
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|majorsites = [[Bashidang]] |
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|extra = |
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|precededby = |
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|followedby = |
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|module = {{Chinese |
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|child = yes |
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The '''Pengtoushan culture''' was a [[Neolithic]] culture located around the central [[Yangtze River]] region in northwestern [[Hunan]] province, [[China]]. It dates to around 7500–6100 BC,{{sfn|Crawford|2006|p=84}} and was roughly contemporaneous with the [[Peiligang culture]] to the north. It is named after the [[type site]] at Pengtoushan. |
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The type site at Pengtoushan was discovered in [[Li County]], Hunan. This site is the earliest permanently settled village yet discovered in China.<ref name="Higham63">{{cite book|title=The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia|pages=63|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RZ-CV14nXHcC|author=[[Charles Higham (archaeologist)|Charles Higham]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1996|isbn=0521565057}}</ref> Excavated in 1988, Pengtoushan has been difficult to date accurately, with a large variability in dates ranging from 9000 BCE to 5500 BCE.<ref name="Higham63" /> Cord-marked [[pottery]] was discovered among the burial goods. |
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== Sites == |
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Analysis of Chinese rice residues which were [[C14]] dated to 8200-7800 BCE show that rice had been domesticated by this time.<ref name="Chang298">{{cite book|title=The Formation of Chinese Civilization|pages=298|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sP-PN2StH2cC|author=Kwang-chih Chang, Pingfang Xu, Sarah Allan, Liancheng Lu|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0300093829}}</ref> The size of the Pengtoushan rice was larger than the size of naturally-occurring wild rice; however, Pengtoushan lacked evidence of tools used in cultivating rice. Although not found at Pengtoushan, rice-cultivating tools were found in later sites associated with the Pengtoushan culture. |
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Pengtoushan, located in [[Li County, Hunan]], is the type site for the Pengtoushan culture. Excavated in 1988, Pengtoushan has been difficult to date accurately, with a large variability in dates ranging from 9000 BC to 5500 BC.{{sfn|Higham|1996|p=63}} [[Cord-marked pottery]] was discovered among the burial goods.{{sfn|Higham|1996|p=63}} |
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Another important site is [[Bashidang]], also in Li County, belonging to the late stage of the Pengtoushan culture. It features a wall and a ditch, as well as a star-shaped platform. |
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== Rice cultivation == |
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Rice residues at Pengtoushan have been [[Carbon-14|carbon dated]] to 8200–7800 BC, showing that rice had been domesticated by this time.{{sfn|Chang|2005|p=298}} At later stages, pots containing grains of rice were also dated to approximately 5800 BC.{{sfn|Harris|2005|p=17}} By 4000 BC, evidence of rice domestication in the region is abundant in the form of bone and wooden spades, as well as pottery.{{sfn|Harris|2005|p=17}} The rice grains at Pengtoushan are larger than naturally occurring [[wild rice]]. Large amounts of rice grains have also been found at Bashidang. |
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== Gallery == |
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<gallery> |
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File:Bone spade. Bashidang site. Hunan Museum.jpg|Remains of a bone spade from the [[Bashidang]] site |
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File:Guan jar. Pengtoushan culture. Hunan Provincial Museum.jpg|Reconstructed vessel |
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File:Support. Pengtoushan culture. Hunan Provincial Museum.jpg|Reconstructed leg of a vessel |
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</gallery> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Daxi culture]] |
*[[Daxi culture]] |
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*[[Qujialing culture]] |
*[[Qujialing culture]] |
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*[[Nanzhuangtou]] |
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== |
== Footnotes == |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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==References== |
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* {{cite book |surname=Chang |given=Kwang-chih |author-link=Kwang-chih Chang |chapter=Epilogue, Part II |pages=289–294 |title=The Formation of Chinese Civilization |editor1-given=Kwang-chih |editor1-surname=Chang |editor2-given=Pingfang |editor2-surname=Xu |editor3-link=Sarah Allan |editor3-given=Sarah |editor3-surname=Allan |editor4-given=Liancheng |editor4-surname=Lu |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=0-300-09382-9}} |
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* {{cite book |surname=Crawford |given=Gary W. |chapter=East Asian Plant Domestication |pages=77–95 |title=Archaeology of Asia |editor-given=Miriam T. |editor-surname=Stark |editor-link=Miriam Stark |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2006 |isbn=1-4051-0212-8}} |
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* {{cite book |surname=Harris |given=David R. |author-link=David R. Harris (geographer) |chapter=Origins and Spread of Agriculture |pages=13–26 |editor1-surname=Prance |editor1-given=Ghillean |editor2-surname=Nesbitt |editor2-given=Mark |year=2005 |title=The Cultural History of Plants |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-92746-3}} |
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* {{cite book |surname=Higham |given=Charles |author-link=Charles Higham (archaeologist) |title=The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=0-521-56505-7}} |
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{{Neolithic cultures of China}} |
{{Neolithic cultures of China}} |
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{{Prehistoric technology}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Pengtoushan}} |
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[[ko:펑터우산 문화]] |
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[[Category:Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Hunan]] |
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[[it:Cultura di Pengtoushan]] |
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[[Category:8th-millennium BC establishments]] |
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[[ru:Культура Пэнтоушань]] |
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[[vi:Văn hóa Bành Đầu Sơn]] |
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Latest revision as of 06:06, 2 October 2022
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| Geographical range | China | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Period | Neolithic China | ||
| Dates | 7500–6100 BC | ||
| Type site | Pengtoushan | ||
| Major sites | Bashidang | ||
| Chinese name | |||
| Traditional Chinese | 彭頭山文化 | ||
| Simplified Chinese | 彭头山文化 | ||
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The Pengtoushan culture was a Neolithic culture located around the central Yangtze River region in northwestern Hunan province, China. It dates to around 7500–6100 BC,[1] and was roughly contemporaneous with the Peiligang culture to the north. It is named after the type site at Pengtoushan.
Sites
[edit]Pengtoushan, located in Li County, Hunan, is the type site for the Pengtoushan culture. Excavated in 1988, Pengtoushan has been difficult to date accurately, with a large variability in dates ranging from 9000 BC to 5500 BC.[2] Cord-marked pottery was discovered among the burial goods.[2]
Another important site is Bashidang, also in Li County, belonging to the late stage of the Pengtoushan culture. It features a wall and a ditch, as well as a star-shaped platform.
Rice cultivation
[edit]Rice residues at Pengtoushan have been carbon dated to 8200–7800 BC, showing that rice had been domesticated by this time.[3] At later stages, pots containing grains of rice were also dated to approximately 5800 BC.[4] By 4000 BC, evidence of rice domestication in the region is abundant in the form of bone and wooden spades, as well as pottery.[4] The rice grains at Pengtoushan are larger than naturally occurring wild rice. Large amounts of rice grains have also been found at Bashidang.
Gallery
[edit]-
Remains of a bone spade from the Bashidang site -
Reconstructed vessel -
Reconstructed leg of a vessel
See also
[edit]Footnotes
[edit]- ^ Crawford 2006, p. 84.
- ^ a b Higham 1996, p. 63.
- ^ Chang 2005, p. 298.
- ^ a b Harris 2005, p. 17.
References
[edit]- Chang, Kwang-chih (2005). "Epilogue, Part II". In Chang, Kwang-chih; Xu, Pingfang; Allan, Sarah; Lu, Liancheng (eds.). The Formation of Chinese Civilization. Yale University Press. pp. 289–294. ISBN 0-300-09382-9.
- Crawford, Gary W. (2006). "East Asian Plant Domestication". In Stark, Miriam T. (ed.). Archaeology of Asia. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 77–95. ISBN 1-4051-0212-8.
- Harris, David R. (2005). "Origins and Spread of Agriculture". In Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.). The Cultural History of Plants. Routledge. pp. 13–26. ISBN 0-415-92746-3.
- Higham, Charles (1996). The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56505-7.
