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more caution regarding Gaulish connection – replaced with less specific 'Celtic'
 
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{{Short description|Celto-Ligurian tribe}}
The '''Orobii also '''Orumobii'' or '''Orumbovii''' were a population that inhabited the northern italian valleys of [[Bergamo]], [[Como]] and [[Lecco]] in prehistoric times.
The '''Orobii''' (also '''Orobi''', '''Oromobi''' or '''Orumbovii''') were a [[Celto-Ligurian]] tribe dwelling around present-day [[Como]] and [[Bergamo]] during the [[Iron Age Europe|Iron Age]].


== Name ==
⚫
[[Pliny the Elder]] ascribes to them the foundation of the cities of [[Como]], [[Bergamo]], [[Licini Forum]]<ref>Probably near the modern city of [[Erba, Lombardy|Erba]]</ref> and [[Parra]].<ref>[[Pliny the Elder]], Naturalis Historia, III, 124-125. </ref>
They are mentioned as ''Orobii'' by [[Cato the Elder]] (early 2nd century BC).{{Sfn|Vietti|2008}}


The ethnic name ''Orobii'' appears to be of Celtic origin. It can be compared with the [[Gaulish]] noun ''orbioi'' (<small>sing.</small> ''orbios''), meaning 'the heirs', with the feminine forms ''Orobia'' and ''Urbia'' (earlier *''Orbia''), the ancient names of the [[Orge|Orge river]] and {{Ill|Orge (stream)|lt=Orge stream|fr|Orge (ruisseau)}}, and with the i-stem ''Orobis'', now the [[Orb (river)|Orb river]].{{sfn|Delamarre|2003|p=243}}
⚫
Classical historians such as [[Pliny the Elder]] himself thought them as of Greek origin, tracing the etymology of the name from the greek "Ορων βιον".


⚫
Some classical writers such as [[Pliny the Elder]] thought that their name was of Greek origin, tracing the etymology from the Greek ''Orōn bion'' (Ορων βιον).<ref>C. Cantù, ''Storia di Como e sua provincia'', Como, 1859.</ref>
⚫
The modern interpretation by archaeologists and linguists is different, they see the Orobii as a population of [[Celticization|celticized]] [[Ligurians]], or Celtic-Ligurians, formed with the contribution of celtic immigrants from the [[Rhine]] and the [[Danube]] areas<ref>M. Gianoncelli, Vecchie e nuove ipotesi sulla stirpe degli Orobi, in Oblatio, A. Noseda ed, Como 1971.</ref>, in an early historical period preceding the Gallic invasions of the 4th century BC<ref>R. de Marinis, La civiltà di Golasecca, in La Lombardia, Jaka book, 1985.</ref>, whom settled in north-weste Italy between the [[Oglio]] and the [[Ticino]] rivers.


==Note==
== Geography ==
The Orobii dwelled between the modern cities of [[Como]] and [[Bergamo]]. The [[Sottoceneri]] was part of their area of influence.{{Sfn|Vietti|2008}}
<references/>

Their territory was located north of the [[Gallianates]], [[Bromanenses]], and [[Anesiates]], east of the [[Subinates]] and [[Ausuciates]], west of the [[Gennanates]], [[Trumplini]] and [[Camunni]], south of the [[Aneuniates]].<ref>{{harvnb|Talbert|2000}}, Map 19 Raetia; Map 39: Mediolanum.</ref>

== History ==
⚫
Modern archaeologists and linguists see the Orobii as a population of [[Celticize]]d [[Ligures]], or Celtic-Ligures, formed with the contribution of Celtic immigrants from the [[Rhine]] and the [[Danube]] areas in an early historical period, before the Gallic invasions of the 4th century BC.<ref>M. Gianoncelli, "Vecchie e nuove ipotesi sulla stirpe degli Orobi", in ''Oblatio''; A. Noseda ed, Como, 1971.</ref><ref>R. de Marinis, "La civiltà di Golasecca", in ''La Lombardia'', Jaka book, 1985.</ref>

⚫
[[Pliny the Elder]] says they founded the cities of [[Como]], [[Bergamo]], [[Erba, Lombardy|Licini Forum]], and [[Parre|Parra]].<ref>[[Pliny the Elder]], Naturalis Historia, III, 124-125.</ref>

== Culture ==
Like the [[Lepontii]] and [[Insubres]], the Orobii are associated with the archaeological [[Golasecca culture]].{{Sfn|Vietti|2008}}


==See also==
==See also==
Line 15: Line 27:
*[[Golasecca culture]]
*[[Golasecca culture]]


==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book|last=Delamarre|first=Xavier|title=Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental|year=2003|publisher=Errance|isbn=9782877723695|author-link=Xavier Delamarre}}
*{{Cite book|last=Talbert|first=Richard J. A.|title=Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0691031699|author-link=Richard Talbert}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Vietti|first=Gianluca|date=2008|title=Orobi|journal=[[Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz]]|postscript=. [https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/it/articles/047242/2008-10-17 047242/2008-10-17].}}
{{refend}}

{{Gallic peoples}}
{{Ligurian peoples}}

{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Ancient peoples of Italy]]
[[fr:Orobiens]]
[[Category:Historical Celtic peoples]]
[[it:Orobi]]
[[lmo:Urobi]]
[[Category:Ligures]]
[[Category:Gauls]]
[[Category:Golasecca culture]]

Latest revision as of 17:31, 4 October 2022

The Orobii (also Orobi, Oromobi or Orumbovii) were a Celto-Ligurian tribe dwelling around present-day Como and Bergamo during the Iron Age.

Name

[edit]

They are mentioned as Orobii by Cato the Elder (early 2nd century BC).[1]

The ethnic name Orobii appears to be of Celtic origin. It can be compared with the Gaulish noun orbioi (sing. orbios), meaning 'the heirs', with the feminine forms Orobia and Urbia (earlier *Orbia), the ancient names of the Orge river and Orge stream [fr], and with the i-stem Orobis, now the Orb river.[2]

Some classical writers such as Pliny the Elder thought that their name was of Greek origin, tracing the etymology from the Greek Orōn bion (Ορων βιον).[3]

Geography

[edit]

The Orobii dwelled between the modern cities of Como and Bergamo. The Sottoceneri was part of their area of influence.[1]

Their territory was located north of the Gallianates, Bromanenses, and Anesiates, east of the Subinates and Ausuciates, west of the Gennanates, Trumplini and Camunni, south of the Aneuniates.[4]

History

[edit]

Modern archaeologists and linguists see the Orobii as a population of Celticized Ligures, or Celtic-Ligures, formed with the contribution of Celtic immigrants from the Rhine and the Danube areas in an early historical period, before the Gallic invasions of the 4th century BC.[5][6]

Pliny the Elder says they founded the cities of Como, Bergamo, Licini Forum, and Parra.[7]

Culture

[edit]

Like the Lepontii and Insubres, the Orobii are associated with the archaeological Golasecca culture.[1]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Vietti 2008.
  2. ^ Delamarre 2003, p. 243.
  3. ^ C. Cantù, Storia di Como e sua provincia, Como, 1859.
  4. ^ Talbert 2000, Map 19 Raetia; Map 39: Mediolanum.
  5. ^ M. Gianoncelli, "Vecchie e nuove ipotesi sulla stirpe degli Orobi", in Oblatio; A. Noseda ed, Como, 1971.
  6. ^ R. de Marinis, "La civiltà di Golasecca", in La Lombardia, Jaka book, 1985.
  7. ^ Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia, III, 124-125.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Delamarre, Xavier (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental. Errance. ISBN 9782877723695.
  • Talbert, Richard J. A. (2000). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691031699.
  • Vietti, Gianluca (2008). "Orobi". Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz. 047242/2008-10-17. {{cite journal}}: External link in |postscript= (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
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