Isaiah 22: Difference between revisions

Isaiah 22
Isaiah 22
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	The Great Isaiah Scroll, the best preserved of the biblical scrolls found at Qumran from the second century BC, contains all the verses in this chapter.
Book	Book of Isaiah
Hebrew Bible part	Nevi'im
Order in the Hebrew part	5
Category	Latter Prophets
Christian Bible part	Old Testament
Order in the Christian part	23

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Isaiah 22 is the twenty-second chapter of the Book of Isaiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet Isaiah, and is one of the Books of the Prophets. This chapter contains a prophecy against "untimely rejoicing in Jerusalem"^[1] and "a threefold prediction of Shebna's fall (Isaiah 22:25) and of Eliakim's elevation."

Text

This text was originally written in Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 25 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).^[2]

Fragments containing parts of this chapter were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls (3rd century BC or later):^[3]

1QIsa^a: complete^[3]
1QIsa^b: extant: verses 9, 11‑18, 20, 24‑25^[3]
4QIsa^a (4Q55): extant: verses 13‑25^[3]
4QIsa^b (4Q56): extant: verses 24‑25^[3]
4QIsa^c (4Q57): extant: verses 10‑14^[3]
4QIsa^f (4Q60): extant: verses 15‑22, 25^[3]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BC. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; ${\mathfrak {G}}$ ^B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: ${\mathfrak {G}}$ ^S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; ${\mathfrak {G}}$ ^A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; ${\mathfrak {G}}$ ^Q; 6th century).^[4]

Parashot

The parashah sections listed here are based on the Aleppo Codex.^[5] Isaiah 22 is a part of the Prophecies about the Nations (Isaiah 13 –23). {P}: open parashah; {S}: closed parashah.

{S} 22:1-14 {P} 22:15-25 {P}

Structure

The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges refers to verses 1-14 as "the inexpiable sin of Jerusalem". Isaiah alleges that they have sinned "beyond the possibility of pardon".^[6]

Proclamation against Jerusalem (22:1–14)

Verse 1

The burden against the Valley of Vision.

What ails you now, that you have all gone up to the housetops,^[7]

"Valley of Vision": Also referred to as the Valley of Hinnom,^[8] from which the name Gehenna is derived.
"Burden" (Hebrew: מַשָּׂ֖א mashā): "oracle, prophecy";^[9] the keyword in the superscriptions for a total of nine similar oracles; the others being: Isaiah 13:1; 15:1; 17:1; 19:1; 21:1, 11, 13; 23:1.^[10]

Verse 8

He removed the protection of Judah.

You looked in that day to the armor of the House of the Forest;^[11]

"The House of the Forest": or "The House of the Forest of Lebanon", was the name for one of the prestigious buildings established by King Solomon in Jerusalem, within his palace complex (1 Kings 7:2–5), which used a great amount of cedar wood from Lebanon for the "pillars, beams, and roofing material", thus looking like a "forest".^[12]

He built the house of the forest of Lebanon; its length was 100 cubits and its width 50 cubits and its height 30 cubits, on four rows of cedar pillars with cedar beams on the pillars.^[13]

Once it stored the royal armour in form of "300 shields of gold and vessels of gold" (1 Kings 10:17–21; 2 Chronicles 9:16).^[12]

Judgments against Shebna (22:15–25)

That steward there ...

This expression points contemptuously to the position of the minister of the court. The Jerusalem Bible distinguishes two separate oracles against Shebna: verses 15-18 and, later, verses 19–23.

Verse 22

"The key of the house of David I will lay on his shoulder. Then he shall open, and no one shall shut. And he shall shut, and no one shall open."^[14]

Cited in Revelation 3:7.^[15]
"The key": may refer to a literal insignia worn by the chief administrator or symbolize the administrator’s authority to grant or exclude access to the king.^[16]

Verse 25

"'In that day,' says the Lord of hosts, 'the peg that is fastened in the secure place will be removed and be cut down and fall, and the burden that was on it will be cut off; for the Lord has spoken.'"^[17]

"The peg that is fastened in the secure place": or "the peg driven into a firm place", refers to Eliakim, who will also be removed from office in due course.^[18]

References

^ Subheading in Jerusalem Bible to Isaiah 22:1-8
^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Dead sea scrolls - Isaiah
^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
^ As implemented in the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 edition of the Hebrew Bible in English.
^ Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on Isaiah 22, accessed 8 April 2018
^ Isaiah 22:1 NKJV
^ Jerusalem Bible: Isaiah 22:1,5
^ Note on Isaiah 22:1 in NKJV
^ Childs 2001, p. 113.
^ Isaiah 22:8 NKJV
^ ^a ^b Butler, Trent C., editor, 'House of the Forest of Lebanon', Holman Bible Dictionary. Broadman & Holman, 1991. ISBN 978-1558190535
^ 1Kings 7:2 NASB
^ Isaiah 22:22 MEV
^ Note on Revelation 3:7 in CJB
^ Oswalt, J. N. "Isaiah", NICOT, 1:422; apud Note in Isaiah 22:22 in NET Bible
^ Isaiah 22:25 NKJV
^ Note [b] on Isaiah 22:25 in NET Bible

Sources

Childs, Brevard S. (2001). Isaiah. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664221430.
Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019.

External links

Jewish

Isaiah 22 Original Hebrew with Parallel English

Christian

Isaiah 22 English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Easton, Matthew George (1897). "Forest". Easton's Bible Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons.

[1] Subheading in Jerusalem Bible to Isaiah 22:1-8

[FOOTNOTEWürthwein199535–37-2] Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.

[thewaytoyahuweh-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Dead sea scrolls - Isaiah

[FOOTNOTEWürthwein199573–74-4] Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.

[5] As implemented in the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 edition of the Hebrew Bible in English.

[6] Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on Isaiah 22, accessed 8 April 2018

[7] Isaiah 22:1 NKJV

[8] Jerusalem Bible: Isaiah 22:1,5

[9] Note on Isaiah 22:1 in NKJV

[FOOTNOTEChilds2001113-10] Childs 2001, p. 113.

[11] Isaiah 22:8 NKJV

[butler-12] Butler, Trent C., editor, 'House of the Forest of Lebanon', Holman Bible Dictionary. Broadman & Holman, 1991. ISBN 978-1558190535

[13] 1Kings 7:2 NASB

[14] Isaiah 22:22 MEV

[15] Note on Revelation 3:7 in CJB

[16] Oswalt, J. N. "Isaiah", NICOT, 1:422; apud Note in Isaiah 22:22 in NET Bible

[17] Isaiah 22:25 NKJV

[18] Note [b] on Isaiah 22:25 in NET Bible

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Book of Isaiah, chapter 22}}
-{{Bible chapter|letname= Isaiah 22|previouslink= Isaiah 21|previousletter= chapter 21 |nextlink= Isaiah 23 |nextletter= chapter 23 |book=[[Book of Isaiah]] |biblepart=[[Old Testament]] | booknum= 23 |hbiblepart= [[Nevi'im]] | hbooknum = 5 |category= [[Nevi'im|Latter Prophets]]  | filename= Great Isaiah Scroll.jpg |size=242px | name=Great Isaiah Scroll |caption=<div style="width: 242px; text-align: center; line-height: 1em">The [[Great Isaiah Scroll]], the best preserved of the biblical scrolls found at [[Qumran]] from the second century BC, contains all the verses in this chapter.</div>}}
+{{Bible chapter|letname= Isaiah 22|previouslink= Isaiah 21|previousletter= chapter 21 |nextlink= Isaiah 23 |nextletter= chapter 23 |book=[[Book of Isaiah]] |biblepart=[[Old Testament]] | booknum= 23 |hbiblepart= [[Nevi'im]] | hbooknum = 5 |category= [[Nevi'im|Latter Prophets]] | filename= Great Isaiah Scroll.jpg |size=242px | name=Great Isaiah Scroll |caption=<div style="width: 242px; text-align: center; line-height: 1em">The [[Great Isaiah Scroll]], the best preserved of the biblical scrolls found at [[Qumran]] from the second century BC, contains all the verses in this chapter.</div>}}
-'''Isaiah 22''' is the twenty-second chapter of the [[Book of Isaiah]] in the [[Hebrew Bible]] or the [[Old Testament]] of the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Bible]]. This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet [[Isaiah]], and is a part of the [[Nevi'im|Book of the Prophets]]. This chapter contains a prophecy against "untimely rejoicing in Jerusalem" <ref>Subheading in [[Jerusalem Bible]] to Isaiah 22:1-8</ref> and "a threefold prediction of [[Shebna]]'s fall, of [[Eliakim (Bible)|Eliakim]]'s elevation, and of Eliakim's fall".
+'''Isaiah 22''' is the twenty-second [[Chapters and verses of the Bible|chapter]] of the [[Book of Isaiah]] in the [[Hebrew Bible]] or the [[Old Testament]] of the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Bible]]. This book contains the prophecies attributed to the [[Biblical prophet|prophet]] [[Isaiah]], and is one of the [[Nevi'im|Books of the Prophets]]. This chapter contains a prophecy against "untimely rejoicing in Jerusalem"<ref>Subheading in [[Jerusalem Bible]] to Isaiah 22:1-8</ref> and "a threefold prediction of [[Shebna]]'s fall ([[#Verse 25|Isaiah 22:25]]) and of [[Eliakim (Bible)|Eliakim]]'s elevation."
 == Text ==
-The original text is written in [[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew language]]. [[Chapters and verses of the Bible|This chapter is divided into]] 25 verses.
+This text was originally written in [[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew language]]. [[Chapters and verses of the Bible|This chapter is divided into]] 25 verses.
-==Textual versions==
+===Textual witnesses===
+Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in [[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew]] are the [[Masoretic Text]] tradition, which includes the [[Codex Cairensis]] (895), [[Codex Babylonicus Petropolitanus|the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets]] (916), [[Aleppo Codex]] (10th century), [[Leningrad Codex|Codex Leningradensis]] (1008).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=35-37}}
-Some ancient manuscripts containing this chapter in Hebrew language:
-* [[Masoretic Text]] (10th century)
-* [[Dead Sea Scrolls]]: (2nd century BC) <ref name=thewaytoyahuweh>[http://thewaytoyahuweh.com/research/dead-sea-scrolls/#isaiah Dead sea scrolls - Isaiah]</ref>
+Fragments containing parts of this chapter were found among the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] (3rd century BC or later):<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh>[http://thewaytoyahuweh.com/research/dead-sea-scrolls/#isaiah Dead sea scrolls - Isaiah]</ref>
-** [[Isaiah scroll|1QIsa<sup>a</sup>]]: complete<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>
+* [[Isaiah scroll|1QIsa<sup>a</sup>]]: complete<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>
-** 1QIsa<sup>b</sup>: extant: verses 9, 11‑18, 20, 24‑25<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>
+* 1QIsa<sup>b</sup>: extant: verses 9, 11‑18, 20, 24‑25<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>
-** 4QIsa<sup>a</sup> (4Q55): extant: verses 13‑25<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>
+* 4QIsa<sup>a</sup> (4Q55): extant: verses 13‑25<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>
-** 4QIsa<sup>b</sup> (4Q56): extant: verses 24‑25<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>
+* 4QIsa<sup>b</sup> (4Q56): extant: verses 24‑25<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>
-** 4QIsa<sup>c</sup> (4Q57): extant: verses 10‑14<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>
+* 4QIsa<sup>c</sup> (4Q57): extant: verses 10‑14<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>
-** 4QIsa<sup>f</sup> (4Q60): extant: verses 15‑22, 25<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>
+* 4QIsa<sup>f</sup> (4Q60): extant: verses 15‑22, 25<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>
 There is also a translation into [[Koine Greek]] known as the [[Septuagint]], made in the last few centuries BC. Extant ancient manuscripts of the [[Septuagint]] version include [[Codex Vaticanus]] ('''B'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>B</sup>; 4th century), [[Codex Sinaiticus]] ('''S'''; [[Biblia Hebraica (Kittel)|BHK]]: <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>S</sup>; 4th century), [[Codex Alexandrinus]] ('''A'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>A</sup>; 5th century) and [[Codex Marchalianus]] ('''Q'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>Q</sup>; 6th century).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=73-74}}
@@ Line 26: / Line 27: @@
 The [[Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges]] refers to verses 1-14 as "the [[Propitiation|inexpiable]] sin of [[Jerusalem]]". Isaiah alleges that they have sinned "beyond the possibility of pardon".<ref>[http://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/isaiah/22.htm Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges] on Isaiah 22, accessed 8 April 2018</ref>
+=={{Anchor|Verses 1–14}}Proclamation against Jerusalem (22:1–14)==
-==Valley of Vision==
+===Verse 1===
-Also referred to as the Valley of Hinnom,<ref>[[Jerusalem Bible]]: Isaiah 22:1,5</ref> from which the name [[Gehenna]] is derived.
+:''The burden against the Valley of Vision.''
+::''What ails you now, that you have all gone up to the housetops,''<ref>
+{{bibleref2|Isaiah|22:1|NKJV}} [[New King James Version|NKJV]]</ref>
+*"Valley of Vision": Also referred to as the Valley of Hinnom,<ref>[[Jerusalem Bible]]: Isaiah 22:1,5</ref> from which the name [[Gehenna]] is derived.
-==Verse 8==
+* "Burden" (Hebrew: {{lang|he|מַשָּׂ֖א}} {{Strong-number|''mashā''|H|04853}}): "oracle,  prophecy";<ref>Note on Isaiah 22:1 in NKJV</ref> the keyword in the superscriptions for a total of nine similar oracles; the others being: [[Isaiah 13:1]]; [[Isaiah 15:1|15:1]]; [[Isaiah 17:1|17:1]]; [[Isaiah 19:1|19:1]]; [[Isaiah 21:1|21:1]], [[Isaiah 21:11|11]], [[Isaiah 21:13|13]]; [[Isaiah 23:1|23:1]].{{sfn|Childs|2001|p=113}}
+===Verse 8===
 : ''He removed the protection of Judah.''
-:: ''You looked in that day to the armor of the House of the Forest;''<ref>{{bibleref2|Isaiah|22:8|NKJV}}</ref>
+:: ''You looked in that day to the armor of the House of the Forest;''<ref>{{bibleref2|Isaiah|22:8|NKJV}} NKJV</ref>
-"The House of the Forest of Lebanon" was the name for one of the buildings established by King [[Solomon]] in [[Jerusalem]], within his palace complex ({{bibleref2|1 Kings|7:2-5}}), which used a great amount of [[Cedar wood|cedar]] wood from [[Lebanon]] for the "pillars, beams, and roofing material", thus looking like a "forest".
+*"The House of the Forest": or "The House of the Forest of Lebanon", was the name for one of the prestigious buildings established by King [[Solomon]] in [[Jerusalem]], within his palace complex ({{bibleref2|1 Kings|7:2-5}}), which used a great amount of [[Cedar wood|cedar]] wood from [[Lebanon]] for the "pillars, beams, and roofing material", thus looking like a "forest".<ref name=butler/>
-:''He built the house of the forest of Lebanon; its length was 100 [[cubit]]s and its width 50 cubits and its height 30 cubits, on four rows of cedar pillars with cedar beams on the pillars''.<ref>{{bibleverse||1Kings|7:2|NASB}}</ref>
+::''He built the house of the forest of Lebanon; its length was 100 [[cubit]]s and its width 50 cubits and its height 30 cubits, on four rows of cedar pillars with cedar beams on the pillars''.<ref>{{bibleverse||1Kings|7:2|NASB}} NASB</ref>
-Once it stored the royal [[armour]] in form of "300 shields of gold and vessels of gold" ({{bibleref2|1 Kings|10:17-21}}; {{bibleref2|2 Chronicles|9:16}}).<ref>Butler, Trent C., editor, 'House of the Forest of Lebanon', Holman Bible Dictionary. Broadman & Holman, 1991. {{ISBN|978-1558190535}}</ref>
+:Once it stored the royal [[armour]] in form of "300 shields of gold and vessels of gold" ({{bibleref2|1 Kings|10:17-21}}; {{bibleref2|2 Chronicles|9:16}}).<ref name=butler>Butler, Trent C., editor, 'House of the Forest of Lebanon', Holman Bible Dictionary. Broadman & Holman, 1991. {{ISBN|978-1558190535}}</ref>
-==Judgments against Shebna==
+=={{Anchor|Verses 15–25}}Judgments against Shebna (22:15–25)==
 :''That steward there ...''
-This expression points [[contempt]]uously to the position of the minister of the court. The [[Jerusalem Bible]] distinguishes two separate oracles against [[Shebna]]: verses 15-18 and, later, verses 19-23.
+This expression points [[contempt]]uously to the position of the minister of the court. The [[Jerusalem Bible]] distinguishes two separate oracles against [[Shebna]]: verses 15-18 and, later, verses 19–23.
+===Verse 22===
+:''"The key of the house of David I will lay on his shoulder. Then he shall open, and no one shall shut. And he shall shut, and no one shall open."''<ref>{{bibleref2|Isaiah|22:22|MEV}} [[Modern English Version|MEV]]</ref>
+*Cited in [[Revelation 3:7]].<ref>Note on Revelation 3:7 in [[Complete Jewish Bible|CJB]]</ref>
+*"The key": may refer to a literal insignia worn by the chief administrator or symbolize the administrator’s authority to grant or exclude access to the king.<ref>Oswalt, J. N. "Isaiah", ''NICOT'', 1:422; ''apud'' Note in Isaiah 22:22 in [[New English Translation|NET Bible]]</ref>
-==Verse 25==
+===Verse 25===
+:''"'In that day,' says the Lord of hosts, 'the peg that is fastened in the secure place will be removed and be cut down and fall, and the burden that was on it will be cut off; for the Lord has spoken.'"''<ref>{{bibleref2|Isaiah|22:25|NKJV}} NKJV</ref>
-[[Eliakim (Bible)|Eliakim]], "the peg driven into a firm place", will also be removed from office in due course.
+*"The peg that is fastened in the secure place": or "the peg driven into a firm place", refers to [[Eliakim (Bible)|Eliakim]], who will also be removed from office in due course.<ref>Note [b] on Isaiah 22:25 in NET Bible</ref>
 ==See also==
+{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
 *[[Elam]]
 *[[Eliakim (Bible)|Eliakim]] son of Hilkiah
 *[[Babylon]]
 *[[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]]
-*[[Kir of Moab|Kir]]
+*[[Land of Kir|Kir]]
 *[[Shebna]]
-*[[Shebna inscription]]
+*[[Shebna inscription]]}}
 *Related [[Bible]] parts: [[1 Kings 7]], [[2 Kings 16]], [[2 Kings 18]], [[2 Kings 19]], [[Isaiah 36]], [[Isaiah 37]], [[Revelation 3]]
@@ Line 58: / Line 72: @@
 {{Reflist|2}}
-==Bibliography==
+==Sources==
-*{{cite book | last = Würthwein | first = Ernst | authorlink = Ernst Würthwein | title = The Text of the Old Testament | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans |location = Grand Rapids, MI | year=  1995 | translator-first1 = Erroll F.| translator-last1 = Rhodes |isbn = 0-8028-0788-7 | url= https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Text_of_the_Old_Testament.html?id=FSNKSBObCYwC | access-date= January 26, 2019}}
+* {{Cite book | last = Childs | first = Brevard S. | title = Isaiah | year = 2001 | publisher = Westminster John Knox Press | isbn = 9780664221430}}
+*{{cite book | last = Würthwein | first = Ernst | author-link = Ernst Würthwein | title = The Text of the Old Testament | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans |location = Grand Rapids, MI | year=  1995 | translator-first1 = Erroll F.| translator-last1 = Rhodes |isbn = 0-8028-0788-7 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC | access-date= January 26, 2019}}
 ==External links==
@@ Line 68: / Line 83: @@
 ===Christian===
 *[http://www.latinvulgate.com/lv/verse.aspx?t=0&b=27&c=22 Isaiah 22 English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate]
-{{EBD|Forest}}
+{{EBD|wstitle=Forest}}
 {{Book of Isaiah}}