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{{Short description|German anti-Nazi activist (1903–1945)}}

'''Max Tschornicki''' (9 August 1903 – 20 April 1945) was an activist of the [[German resistance to Nazism]]. He and [[Wilhelm Vogel]] were the only two inmates who succeeded in escaping the [[Osthofen concentration camp]].
'''Max Tschornicki''' (9 August 1903 – 20 April 1945) was an activist of the [[German resistance to Nazism]]. He and [[Wilhelm Vogel]] were the only two inmates who succeeded in escaping the [[Osthofen concentration camp]].


== Life ==
== Life ==
A son of [[Orthodox Jewish]] Russian immigrants, Max Tschornicki was born 1903 in [[Rüsselsheim]]. As a student, he belonged to several Jewish youth associations and joined the [[Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany]]. Later he became a member of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] and the ''[[Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold]]''. After attending high school in [[Mainz]], he studied law<ref>{{cite news|title=Der Weg nach Auschwitz|first=Rolf|last=Müller|newspaper=[[Badische Zeitung]]|date=2 March 2013|url=http://www.badische-zeitung.de/deutschland-1/der-weg-nach-auschwitz--69621005.html}}</ref> and practiced as an attorney in Mainz, defending principally Social Democrats and ''Reichsbanner'' members.<ref name="pog">{{cite web|url=http://www.projektosthofen-gedenkstaette.de/index.php?page=42|title=Max Tschornicki|publisher=Förderverein Projekt Osthofen|accessdate=2013-06-18}}</ref>
A son of [[Orthodox Jewish]] Russian immigrants, Max Tschornicki was born in 1903 in [[Rüsselsheim]]. As a student, he belonged to several Jewish youth associations and joined the [[Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany]]. Later he became a member of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] and the ''[[Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold]]''. After attending high school in [[Mainz]], he studied law<ref>{{cite news|title=Der Weg nach Auschwitz|first=Rolf|last=Müller|newspaper=[[Badische Zeitung]]|date=2 March 2013|url=http://www.badische-zeitung.de/deutschland-1/der-weg-nach-auschwitz--69621005.html}}</ref> and practiced as an attorney in Mainz, defending principally Social Democrats and ''Reichsbanner'' members.<ref name="pog">{{cite web|url=http://www.projektosthofen-gedenkstaette.de/index.php?page=42|title=Max Tschornicki|publisher=Förderverein Projekt Osthofen|accessdate=2013-06-18}}</ref>


Tschornicki was active in the opposition to [[Nazism]]. On 24 May 1933 he was arrested on the basis of the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]] and imprisoned at Osthofen, one of the first Nazi concentration camps.<ref name="pog" /><ref name="Benz181">{{cite book|first=Wolfgang|last=Benz|title=Frühe Lager. Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager|volume=2|year=2005|isbn=3-406-52962-3|pages=181–184}}</ref> With the aid of his fiancée and two other inmates, Philipp Wahl and Christoph Weitz,<ref name="Drobisch163">{{cite book|first1=Klaus|last1=Drobisch|first2=Günther|last2=Wieland|title=System der NS-Konzentrationslager. 1933–1939|publisher=Akademie-Verlag|year=1993|isbn=3-05-000823-7|page=163}}</ref> he succeeded in escaping the camp on 3 July 1933. As a result of his escape, security at the camp was significantly tightened, several inmates were severely punished and his family was taken in "[[protective custody#Nazi Germany|protective custody]]".<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.widerstand-1933-1945.de/resource/system/0_1334170209.pdf|first=Sven |last=Langhammer|title=Fluchten aus Konzentrationslagern von 1933 bis 1937|series=Widerständige Wege|journal=informationen|issue=68|date=November 2008}}</ref>
Tschornicki was active in the opposition to [[Nazism]]. On 24 May 1933 he was arrested on the basis of the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]] and imprisoned at Osthofen, one of the first [[Nazi concentration camps]].<ref name="pog" /><ref name="Benz181">{{cite book|first=Wolfgang|last=Benz|title=Frühe Lager. Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager|volume=2|year=2005|isbn=3-406-52962-3|pages=181–184}}</ref> With the aid of his fiancée and two other inmates, Philipp Wahl and Christoph Weitz,<ref name="Drobisch163">{{cite book|first1=Klaus|last1=Drobisch|first2=Günther|last2=Wieland|title=System der NS-Konzentrationslager. 1933–1939|publisher=Akademie-Verlag|year=1993|isbn=3-05-000823-7|page=163}}</ref> he succeeded in escaping the camp on 3 July 1933. As a result of his escape, security at the camp was significantly tightened, several inmates were severely punished and his family was taken into
"[[protective custody#Nazi Germany|protective custody]]".<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.widerstand-1933-1945.de/resource/system/0_1334170209.pdf|first=Sven|last=Langhammer|title=Fluchten aus Konzentrationslagern von 1933 bis 1937|series=Widerständige Wege|journal=Informationen|issue=68|date=November 2008|access-date=2013-06-18|archive-date=2015-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214012659/http://www.widerstand-1933-1945.de/resource/system/0_1334170209.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>


He escaped to the [[Territory of the Saar Basin|Saar]], then a [[League of Nations Mandate]], and later to [[Toulouse]] and [[Lyon]]. After the [[German occupation of France]] in 1940 he joined the [[French Résistance]]. He was arrested in 1944 and sent to the [[Auschwitz concentration camp]] on 11 August 1944. Subsequently he was moved to other camps. On 20 April 1944, he died of [[dysentery]] in [[Allach-Untermenzing]], at a satellite camp of the [[Dachau concentration camp]], nine days before the camp was liberated by Allied forces.<ref name="pog" />
He escaped to the [[Territory of the Saar Basin|Saar]], then a [[League of Nations Mandate]], and later to [[Toulouse]] and [[Lyon]]. After the [[German occupation of France during World War II|German occupation of France]] in 1940 he joined the [[French Résistance]]. He was arrested in 1944 and sent to the [[Auschwitz concentration camp]] on 11 August 1944. Subsequently, he was moved to other camps. On 20 April 1945, he died of [[dysentery]] in [[Allach-Untermenzing]], at a satellite camp of the [[Dachau concentration camp]], nine days before the camp was liberated by Allied forces.<ref name="pog" />


== Biographical works ==
== Biographical works ==
Tschornicki related his experiences as an exile in France to [[Anna Seghers]], who used them in her novel ''[[Das siebte Kreuz]]'',<ref>Drobisch/Wieland, p. 169</ref><ref name="Benz181"/> written in 1938 and 1939.<ref>{{cite book|first=Bernhard|last=Spies|title=Kommentar, zu: Anna Seghers: ''Werkausgabe. Das siebte Kreuz''|publisher=Aufbau|year=2000|pages=445–496}}</ref>
Tschornicki related his experiences as an exile in France to [[Anna Seghers]], who used them in her novel ''[[Das siebte Kreuz]]'',<ref name="Benz181"/><ref>Drobisch/Wieland, p. 169</ref> written in 1938 and 1939.<ref>{{cite book|first=Bernhard|last=Spies|title=Kommentar, zu: Anna Seghers: ''Werkausgabe. Das siebte Kreuz''|publisher=Aufbau|year=2000|pages=445–496}}</ref>


The [[Chawwerusch-Theater]] in [[Herxheim]] adapted Tschornicki's biography as a play in 2013. It adapts texts by Seghers, [[Stéphane Hessel]], [[Walter Benjamin]] and [[Wolf Biermann]]'s translation of the [[Jiddish]] workers' song ''[[Sol sajn]]''. The play was performed, among other venues, at the memorial site for the Osthofen concentration camp.<ref>{{internetquelle|url=http://www.wormser-zeitung.de/region/osthofen/13142695.htm|titel=Gedenkstätte KZ Osthofen erinnert an jüdischen Rechtsanwalt|autor=Ulrike Schäfer|hrsg=[[Wormser Zeitung]]|datum=2013-06-04|zugriff=2013-07-22}}</ref>
The [[Chawwerusch-Theater]] in [[Herxheim bei Landau/Pfalz|Herxheim]] adapted Tschornicki's biography as a play in 2013. It adapts texts by Seghers, [[Stéphane Hessel]], [[Walter Benjamin]] and [[Wolf Biermann]]'s translation of the [[Yiddish]] workers' song ''[[Sol sajn]]''. The play was performed, among other venues, at the memorial site for the Osthofen concentration camp.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wormser-zeitung.de/region/osthofen/13142695.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130626230906/http://www.wormser-zeitung.de/region/osthofen/13142695.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-06-26 |title=Gedenkstätte KZ Osthofen erinnert an jüdischen Rechtsanwalt |author=Ulrike Schäfer |publisher=[[Wormser Zeitung]] |date=2013-06-04 |access-date=2013-07-22 }}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
⚫
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tschornicki, Max}}
{{Persondata
|NAME=Tschornicki, Max
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Member of the German resistance to Nazism
|DATE OF BIRTH=9 August 1903
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Rüsselsheim]]
|DATE OF DEATH=20 April 1945
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[KZ-Außenlager Allach]]
}}


{{Authority control}}

⚫
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tschornicki, Max}}
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1945 deaths]]
[[Category:1945 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Rüsselsheim]]
[[Category:Jews in the French resistance]]
[[Category:Jews in the German resistance]]
[[Category:French Resistance members]]
[[Category:French Resistance members]]
[[Category:German lawyers]]
[[Category:Jurists from Hesse]]
[[Category:Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold members]]
[[Category:Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold members]]
[[Category:People who died in the Holocaust]]
[[Category:Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to France]]
[[Category:People who emigrated to escape Nazism]]
[[Category:German people who died in Dachau concentration camp]]
[[Category:Dachau concentration camp victims]]
[[Category:Auschwitz concentration camp prisoners]]
[[Category:Auschwitz concentration camp inmates]]
[[Category:German people of Russian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:German people of Russian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:German men]]
[[Category:Deaths from dysentery]]
[[Category:German Jews who died in the Holocaust]]
[[Category:20th-century German lawyers]]

Latest revision as of 10:47, 20 October 2022

Max Tschornicki (9 August 1903 – 20 April 1945) was an activist of the German resistance to Nazism. He and Wilhelm Vogel were the only two inmates who succeeded in escaping the Osthofen concentration camp.

Life

[edit]

A son of Orthodox Jewish Russian immigrants, Max Tschornicki was born in 1903 in Rüsselsheim. As a student, he belonged to several Jewish youth associations and joined the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany. Later he became a member of the Social Democratic Party and the Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold. After attending high school in Mainz, he studied law[1] and practiced as an attorney in Mainz, defending principally Social Democrats and Reichsbanner members.[2]

Tschornicki was active in the opposition to Nazism. On 24 May 1933 he was arrested on the basis of the Reichstag Fire Decree and imprisoned at Osthofen, one of the first Nazi concentration camps.[2][3] With the aid of his fiancée and two other inmates, Philipp Wahl and Christoph Weitz,[4] he succeeded in escaping the camp on 3 July 1933. As a result of his escape, security at the camp was significantly tightened, several inmates were severely punished and his family was taken into "protective custody".[5]

He escaped to the Saar, then a League of Nations Mandate, and later to Toulouse and Lyon. After the German occupation of France in 1940 he joined the French Résistance. He was arrested in 1944 and sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp on 11 August 1944. Subsequently, he was moved to other camps. On 20 April 1945, he died of dysentery in Allach-Untermenzing, at a satellite camp of the Dachau concentration camp, nine days before the camp was liberated by Allied forces.[2]

Biographical works

[edit]

Tschornicki related his experiences as an exile in France to Anna Seghers, who used them in her novel Das siebte Kreuz,[3][6] written in 1938 and 1939.[7]

The Chawwerusch-Theater in Herxheim adapted Tschornicki's biography as a play in 2013. It adapts texts by Seghers, Stéphane Hessel, Walter Benjamin and Wolf Biermann's translation of the Yiddish workers' song Sol sajn. The play was performed, among other venues, at the memorial site for the Osthofen concentration camp.[8]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Müller, Rolf (2 March 2013). "Der Weg nach Auschwitz". Badische Zeitung.
  2. ^ a b c "Max Tschornicki". Förderverein Projekt Osthofen. Retrieved 2013-06-18.
  3. ^ a b Benz, Wolfgang (2005). Frühe Lager. Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager. Vol. 2. pp. 181–184. ISBN 3-406-52962-3.
  4. ^ Drobisch, Klaus; Wieland, Günther (1993). System der NS-Konzentrationslager. 1933–1939. Akademie-Verlag. p. 163. ISBN 3-05-000823-7.
  5. ^ Langhammer, Sven (November 2008). "Fluchten aus Konzentrationslagern von 1933 bis 1937" (PDF). Informationen. Widerständige Wege (68). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-12-14. Retrieved 2013-06-18.
  6. ^ Drobisch/Wieland, p. 169
  7. ^ Spies, Bernhard (2000). Kommentar, zu: Anna Seghers: Werkausgabe. Das siebte Kreuz. Aufbau. pp. 445–496.
  8. ^ Ulrike Schäfer (2013-06-04). "Gedenkstätte KZ Osthofen erinnert an jüdischen Rechtsanwalt". Wormser Zeitung. Archived from the original on 2013-06-26. Retrieved 2013-07-22.
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