Jump to content

Early modern Netherlandish cartography: Difference between revisions

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
image notes fix
Malverna (talk | contribs)
474 edits
change redirect to #Dutch and Flemish cartography
Tags: Redirect target changed 2017 wikitext editor
 
(14 intermediate revisions by 10 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
#REDIRECT [[History of cartography#Dutch and Flemish cartography]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
[[File:Mercator 1569.png|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Gerard Mercator|Mercator]]'s ''[[Mercator 1569 world map|1569 World Map]]'' (''Nova et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio ad Usum Navigantium Emendate Accommodata'')]]
[[File:OrteliusWorldMap1570.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|World map ''[[Theatrum Orbis Terrarum]]'' (''Theatre of the Orb of the World'') by [[Abraham Ortelius]], 1570. Note that Ortelius' map depicts "[[Terra Australis Nondum Cognita]]" as a hypothetical vast continent occupying the southernmost part of the [[southern hemisphere]].]]
This article covers the [[science]], [[art]] and [[industry (economics)|industry]] of [[cartography]] by the (especially [[Dutch language|Dutch-speaking]]) people of the [[Low Countries]] in the [[early modern period]], especially in the early 16th to early 18th centuries. It includes cartography of the [[Northern Netherlands]], [[Southern Netherlands]] and Low Countries in general (i.e. history of surveying and creation of maps of [[History of Belgium|modern-day Belgium]], Netherlands and Low Countries in general). It also includes [[Dutch colonial cartography]], i.e. cartography in the [[Dutch colonies|Dutch overseas world]],{{efn|For more details about Dutch colonial cartography (or cartography in the Dutch overseas world), see: [[New Netherland]], [[Dutch East Indies]], [[Dutch Formosa]], [[Dutch Cape Colony]]; [[Dutch colonization of the Americas|Dutch exploration and mapping of the Americas]], [[Dutch East India Company#Contributions in the Age of Exploration|Dutch exploration and mapping of Southern Africa]], [[Exploration of the Pacific#Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery (c. 1590s–1720s)|Dutch exploration and mapping of the Pacific]], [[First Dutch Expedition to Indonesia]], [[Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia]], [[Dutch East India Company#Contributions in the Age of Exploration|Dutch exploration and mapping of the East Indies]] (cartography of the [[Dutch East Indies]]), [[European maritime exploration of Australia]], [[New Holland (Australia)#Nova Hollandia during the Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery (c. 1590s–1720s)|Dutch exploration and mapping of the Australian continent]], [[Dutch East India Company#Contributions in the Age of Exploration|Dutch exploration and mapping of Australasia]], [[Dutch East India Company#Contributions in the Age of Exploration|Dutch exploration and mapping of New Zealand]], [[Dutch East India Company#Contributions in the Age of Exploration|Cartography in the VOC world]], [[Dutch West India Company|Cartography in the WIC/GWIC world]]; [[Jan Huyghen van Linschoten]], [[Willem Barentsz]], [[Adriaen Block]], [[Willem Janszoon]], [[Pieter Nuyts]], [[Abel Tasman]], [[Jan van Riebeeck]], [[Simon van der Stel]], [[Hendrik van Rheede]], [[Isaq Schrijver]], [[François Levaillant]], [[Robert Jacob Gordon]]}} in the early modern period (especially in the [[Age of Discovery]]).

In the [[history of cartography]], especially in the 16th–18th centuries, '''early modern Netherlandish (Dutch and Flemish) cartography''',{{efn|The English adjective "[[Netherlandish]]", meaning "from the Low Countries", derived directly from the Dutch adjective ''Nederlands''. Apart from its use to describe paintings, it is as adjective not common in English. It is typically used in reference to paintings or music produced anywhere in the Low Countries during the 15th and early 16th century, which are collectively called [[Early Netherlandish painting]] ({{lang-nl|Vlaamse primitieven}}, "Flemish primitives" — also common in English before the mid 20th century), or (regarding music) the [[Franco-Flemish School|Netherlandish School]]. Later art and artists from the southern [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] provinces of the Low Countries are usually called [[Flemish people|Flemish]] and those from the northern [[Protestant]] provinces Dutch, but art historians sometimes use "[[Netherlandish art]]" for art of the Low Countries produced before 1830, i.e., until the secession of Belgium from the Netherlands.}} both as science and art, has a very special place. From both national and international perspectives, early modern Netherlandish cartographers, geographers, explorers and navigators played a highly significant historical role – who helped revolutionize and shape [[history of cartography|cartographic]], [[history of geography|geographic]], [[geodesy|geodetic]], [[surveying]], [[history of navigation|navigational]], [[hydrography|hydrographic]], [[Dutch celestial and lunar cartography in the Age of Discovery|cosmographic and astronomical]] knowledge of the modern-day world as we know today. For example, the concept of [[atlas]] in its modern sense and the genre of atlas in its own right were the brainchild and among the pioneering contributions of early modern Netherlandish cartographers, geographers and cosmographers;{{efn|Including notable contributors like [[Gerardus Mercator]], [[Abraham Ortelius]], [[Gerard de Jode]], [[Cornelis de Jode]], [[Frans Hogenberg]], [[Lucas Waghenaer]], [[Jodocus Hondius]], [[Henricus Hondius II|Henricus Hondius]], [[Johannes Janssonius]], [[Willem Blaeu]], [[Johannes Blaeu]], [[Claes Visscher]], [[Andreas Cellarius]], [[Frederik de Wit]].}} most notably [[Gerardus Mercator]] (who first used the term 'atlas' for a bound collection or book of maps)<ref name="Krogt2015">Van der Krogt, Peter (2015), 'Chapter 6: Gerhard Mercator and his Cosmography: How the 'Atlas' became an Atlas,'; in: Gerhard Holzer, et al. (eds.), ''A World of Innovation: Cartography in the Time of Gerhard Mercator''. (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015), pp. 112–130</ref> and [[Abraham Ortelius]] (who often recognized as the creator of [[Theatrum Orbis Terrarum|the first true atlas in the modern sense]]).<ref name="PaulBinding">Binding, Paul: ''Imagined Corners: Exploring the [[Theatrum Orbis Terrarum|World's First Atlas]]''. (London: Headline Book Publishing, 2003)</ref>

In the [[Dutch Golden Age|Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery]] (approximately 1590s–1720s), using their expertise in doing business, mapmaking, shipbuilding, seafaring and navigation, the Dutch traveled to the far corners of the world, leaving their language embedded in the [[List of place names of Dutch origin|names of many places]]. [[:Category:Dutch exploration in the Age of Discovery|Dutch exploratory voyages]] resulted in the charting and revealing of largely unknown [[landmass|huge landmasses]],{{efn|See: [[Dutch colonial cartography|Cartography in the Dutch colonies and overseas world]]}} [[nautical chart|vast waters]],{{efn|See: [[Dutch maritime cartography in the Age of Discovery]] ([[Dutch nautical cartography in the Age of Discovery]]), [[Dutch colonial cartography|Cartography in the Dutch overseas world]]}} and [[southern sky|far skies]]{{efn|See: [[Dutch celestial cartography in the Age of Discovery]]}} to the civilized world and undisputedly put their names on the published atlases.{{efn|See: [[Dutch corporate cartography in the Age of Discovery]], [[Dutch commercial cartography in the Age of Discovery]]}} As Dutch ships reached into the unknown corners of the globe, Dutch cartographers incorporated new discoveries into their work. Instead of using the information themselves secretly, they published it, so the maps multiplied freely. For almost 200 years, the Dutch dominated [[international trade|world trade]].<ref>Israel, Jonathan Irvine: ''Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585–1740''. (Oxford University Press, 1990)</ref> Dutch ships carried goods, but they also opened up opportunities for the exchange of knowledge.<ref>Cook, Harold J.: ''Matters of Exchange: Commerce, Medicine, and Science in the Dutch Golden Age''. (Yale University Press, 2008)</ref> The commercial networks of Dutch transnational companies, e.g. the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch East India Company/United East Indies Company]] (VOC) and [[Dutch West India Company]] (WIC/GWIC), provided an infrastructure which was accessible to people with a scholarly interest in the exotic world.

The period of late 16th and much of the 17th century (approximately 1570s–1670s) has been called the "'''Golden Age of Netherlandish (Dutch and Flemish) cartography'''". The Netherlandish Golden Age is considered one of the most remarkable periods in the history of cartography and geography in general. During the Golden Age of Netherlandish cartography, the Dutch-speaking peoples came to dominate the [[:Category:Netherlandish Baroque art|art]]{{efn|For further information, see: [[:Category:Netherlandish Renaissance art|Netherlandish Renaissance art]] and [[:Category:Netherlandish Baroque art|Netherlandish Baroque art]]}} and [[industry (manufacturing)|industry]]{{efn|For further information, see: [[Economic history of the Dutch Republic]]}}<ref name="Castelnovi">Castelnovi, Michele (2014), 'The Dutch Cartography's Gouden Eeuw, Between Art and Industry,'. ''Bollettino dell'Associazione Italiana di Cartografia'' 7(4) (2014): 657–667. {{doi|10.13128/bsgi.v7i4.380}}</ref><ref>Rasterhoff, Claartje: ''Painting and Publishing as Cultural Industries: The Fabric of Creativity in the Dutch Republic, 1580–1800''. (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2016) {{ISBN|9789089647023}}</ref> of cartography in the [[early modern world]] ([[Baroque]] cartography in particular).{{efn|For more details about the art and industry of early modern Netherlandish cartography, see: [[Dutch corporate cartography in the Age of Discovery]], [[Dutch commercial cartography in the Age of Discovery]]}} They were leaders in supplying maps and charts for almost all of Europe. As a special part of [[:Category:Netherlandish art|early modern Netherlandish art]], some Golden Age cartographic works like monumental atlases such as ''[[Theatrum Orbis Terrarum]]'' (''Theatre of the Orb of the World''), ''[[Speculum Orbis Terrarum]]'', ''[[Speculum Orbis Terrae]]'' (''Mirror of the World''), ''[[Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer|Spieghel der Zeevaerdt]]'' (''Mariner's Mirror''), ''[[Mercator-Hondius Atlas]]'', ''[[Atlas Blaeu-Van der Hem]]'', ''[[Atlas Maior]]'', ''[[Atlas van Loon]]'', ''[[Klencke Atlas]]'', and ''[[Harmonia Macrocosmica]]'' are also considered artistic masterpieces. As James A. Welu (1987) notes, "For roughly a century, from 1570 to 1670, mapmakers working in the Low Countries brought about unprecedented advances in the art of cartography. The [[maps]], [[nautical chart|charts]], and [[globe]]s issued during this period, at first mainly in [[Antwerp]] and later in [[Amsterdam]], are distinguished not only by their accuracy according to the knowledge of the time, but also by their richness of ornamentation, a combination of science and art that has rarely been surpassed in the [[history of cartography|history of mapmaking]]."<ref>Welu, James A. (1987). ''The Sources and Development of Cartographic Ornamentation in the Netherlands'', in ''Art and Cartography: Six Historical Essays'', edited by David Woodward, University of Chicago Press, p. 147–173</ref>

[[File:Nova et Accuratissima Terrarum Orbis Tabula (J.Blaeu, 1664).jpg|thumb|[[Joan Blaeu|Blaeu]]'s [[world map]], originally prepared by [[Joan Blaeu]] for his ''[[Atlas Maior]]'', published in the first book of the ''[[Atlas Van Loon]]'' (1664).]]
[[File:Sitting Leo Belgicus - Visscher.jpg|thumb|''[[Leo Belgicus]]'' by [[Claes Jansz. Visscher|Claes Janszoon Visscher]], 1611]]
[[File:Jan Vermeer - The Art of Painting - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Dutch Golden Age painting|Dutch Golden Age painter]] [[Jan Vermeer]]'s "obsession" with early modern Netherlandish cartography (and geography) is evidenced by his masterpiece ''[[The Art of Painting]]'', c. 1665–68. There was always a cultural relationship between many [[:Category:Art of the Dutch Golden Age|Dutch Golden Age artists]] (like Vermeer) and cartographic works. The "Golden Age of Netherlandish cartography" (of the 16th and 17th centuries) was a period of the unique combination of scientific, artistic, political, and economic elements in the history of mapmaking.]]
[[File:J. VERMEER - El geógrafo (Museo Städel, Fráncfort del Meno, 1669).jpg|thumb|upright|''[[The Geographer]]'' by Jan Vermeer, c. 1668–1669. Note that there is a [[terrestrial globe]] on the shelf and a map on the wall.]]
[[File:Johannes Vermeer - The Astronomer - WGA24685.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[The Astronomer (Vermeer)|The Astronomer]]'' by Jan Vermeer, c. 1668. The astronomer's profession is shown by the [[celestial globe]] (version by [[Jodocus Hondius]], 1600).]]
[[File:Vermeer-view-of-delft.jpg|thumb|upright|Role of cartographic elements in early modern [[:Category:Netherlandish art|Netherlandish visual art]] ([[landscape art]] in particular, notably the [[cityscape]] genre). Jan Vermeer's ''[[View of Delft]]'' (ca. 1659–1661) as a [[topographical]] view of the town/city. The word "[[landscape]]", in fact, entered the modern English language as "landskip", an anglicization of the Dutch "landschap", around the start of the 17th century, purely as a term for works of art.]]

==Origins==
{{See also|Low Countries|Burgundian Netherlands|Habsburg Netherlands|Seventeen Provinces|Spanish Netherlands|Southern Netherlands|Dutch Republic}}
[[File:Emperor Charles V seated (Titian).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] as [[Habsburg Netherlands|Lord of the Netherlands]] (1506–1555)]]
[[File:Portrait of Philip II of Spain by Sofonisba Anguissola - 002b.jpg|thumb|upright|From 1555 [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] was Lord of the [[Seventeen Provinces|Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands]]]]
Until the [[fall of Antwerp (1584–1585)|fall of Antwerp]] (1585), the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] and [[Flemish people|Flemish]] were generally seen as one people.{{efn|[[Frisians]], specifically [[West Frisians]], are an [[ethnic group]]; present in the North of the Netherlands; mainly concentrating in the Province of [[Friesland]]. Culturally, modern Frisians and the (Northern) Dutch are rather similar; the main and generally most important difference being that Frisians speak [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]], one of the three sub-branches of the [[Frisian languages]], alongside [[Dutch language|Dutch]]. <br/> [[West Frisians]] in the general do not feel or see themselves as part of a larger group of Frisians, and, according to a 1970 inquiry, identify themselves more with the Dutch than with [[East Frisians|East]] or [[North Frisians]]. Because of centuries of cohabitation and active participation in Dutch society, as well as being bilingual, the Frisians are not treated as a separate group in Dutch official statistics.}} The center for cartographic activities in sixteenth-century [[Low Countries]] was [[Antwerp]], a city of printers, booksellers, engravers, and artists. But [[Leuven]] was the center of learning and the meeting place of scholars and students at the university. Mathematics, globemaking, and instrumentmaking were practiced in and around the [[Old University of Leuven|University of Leuven]] as early as the first decades of the sixteenth century. The university is the oldest in the [[Low Countries]] and the oldest center of both scientific and practical cartography. Without the influence of several outstanding scholars of the [[Old University of Leuven|Leuven University]] (such as [[Gemma Frisius]], [[Gerardus Mercator]], and [[Jacob van Deventer (cartographer)|Jacob van Deventer]]), cartography in the Low Countries would not have attained the quality and exerted the influence that it did.<ref>Koeman, Cornelis; Schilder, Günter; van Egmond, M.; van der Krogt, Peter: ''Commercial Cartography and Map Production in the Low Countries, 1500–ca. 1672'' (''Part 2: Low Countries''), pp. 1296–1383, David Woodward ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007)</ref>

Notable figures of the [[Netherlandish]] school of cartography and geography (1500s–1600s) include: [[Franciscus Monachus]], [[Gemma Frisius]], [[Gaspard van der Heyden]], [[Gerard Mercator]], [[Abraham Ortelius]], [[Christophe Plantin]], [[Frans Hogenberg]], [[Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer|Lucas Waghenaer]], [[Jacob van Deventer (cartographer)|Jacob van Deventer]], [[Willebrord Snellius|Willebrord Snell]], [[Hessel Gerritsz]], [[Petrus Plancius]], [[Jodocus Hondius]], [[Henricus Hondius II]], [[Hendrik Hondius I]], [[Willem Blaeu]], [[Joan Blaeu]], [[Johannes Janssonius]], [[Andreas Cellarius]], [[Gerard de Jode]], [[Cornelis de Jode]], [[Michael van Langren|Michiel van Langren]], [[Claes Visscher]], [[Nicolaes Visscher I]], [[Nicolaes Visscher II]], and [[Frederik de Wit]]. [[Leuven]], Antwerp, and [[Amsterdam]] were the main centres of the Netherlandish school of cartography in its golden age (the 16th and 17th centuries, approximately 1570–1670s). The Golden Age of Netherlandish cartography that was inaugurated in the [[Southern Netherlands]] (current Belgium; mainly in Leuven and Antwerp) by Mercator and Ortelius found its fullest expression during the seventeenth century with the production of monumental multi-volume [[atlas]]es in the [[Dutch Republic]] (mainly in Amsterdam) by competing mapmaking firms such as Lucas Waghenaer, Joan Blaeu, [[Jan Janssonius]], [[Claes Janszoon Visscher]], and Frederik de Wit.<ref>Carhart, George S.: ''Frederick de Wit and the First Concise Reference Atlas''. (BRILL, 2016, {{ISBN|9789004299030}})</ref>

During the Golden Age of Dutch exploration (c. 1590s–1720s) and the Golden Age of Dutch/Netherlandish cartography (c. 1570s–1670s), [[Greater Netherlands|Dutch-speaking]] navigators, explorers, and cartographers were the firsts to chart/map many hitherto largely unknown regions of the earth and the sky. During roughly a century, Netherlandish (Dutch and Flemish) cartographers made important contributions to the science and art of mapmaking. Their publications are remarkable milestones in the history of cartography, the extant editions are not only valuable sources of contemporary geographic knowledge but also fine [[works of art]]. The main role in this was played by a special artistic atmosphere of [[the Netherlands]] (or the [[Low Countries]]) in the 16th and 17th centuries. The [[Low Countries]] experienced cultural and economic booms that was combined with enthusiasm of different classes of people for geography and maps. The unique atmosphere made [[mapmaking]] a form of art. Cartography and visual arts were related activities: art and mapmaking interacted with each other: many cartographic elements, such as images, colour, and lettering, were shared with art; tools and methods used to produce maps and artistic works were very similar in printmaking and in mapmaking: copperplate engravings, which were hand coloured in later, required specific artistic skills; a significant number of both little-known and the most outstanding artists were involved in decorating maps; maps and art works were often performed by the same artists, engravers and publishers who worked for both areas; artists, engravers and mapmakers belonged to the same group of society that determined the development of culture in many areas.

[[Triangulation]] had first emerged as an efficient method in cartography ([[mapmaking]]) in the mid sixteenth century when Frisius set out the idea in his ''Libellus de locorum describendorum ratione'' (''Booklet concerning a way of describing places''). Dutch scientists [[Jacob van Deventer (cartographer)|Jacob van Deventer]] and [[Willebrord Snell]] were among the firsts to make systematic use of triangulation in modern [[surveying]], the technique whose theory was described by Frisius in his 1533 book. [[Gerardus Mercator]] is considered as one of the founders of modern cartography with his invention of [[Mercator projection]]. Mercator was the first to use the term '[[atlas]]' (in a geographical context) to describe a bound collection of maps through his own collection entitled "Atlas sive Cosmographicae meditationes de fabrica mvndi et fabricati figvra" (1595). The [[hypothesis]] that [[Continental drift|continents might have 'drifted']] was first put forward by [[Abraham Ortelius]] in 1596.

==Rise to the golden age and decline==

===Southern Netherlands (Flanders, Habsburg Netherlands)===

====Gerardus Mercator: Birth of Mercator projection and the concept of atlas====
{{Main|Mercator projection|Mercator 1569 world map|l2=Mercator's 1569 world map|Atlas}}
[[Gerardus Mercator]], the German-Netherlandish<ref name=Mercator>See the discussion in [[Gerardus Mercator#The question of nationality]].</ref> cartographer and geographer with a vast output of wall maps, bound maps, globes and scientific instruments but his greatest legacy was the [[Mercator projection|mathematical projection]] he devised for his [[Mercator 1569 world map|1569 world map]].

The [[Mercator projection]] is an example of a [[Map projection#Cylindrical|cylindrical projection]] in which the [[meridian (geography)|meridians]] are straight and perpendicular to the [[circle of latitude|parallels]]. As a result, the map has a constant width and the parallels are stretched east–west as the poles are approached. Mercator's insight was to stretch the separation of the parallels in a way which exactly compensates for their increasing length, thus preserving shapes of small regions, albeit at the expense of global distortion. Such a [[conformal map|conformal]] map projection necessarily transforms [[rhumb line]]s, sailing courses of a constant bearing, into straight lines on the map thus greatly facilitating navigation. That this was Mercator's intention is clear from the title: ''Nova et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio ad Usum Navigantium Emendate Accommodata'' which translates as "New and more complete representation of the terrestrial globe properly adapted for use in navigation". Although the projection's adoption was slow, by the end of the seventeenth century it was in use for naval charts throughout the world and remains so to the present day. Its later adoption as the all-purpose world map was an unfortunate step.<ref>See the discussion in [[Mercator projection#Uses]]</ref>

Mercator spent the last thirty years of his life working on a vast project, the ''Cosmographia'';<ref>See the discussion in [[Gerardus Mercator#Duisburg 1552–1594]]</ref> a description of the whole universe including the creation and a description of the topography, history and institutions of all countries. The word ''[[atlas]]'' makes its first appearance in the title of the final volume: "Atlas sive cosmographicae meditationes de fabrica mundi et fabricati figura".<ref>See the discussion in [[Gerardus Mercator#atlas1595]].</ref> This translates as ''Atlas OR cosmographical meditations upon the creation of the universe, and the universe as created,'' thus providing Mercator's definition of the term ''atlas''. These volumes devote slightly less than one half of their pages to maps: Mercator did not use the term solely to describe a bound collection of maps. His choice of title was motivated by his respect for [[Atlas (mythology)|Atlas]] "King of [[Mauretania]]"<ref>See the preface to the 1595 posthumous section of Mercator's atlas as translated in {{harvtxt|Sullivan|2000}}, pp34–38 (PDF pp103–108)</ref>
<!--<ref name="Thrower, Norman J. W. 2008 p. 81"/><ref>Harwood, Jeremy (2006). ''To the Ends of the Earth: 100 Maps that Changed the World'', p. 81</ref>-->

====Abraham Ortelius: Hypothesis of continental drift and the era of modern world atlases====
{{Main|Theatrum Orbis Terrarum|l1=Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (Theatre of the World)|World atlas|Continental drift}}
[[Abraham Ortelius]] generally recognized as the creator of the world's first modern [[Atlas (cartography)|atlas]], the ''[[Theatrum Orbis Terrarum]]'' (''[[Theatre of the World]]''). Ortelius's ''Theatrum Orbis Terrarum'' (1570) is considered the first true [[atlas]] in the modern sense: a collection of uniform map sheets and sustaining text bound to form a book for which copper printing plates were specifically engraved. It is sometimes referred to as the summary of sixteenth-century [[cartography]].<ref name="Thrower, Norman J. W. 2008 p. 81">Thrower, Norman J. W. (2008). ''Maps and Civilization: Cartography in Culture and Society, Third Edition'', p. 81</ref><ref>Harwood, Jeremy (2006). ''To the Ends of the Earth: 100 Maps that Changed the World'', p. 83</ref><ref>Woodward, David (1987). ''Art and Cartography: Six Historical Essays'', p. 148</ref><ref>Goffart, Walter (2003). ''Historical Atlases: The First Three Hundred Years, 1570–1870'', p. 1</ref>

===Northern Netherlands (Dutch Republic)===
{{See also|:Category:Cartography in the Dutch Republic|l1=Cartography in the Dutch Republic|:Category:Dutch exploration in the Age of Discovery|l2=Dutch Republic in the Age of Discovery}}
[[File:Emblemata 1624.jpg|thumb|200px|The Dutch Golden Age's revolutionary optical inventions: Early depiction of a "[[History of the telescope|Dutch telescope]]" (1624). The [[History of the telescope|invention of the telescope]] helped revolutionize celestial and lunar cartography in the 17th century.]]
[[File:Arctic.svg|thumb|upright|In the [[:Category:Dutch exploration in the Age of Discovery|Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery]] (c. 1590s–1720s), Dutch navigators were the [[list of Dutch explorations|first non-natives to undisputedly explore]] and map many largely unknown isolated areas of the world, such as the '[[terra nullius|terrae nullius]]' like the [[Svalbard archipelago]] and [[Jan Mayen#History|Jan Mayen]] in the Arctic Ocean.]]
[[File:Oceania UN Geoscheme - Map of Melanesia.svg|thumb|Regions of Oceania (including [[Australasia]], [[Polynesia]], [[Micronesia]], and [[Melanesia]]). "The Island Continent" [[Australia (continent)|Australia]], sometimes in the role of "Earth's largest island but smallest [[continent]]", was [[European maritime exploration of Australia|the last human-inhabited continent to be largely revealed to the civilized world]]. In the 17th-century the Dutch were the most remarkable navigators and explorers of the world.]]
[[File:Thevenot - Hollandia Nova detecta 1644.png|thumb|right|upright=0.8|A typical map from the "'''Golden Age of Dutch cartography'''" (approximately 1570s–1670s). [[Australasia]] during the Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery (c. 1590s–1720s): including [[New Guinea#History|Nova Guinea]] ([[New Guinea]]), [[New Holland (Australia)|Nova Hollandia]] ([[mainland Australia]]), [[Van Diemen's Land]] ([[Tasmania]]), and [[New Zealand place names|Nova Zeelandia]] ([[History of New Zealand|New Zealand]]).]]
During the [[Age of Discovery]] (the [[Dutch Golden Age]] in particular, approximately 1580s–1702), using their expertise in doing business, cartography, [[shipbuilding]], [[seafaring]] and [[history of navigation|navigation]], the Dutch traveled to the far corners of the world, leaving their language embedded in the [[List of place names of Dutch origin|names of many places]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.industryweek.com/global-economy/continental-drifter-dutch-treat |last=Gottlieb |first=Mark |title=Continental Drifter – Dutch Treat: An unlikely nation in an unlikely corner of Europe boasts a remarkable record of unlikely achievement |work=IndustryWeek |date=30 August 2006 |access-date=30 August 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deirdremccloskey.com/weblog/2011/03/17/chapter-9-of-the-bourgeois-revaluation-the-dutch-preached-bourgeois-virtue/ |title=Chapter 9 of the ''Bourgeois Revaluation'': The Dutch Preached Bourgeois Virtue |publisher=Deirdremccloskey.com |last=McCloskey |first=Deirdre |quote=The Dutch became in the High Middle Ages the tutors of the Northerners in trade and navigation. They taught the English how to say skipper, cruise, schooner, lighter, yacht, wiveling, yaw, yawl, sloop, tackle, hoy, boom, jib, bow, bowsprit, luff, reef, belay, avast, hoist, gangway, pump, buoy, dock, freight, smuggle, and keelhaul. In the last decade of the sixteenth century the busy Dutch invented a broad-bottomed ship ideal for commerce, the fluyt, or fly-boat, and the German Ocean became a new Mediterranean, a watery forum of the Germanic speakers – of the English, Scots, Norse, Danish, Low German, Frisian, Flemish, and above all the Dutch – who showed the world how to be bourgeois. |date=17 March 2011 |access-date=18 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140419142803/http://www.deirdremccloskey.com/weblog/2011/03/17/chapter-9-of-the-bourgeois-revaluation-the-dutch-preached-bourgeois-virtue/ |archive-date=19 April 2014 }}</ref> [[List of Dutch inventions and discoveries#Explorations|Dutch exploratory voyages revealed largely unknown landmasses to the civilized world]] and put their names on the [[world map]]. In the 16th and 17th centuries, [[:Category:17th-century Dutch cartographers|Dutch-speaking cartographers]]<ref>including [[Southern Netherlands]]-based (Zuid-Nederlanders in Dutch) cartographers and geographers such as [[Gemma Frisius]], [[Gerardus Mercator]] and [[Abraham Ortelius]]</ref> helped lay the foundations for the birth and development of modern cartography, including [[nautical chart|nautical cartography]] and [[stellar cartography]] ([[celestial cartography]]). The [[Dutch dialects|Dutch-speaking]] people came to dominate the [[map making]] and map printing industry by virtue of their own travels, trade ventures, and widespread commercial networks.<ref>Koeman, Cornelis; Schilder, Günter; van Egmond, M.; van der Krogt, Peter; Zandvliet, Kees: ''The History of Cartography, Volume 3: Cartography in the European Renaissance'' (''Part 2: Low Countries''), pp. 1246–1462, David Woodward ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007)</ref> The Dutch initiated what we would call today the free flow of geographical information. As Dutch ships reached into the unknown corners of the globe, Dutch cartographers incorporated new discoveries into their work. Instead of using the information themselves secretly, they published it, so the maps multiplied freely. The Dutch were the first (non-natives) to undisputedly discover, explore and [[map making|map]] many unknown isolated areas of the world such as [[History of Svalbard|Svalbard]], [[European maritime exploration of Australia|Australia]],<ref>that comprising mainland [[History of Australia|Australia]], [[History of Tasmania|Tasmania]] and their [[List of islands of Australia|surrounding islands]]</ref> [[History of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[History of Tonga|Tonga]], [[Sakhalin]],<ref>The first European known to visit [[Sakhalin]] was [[Martin Gerritz de Vries]], who mapped [[Cape Patience]] and [[Cape Aniva]] on the island's east coast in 1643. The Dutch captain, however, was not aware of their being on an island, and 17th century maps usually showed these points—and often [[Hokkaido]], too—as parts of the mainland.</ref> and [[History of Easter Island|Easter Island]]. In many cases the Dutch were the first Europeans the natives would encounter.<ref>McManamon, Francis; Cordell, Linda S.; Lightfoot, Kent; Milner, George (2009). ''Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia'' (4 volumes), p. 26</ref> Australia (originally known as [[New Holland (Australia)|New Holland]]), never became a permanent [[Dutch colonies|Dutch settlement]],<ref>As [[Peter J. Taylor]] (2002) notes: 'The Dutch polity of the seventeenth century was famously unconcerned with territorial expansion: as long as the frontier operated effectively as a defensive shield no extra land was deemed necessary.'</ref> yet the Dutch were the first to undisputedly [[Australian places with Dutch names|map its coastline]]. The Dutch navigators charted almost three-quarters of the Australian coastline, except the east coast. During the [[Age of Exploration]], the Dutch explorers and cartographers were also the first to systematically observe and [[star map|map]] ([[star chart|chart]]) the largely unknown far [[Southern Celestial Hemisphere|southern skies]] – the first significant scientific addition to the [[celestial cartography]] since [[:Category:Constellations listed by Ptolemy|Ptolemy's time]] (2nd century AD). Among the [[International Astronomical Union|IAU]]'s [[88 modern constellations]], there are 16 Dutch-created [[constellation]]s, including 12 [[:Category:Southern constellations|far southern constellations]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Knobel | first1 = E. B. | year = 1917 | title = On Frederick de Houtman's Catalogue of Southern Stars, and the Origin of the Southern Constellations | journal = [[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] | volume = 77 | issue = 5| pages = 414–432 | doi=10.1093/mnras/77.5.414| bibcode = 1917MNRAS..77..414K | doi-access = free }} The [[constellation]]s around the South Pole were not observable from north of the [[equator]], by [[Babylonia]]ns, Greeks, Chinese or Arabs. During the [[Age of Exploration]], expeditions to the [[southern hemisphere]] began to result in the addition of new constellations. The [[88 modern constellations|modern constellations]] in this region were defined notably by Dutch navigators [[Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser]] and [[Frederick de Houtman]], who in 1595 traveled together to the [[East Indies]] ([[First Dutch Expedition to Indonesia]]). These 12 newly Dutch-created [[:Category:Southern constellations|far southern constellations]] (that including [[Apus]], [[Chamaeleon]], [[Dorado]], [[Grus (constellation)|Grus]], [[Hydrus]], [[Indus (constellation)|Indus]], [[Musca]], [[Pavo (constellation)|Pavo]], [[Phoenix (constellation)|Phoenix]], [[Triangulum Australe]], [[Tucana]] and [[Volans]]) first appeared on a 35-cm diameter [[celestial globe]] published in 1597/1598 in Amsterdam by Dutch cartographers [[Petrus Plancius]] and [[Jodocus Hondius]]. The first depiction of these [[constellation]]s in a [[Celestial cartography|celestial atlas]] was in [[Bayer Family|Johann Bayer]]'s ''[[Uranometria]]'' of 1603.</ref><ref>Simpson, Phil (2012): ''Guidebook to the Constellations: Telescopic Sights, Tales, and Myths'', p. 559–561, p. 599–600</ref><ref>Among 15 [[:Category:Works of the Dutch Golden Age|Dutch-created]] [[:Category:Constellations|constellations]] ([[88 modern constellations|recognized]] by the [[International Astronomical Union|IAU]]), four constellations including [[Camelopardalis]], [[Columba (constellation)|Columba]], [[Crux]], and [[Monoceros (constellation)|Monoceros]], formed by [[Petrus Plancius]] in 1592 and in 1613, are often erroneously attributed to [[Jacob Bartsch]] and [[Augustin Royer]]</ref>

====From Frisius to Snellius: Early systematic uses of geodetic triangulation in modern surveying and mapping====
{{More information|Gemma Frisius|Jacob van Deventer (cartographer)|Willebrord Snellius|Triangulation|Triangulation (surveying)|Triangulation network|Surveying|History of geodesy}}
[[Triangulation]] had first emerged as a [[map making|map-making]] method in the mid sixteenth century when [[Gemma Frisius]] set out the idea in his ''Libellus de locorum describendorum ratione'' (''Booklet concerning a way of describing places'').<ref>Swann, G. M. Peter (2006). ''Putting Econometrics in Its Place: A New Direction in Applied Economics'', pp.&nbsp;29–32</ref><ref>Stachurski, Richard (2009). ''Longitude by Wire: Finding North America'', p. 10</ref><ref>Henzel, Cynthia Kennedy (2010). ''Creating Modern Maps'', p. 6</ref><ref>[[Leo Bagrow|Bagrow, Leo]] (2010). ''History of Cartography'', p. 159</ref><ref>Hewitt, Rachel (2011). ''Map of a Nation: A Biography of the Ordnance Survey''. "Triangulation had first emerged as a map-making method in the mid sixteenth century when the Flemish mathematician Gemma Frisius set out the idea in his ''Libellus de locorum describendorum ratione'' (''Booklet concerning a way of describing places''), and by the turn of the eighteenth century it had become the most respected surveying technique in use."</ref><ref>Bellos, Alex (2014). ''The Grapes of Math: How Life Reflects Numbers and Numbers Reflect Life'', p. 74</ref> Dutch cartographer [[Jacob van Deventer (cartographer)|Jacob van Deventer]] was among the first to make systematic use of [[triangulation]], the technique whose theory was described by Gemma Frisius in his 1533 book.

The modern systematic use of [[triangulation network]]s stems from the work of the Dutch mathematician [[Willebrord Snellius|Willebrord Snell]] (born Willebrord Snel van Royen), who in 1615 surveyed the distance from [[Alkmaar]] to [[Bergen op Zoom]], approximately 70 miles (110 kilometres), using a chain of quadrangles containing 33 triangles in all.<ref>Kirby, Richard Shelton et al. (1990). ''Engineering in History'', p. 131</ref><ref>Harwood, Jeremy (2006). ''To the Ends of the Earth: 100 Maps that Changed the World'', p. 107</ref><ref>Devreese, Jozef T.; Vanden Berghe, Guido (2009). ''Magic is No Magic: The Wonderful World of Simon Stevin'', p. 272</ref> The two towns were separated by one degree on the [[Meridian (geography)|meridian]], so from his measurement he was able to calculate a value for the circumference of the earth – a feat celebrated in the title of his book ''Eratosthenes Batavus'' (''The Dutch [[Eratosthenes]]''), published in 1617. Snell's methods were taken up by [[Jean Picard]] who in 1669–70 surveyed one degree of latitude along the [[Paris Meridian]] using a chain of thirteen triangles stretching north from Paris to the clocktower of [[Sourdon]], near [[Amiens]].

====From Frisius to Huygens: Early reliable methods of determining longitude at sea by means of timekeepers/chronometers====
{{More information|Gemma Frisius|Christiaan Huygens|History of longitude|History of timekeeping devices|Pendulum clock|Balance spring|Marine chronometer}}
[[Gemma Frisius]] was the first to propose the use of a [[Clock|chronometer]] to determine [[longitude]] in 1530. In his book ''On the Principles of Astronomy and Cosmography'' (1530), Frisius explains for the first time how to use a very accurate [[History of timekeeping devices|clock]] to determine [[longitude]].<ref>Allaby, Michael (2009). ''Oceans: A Scientific History of Oceans and Marine Life (Discovering the Earth)''</ref> The problem was that in Frisius' day, no [[clock]] was sufficiently precise to use his method. In 1761, the British clock-builder John Harrison constructed the first [[marine chronometer]], which allowed the method developed by Frisius.

====Lucas Waghenaer and the rise of Dutch maritime cartography====
[[File:1584 Portugal Waghenaer.jpg|thumb|200px|''Portugal'' by [[Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer|Waghenaer]] (1584). The publication of Waghenaer's ''De Spieghel der Zeevaerdt'' (1584) is widely considered as one of the most important developments in the history of [[nautical chart|nautical cartography]].]]
[[File:The-Brouwer-Route.jpg|thumb|200px|In the [[Age of Sail]], the [[Brouwer Route]], devised by the Dutch [[navigator]] [[Hendrik Brouwer]] in 1611, greatly reduced the voyage between [[Cape of Good Hope]] ([[Dutch Cape Colony]]) to [[Java]] ([[Dutch East Indies]]) from almost 12 months to about 6 months, compared to the previous Arab and Portuguese monsoon route. The Brouwer Route also played a major role in the [[European exploration of Australia|European discovery of the west coast of Australia]].]]
{{See also|Nautical chart|l1=Nautical chart (sea chart)|Portolan chart|Rutter (nautical)|Rutter (nautical)|l4=Pilot guide|History of navigation}}
The first printed [[atlas]] of [[nautical chart]]s (''De Spieghel der Zeevaerdt'' or ''The Mirror of Navigation'' / ''The Mariner's Mirror'') was produced by [[Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer]] in [[Leiden]] in 1584. This atlas was the first attempt to systematically codify [[nautical map]]s. This chart-book combined an atlas of nautical charts and sailing directions with instructions for navigation on the western and north-western coastal waters of Europe. It was the first of its kind in the history of maritime cartography, and was an immediate success. The English translation of Waghenaer's work was published in 1588 and became so popular that any volume of sea charts soon became known as a "[[waggoner (nautical)|waggoner]]" (an atlas book of engraved nautical charts with accompanying printed sailing directions), the Anglicized form of Waghenaer's surname.<ref>Struik, Dirk J. (1981). ''The Land of Stevin and Huygens: A Sketch of Science and Technology in the Dutch Republic during the Golden Century'', p. 37</ref><ref>Kirby, David; Hinkkanen, Merja-Liisa (2000). ''The Baltic and the North Seas'', p. 61–62</ref><ref>Buisseret, David (2003). ''The Mapmakers' Quest: Depicting New Worlds in Renaissance Europe''</ref><ref>Harwood, Jeremy (2006). ''To the Ends of the Earth: 100 Maps that Changed the World'', p. 88</ref><ref>Lasater, Brian (2007). ''The Dream of the West, Part II'', p. 317</ref><ref>Thrower, Norman J. W. (2008). ''Maps and Civilization: Cartography in Culture and Society, Third Edition'', p. 84</ref><ref>Kieding, Robert B. (2011). ''Scuttlebutt: Tales and Experiences of a Life at Sea'', p. 290</ref>

====Dutch celestial and lunar cartography in the Age of Discovery====
[[File:Constellations ecliptic equirectangular plot.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|The Dutch [[celestial cartography|celestial cartographers]] were the first to systematically observe and [[star map|map]] ([[star chart|chart]]) the largely unknown far southern skies in the late 16th century. Among the [[88 modern constellations|88 IAU-recognized constellations]], there are 16 constellations created by Dutch celestial cartographers, including 12 [[:Category:Southern constellations|far southern constellations]].<ref>The 16 constellations are: [[Apus]], [[Camelopardalis]], [[Chamaeleon]], [[Columba (constellation)|Columba]], [[Crux]], [[Dorado]], [[Grus (constellation)|Grus]], [[Hydrus]], [[Indus (constellation)|Indus]], [[Monoceros (constellation)|Monoceros]], [[Musca]], [[Pavo (constellation)|Pavo]], [[Phoenix (constellation)|Phoenix]], [[Triangulum Australe]], [[Tucana]], and [[Volans]].</ref>]]
{{Further information|:Category:Dutch celestial cartography in the Age of Discovery|l1=Dutch celestial cartography in the Age of Discovery|:Category:Constellations listed by Petrus Plancius|l2=Constellations created and listed by Dutch celestial cartographers}}
{{See also|First Dutch Expedition to Indonesia|Harmonia Macrocosmica|Van Langren's map of the Moon}}
{{See also|Celestial cartography|Star atlas|Star chart|l3=Star chart (star map)|Uranometria|Selenography}}
The [[constellation]]s around the South Pole were not observable from north of the [[equator]], by the ancient [[Babylonia]]ns, [[Greeks]], Chinese, Indians, or [[Arabs]]. During the [[Age of Exploration]], expeditions to the [[southern hemisphere]] began to result in the addition of new constellations. The [[88 modern constellations|modern constellations]] in this region were defined notably by Dutch navigators [[Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser]] and [[Frederick de Houtman]],<ref>Knobel, E. B. (1917). ''On Frederick de Houtman's Catalogue of Southern Stars, and the Origin of the Southern Constellations''. (''[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]'', Vol. 77, pp.&nbsp; 414–32)</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| last=Sawyer Hogg | first=Helen
| title=Out of Old Books (Pieter Dircksz Keijser, Delineator of the Southern Constellations)
| journal=Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada
| date=1951 | volume=45 | page=215
| bibcode=1951JRASC..45..215S
}}</ref><ref>[[Elly Dekker|Dekker, Elly]] (1987). ''Early Explorations of the Southern Celestial Sky''. (''Annals of Science'' 44, pp.&nbsp; 439–70)</ref><ref>[[Elly Dekker|Dekker, Elly]] (1987). ''On the Dispersal of Knowledge of the Southern Celestial Sky''. (''Der Globusfreund'', 35–37, pp.&nbsp; 211–30)</ref><ref>Verbunt, Frank; van Gent, Robert H. (2011). ''Early Star Catalogues of the Southern Sky: De Houtman, Kepler (Second and Third Classes), and Halley''. (''Astronomy & Astrophysics'' 530)</ref> who in 1595 traveled together to the [[East Indies]] ([[First Dutch Expedition to Indonesia]]). These 12 newly Dutch-created [[:Category:Southern constellations|far southern constellations]] (that include [[Apus]], [[Chamaeleon]], [[Dorado]], [[Grus (constellation)|Grus]], [[Hydrus]], [[Indus (constellation)|Indus]], [[Musca]], [[Pavo (constellation)|Pavo]], [[Phoenix (constellation)|Phoenix]], [[Triangulum Australe]], [[Tucana]], and [[Volans]]) first appeared on a 35-cm diameter [[celestial globe]] published in 1597/1598 in Amsterdam by Dutch cartographers [[Petrus Plancius]] and [[Jodocus Hondius]]. The first depiction of these [[constellation]]s in a [[Celestial cartography|celestial atlas]] was in [[Bayer Family|Johann Bayer]]'s ''[[Uranometria]]'' of 1603.

In 1645, Dutch-born [[Michael van Langren|Michiel van Langren]] published the first known map of the [[Moon]] with a [[nomenclature]].<ref name="Whitaker1999"/><ref name="Sky&Telescope">{{cite web|url=https://skyandtelescope.org/sky-and-telescope-magazine/lunar-hall-of-fame/ |title=Lunar Hall of Fame |work=Sky & Telescope (skyandtelescope.org) |author=Wood, Charles A. |date=27 December 2017 |access-date=27 July 2020 }}</ref><ref name="rmg.co.uk">{{cite web|url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/discover/behind-the-scenes/blog/library-item-month-giovanni-ricciolis-almagestum-novum |title=Library Item of the Month: Giovanni Riccioli's Almagestum novum |work=[[Royal Museums Greenwich]] (rmg.co.uk) |quote=[[Giovanni Battista Riccioli|Riccioli]] and [[Francesco Maria Grimaldi|Grimaldi]]'s maps were not the first of the Moon. In 1645 Michael Van Langren published what is acknowledged as the first map of the Moon, introducing a scheme of names for its features, setting it apart from earlier unlabelled drawings of the Moon. Two years later, in 1647, [[Johannes Hevelius]] published maps of the Moon in his work ''Selenographia''. |date=19 September 2016 |access-date=19 July 2020 }}</ref>

In 1660, German-born Dutch cartographer [[Andreas Cellarius]]' [[star atlas]] (''[[Harmonia Macrocosmica]]'') was published by [[Johannes Janssonius]] in Amsterdam.

====Competing mapmaking firms in the age of corporate cartography====
[[File:Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie spiegelretourschip Amsterdam replica.jpg|thumb|upright|Replica of an [[East Indiaman]] of the [[Dutch East India Company]]/United East Indies Company (VOC). The [[Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie|VOC]] was a major force behind the [[:Category:Dutch exploration in the Age of Discovery|Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery]] (c. 1590s–1720s). Also, during the Golden Age of Dutch/Netherlandish cartography (c. 1570s–1670s), VOC navigators, explorers, and cartographers{{efn|Including some notable figures of the Netherlandish school of cartography in its golden age (c. 1570s–1670s) like [[Petrus Plancius]], [[Willem Blaeu]], [[Johannes Blaeu]], and [[Hessel Gerritsz]] were the official cartographers to the VOC.}} helped shape cartographic and geographic knowledge of the modern-day world.<ref>Schilder, Günter (1993). ''A Continent Takes Shape: The Dutch Mapping of Australia'', in ''Changing Coastlines'', ed. M. Richards, & M. O'Connor, pp. 10–16. Canberra: National Library of Australia, 1993</ref><ref>Zandvliet, Kees (1988). ''Golden Opportunities in Geopolitics: Cartography and the Dutch East India Company during the Lifetime of Abel Tasman'', in ''Terra Australis: The Furthest Shore'', ed. William Eisler and Bernard Smith, pp. 67–82. Sydney: International Cultural Corporation of Australia</ref><ref>Schilder, Günter; Kok, Hans: ''Sailing for the East: History and Catalogue of Manuscript Charts on Vellum of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), 1602–1799''. [Explokart: Utrecht Studies in the History of Cartography]. (BRILL, 2010, {{ISBN|9789061942603}})</ref>]]
[[File:Australia discoveries by Europeans before 1813 en.png|thumb|left|Australia ([[New Holland (Australia)|Nova Hollandia]]) was the last human-inhabited continent to be explored and mapped (by non-natives). The Dutch were [[Janszoon voyage of 1605–06|the first to undisputedly explore and map Australia's coastline]]. In the 17th century, the [[Dutch East India Company|VOC]]'s navigators [[European maritime exploration of Australia|charted almost three-quarters of the Australian coastline]], except the east coast.]]
{{See also|:Category:Cartography in the Dutch Republic|l1=Cartography in the Dutch Republic|Mercator-Hondius Atlas|Atlas Maior|Atlas van Loon|Terra incognita|Terra nullius|Terra Australis|European exploration of Australia#Dutch exploration and mapping of New Holland|l7=Dutch exploration and mapping of New Holland (Australia)|Dutch East India Company#Dutch exploration and mapping of Australasia|l8=Dutch exploration and mapping of Australasia|:Category:Maritime history of the Dutch East India Company|l9=Maritime history of the Dutch East India Company|:Category:Dutch exploration in the Age of Discovery|l10=Dutch Republic in the Age of Discovery}}

The Dutch dominated the commercial cartography (corporate cartography) during the seventeenth century through the [[publicly traded companies]] (such as the [[Dutch East India Company]] and the [[Dutch West India Company]]) and the competing [[privately held company|privately held]] map-making houses/[[firm]]s. In the book ''Capitalism and Cartography in the Dutch Golden Age'' (University of Chicago Press, 2015), Elizabeth A. Sutton explores the fascinating but previously neglected history of corporate (commercial) cartography during the [[Dutch Golden Age]], from ca. 1600 to 1650. Maps were used as propaganda tools for both the [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) and the [[Dutch West India Company]] (WIC/GWIC) to encourage the commodification of land and an overall capitalist agenda.

In the long run the competition between map-making firms Blaeu and Janssonius resulted in the publication of an '[[Atlas Maior]]' or 'Major Atlas'. In 1662 the Latin edition of [[Joan Blaeu]]'s ''Atlas Maior'' appeared in eleven volumes and with approximately 600 maps. In the years to come French and Dutch editions followed in twelve and nine volumes respectively. Purely judging from the number of maps in the ''[[Atlas Maior]]'', Blaeu had outdone his rival [[Johannes Janssonius]]. And also from a commercial point of view it was a huge success. Also due to the superior typography the ''Atlas Maior'' by Blaeu soon became a status symbol for rich citizens. Costing 350 guilders for a non-coloured and 450 guilders for a coloured version, the atlas was the most precious book of the 17th century. However, the ''Atlas Maior'' was also a turning point: after that time the role of Dutch cartography (and Netherlandish cartography in general) was finished. Janssonius died in 1664 while a great fire in 1672 destroyed one of Blaeu's print shops. In that fire a part of the copperplates went up in flames. Fairly soon afterwards Joan Blaeu died, in 1673. The almost 2,000 copperplates of Janssonius and Blaeu found their way to other publishers.

===Dutch colonies and overseas world===
====VOC World cartography====
[[File:DirectiekamerVOC.jpg|thumb|200px|The meeting room of the {{ill|Heren XVII|nl}}, the [[Dutch East India Company]]'s [[board of directors]], in the [[Oost-Indisch Huis]] (Amsterdam).]]
=====VOC-sponsored discovery, exploration, and mapping of mainland Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and various islands=====
In terms of world history of geography and exploration, the VOC can be credited with putting most of Australia's coast (then Hollandia Nova and other names) on the world map, between 1606 and 1756.<ref>Robert, Willem C.H.: ''The Dutch Explorations, 1605–1756, of the North and Northwest Coast of Australia: Extracts from Journals, Log-books and Other Documents Relating to These Voyages'', original Dutch texts. (Amsterdam: Philo Press, 1973)</ref><ref>Schilder, Günter, "New Cartographical Contributions to the Coastal Exploration of Australia in the Course of the Seventeenth Century," (''Imago Mundi'' 26 [1972])</ref><ref>Schilder, Günter: ''Australia Unveiled: The Share of the Dutch Navigators in the Discovery of Australia''. Translated from the German by Olaf Richter. (Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1976)</ref><ref>Schilder, Günter, "The Dutch Conception of New Holland in the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries," (''Technical Papers of the 12th Conference of the International Cartographic Association'' 2 [1984])</ref><ref>Schilder, Günter, ''Voyage to the Great South Land: William De Vlamingh 1696–1697'', trans. C. De Heer (Sydney: Royal Australian Historical Society, 1985)</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.australiaonthemap.org.au/landings-list/
|title= The AOTM Landings List 1606 – 1814
|date= 6 February 2008
|work= history and heritage division of the [[Australasian Hydrographic Society]]
|publisher= [[Australia on the Map]]
|access-date= 2 April 2013
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110217052512/http://www.australiaonthemap.org.au/landings-list/
|archive-date= 17 February 2011
|url-status= dead
}}</ref>
While Australia's territory (originally known as [[New Holland (Australia)|New Holland]]) never became an actual Dutch settlement or colony, Dutch navigators were the first to undisputedly explore and map Australian coastline. In the 17th century, the VOC's navigators and explorers charted almost three-quarters of Australia's coastline, except its east coast. The Dutch ship, ''[[Duyfken]]'', led by [[Willem Janszoon]], made the first documented European landing in Australia in 1606.<ref>J.P. Sigmond and L.H. Zuiderbaan (1979) ''Dutch Discoveries of Australia''. Rigby Ltd, Australia. pp. 19–30 {{ISBN|0-7270-0800-5}}</ref> Although a [[Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia|theory of Portuguese discovery]] in the 1520s exists, it lacks definitive evidence.<ref>McIntyre, K.G. (1977) ''The Secret Discovery of Australia, Portuguese ventures 200 years before Cook'', Souvenir Press, Menindie {{ISBN|0-285-62303-6}}</ref><ref>Robert J. King, "The Jagiellonian Globe, a Key to the Puzzle of Jave la Grande", ''The Globe: Journal of the [[Australian and New Zealand Map Society|Australian Map Circle]]'', No. 62, 2009, pp. 1–50.</ref><ref>Robert J. King, "Regio Patalis: Australia on the map in 1531?", ''The Portolan'', Issue 82, Winter 2011, pp. 8–17.</ref> Precedence of discovery has also been claimed for China,<ref name="Menzies 2002">{{cite book | author = Menzies, Gavin | year = 2002 | title = 1421: The year China discovered the world | publisher = Bantam Press | location = London | isbn = 0-06-053763-9 | url = https://archive.org/details/1421yearchinadis00menz }}</ref> France,<ref name="Brosses note">Credit for the discovery of Australia was given to Frenchman [[Binot Paulmier de Gonneville]] (1504) in {{cite book | author = Brosses, Charles de | title = Histoire des navigations aux Terres Australe | location = Paris | year = 1756}}</ref> Spain,<ref name="Hargraves">In the early 20th century, [[Lawrence Hargrave]] argued from archaeological evidence that Spain had established a colony in Botany Bay in the 16th century.</ref> [[India]],.<ref name="tamils_spread">{{cite book|title=Origin and Spread of the Tamils|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.34321|last=Dikshitar|first=V. R. Ramachandra|author-link=V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar|publisher=Adyar Library|year=1947|page= [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.34321/page/n40 30]}}</ref>

[[Hendrik Brouwer]]'s discovery of the [[Brouwer Route]], that sailing east from the [[Cape of Good Hope]] until land was sighted and then sailing north along the west coast of Australia was a much quicker route than around the coast of the Indian Ocean, made Dutch landfalls on the west coast inevitable. The first such landfall was in 1616, when [[Dirk Hartog]] landed at Cape Inscription on what is now known as [[Dirk Hartog Island]], off the coast of Western Australia, and left behind an inscription on a [[pewter]] [[Hartog plate|plate]]. In 1697 the Dutch captain [[Willem de Vlamingh]] landed on the island and discovered [[Hartog Plate|Hartog's plate]]. He replaced it with one of his own, which included a copy of Hartog's inscription, and took the original plate home to [[Amsterdam]], where it is still kept in the [[Rijksmuseum Amsterdam]].

In 1627, the VOC's explorers [[François Thijssen]] and [[Pieter Nuyts]] discovered the south coast of Australia and charted about {{convert|1800|km}} of it between [[Cape Leeuwin]] and the [[Nuyts Archipelago]].<ref>{{cite book | last1 = McHugh | first1 = Evan | title = 1606: An Epic Adventure | publisher = University of New South Wales Press | year = 2006 | location = Sydney | pages = 44–57 | isbn = 978-0-86840-866-8}}</ref><ref name="foundation">Garden 1977, p.8.</ref> [[François Thijssen]], captain of the ship ''[['t Gulden Zeepaert]]'' (The Golden Seahorse), sailed to the east as far as [[Ceduna, South Australia|Ceduna]] in [[South Australia]]. The first known ship to have visited the area is the ''Leeuwin'' ("Lioness"), a Dutch vessel that charted some of the nearby coastline in 1622. The log of the ''Leeuwin'' has been lost, so very little is known of the voyage. However, the land discovered by the ''Leeuwin'' was recorded on a 1627 map by [[Hessel Gerritsz]]: [[Caert van't Landt van d'Eendracht]] ("Chart of the Land of Eendracht"), which appears to show the coast between present-day [[Hamelin Bay]] and Point D'Entrecasteaux. Part of Thijssen's map shows the islands St Francis and St Peter, now known collectively with their respective groups as the [[Nuyts Archipelago]]. Thijssen's observations were included as soon as 1628 by the VOC cartographer [[Hessel Gerritsz]] in a chart of the Indies and New Holland. This voyage defined most of the southern coast of Australia and discouraged the notion that "[[New Holland (Australia)|New Holland]]" as it was then known, was linked to Antarctica.

In 1642, [[Abel Tasman]] sailed from [[Mauritius]] and on 24 November, sighted [[Tasmania]]. He named Tasmania [[Anthoonij van Diemenslandt]] (Anglicised as [[Van Diemen's Land]]), after [[Anthony van Diemen]], the VOC's Governor General, who had commissioned his voyage.<ref>Fenton, James (1884). ''A History of Tasmania: From Its Discovery in 1642 to the Present Time''</ref><ref>Pletcher, Kenneth (2010). ''The Britannica Guide to Explorers and Explorations That Changed the Modern World'', p. 122-125</ref><ref>Kirk, Robert W. (2012). ''Paradise Past: The Transformation of the South Pacific, 1520–1920'', p. 31</ref> It was officially renamed [[Tasmania]] in honour of its first European discoverer on 1 January 1856.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/php/BecomingTasmania/BTAppend2.htm |title=Appendix 2: Select chronology of renaming |last1= Newman |first1=Terry |year=2005 |work=Becoming Tasmania – Companion Web Site |publisher=[[Parliament of Tasmania]] |access-date=26 August 2011}}</ref>

In 1642, during the same expedition, Tasman's crew discovered and charted [[New Zealand]]'s coastline. They were the first Europeans known to reach New Zealand. Tasman anchored at the northern end of the [[South Island]] in [[Golden Bay]] (he named it [[Murderers' Bay]]) in December 1642 and sailed northward to [[Tonga]] following a clash with local Māori. Tasman sketched sections of the two main islands' west coasts. Tasman called them ''[[Staten Landt]]'', after the ''[[States General of the Netherlands]]'', and that name appeared on his first maps of the country. In 1645 Dutch cartographers changed the name to ''[[New Zealand place names|Nova Zeelandia]]'' in Latin, from ''Nieuw Zeeland'', after the [[Seventeen Provinces|Dutch province]] of ''[[Zeeland]]''. It was subsequently Anglicised as ''New Zealand'' by [[James Cook]]. Various claims have been made that New Zealand was reached by other non-[[Polynesia]]n voyagers before Tasman, but these are not widely accepted.

=====VOC-sponsored inland exploration and mapping of Southern Africa=====
{{See also|Southern Africa|History of South Africa|Dutch Cape Colony|Namaqualand|Orange River|Jan van Riebeeck|Simon van der Stel|Hendrik van Rheede|Isaq Schrijver|François Levaillant|Robert Jacob Gordon}}

====WIC/GWIC World cartography====
{{See also|Dutch West India Company}}
{{Expand section|date=November 2020}}

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="180px" heights="140px" perrow="4">
File:Reinerus Frisius Gemma, by Maarten van Heemskerck.jpg|Portrait of [[Gemma Frisius]] by [[Maarten van Heemskerck]], c. 1540–1545
File:Gérard Mercator.jpg|Portrait of [[Gerardus Mercator]] by [[Frans Hogenberg]], 1574
File:Abraham Ortelius by Peter Paul Rubens.jpg|Portrait of [[Abraham Ortelius]] by [[Peter Paul Rubens]], 1633
File:Gerard de Jode, by Hendrick Goltzius.jpg|Portrait of [[Gerard de Jode]]
File:Willebrord Snell. Line engraving, 1688. Wellcome V0005524.jpg|Portrait of [[Willebrord Snell]]
File:Petrus Bertius by Vinkeles 1787.jpg|Portrait of [[Petrus Bertius]], 1787 engraving by [[Reinier Vinkeles]]
File:Petrusplancius.gif|Portrait of [[Petrus Plancius]]
File:Jodocus Hondius.jpg|Portrait of [[Jodocus Hondius]]
File:Willem Jansz Blaeu.png|Portrait of [[Willem Blaeu]]
File:Joan Blaeu (J.van Rossum).jpg|Portrait of [[Johannes Blaeu]]
File:Frederik Houtman SK-A-2727.jpg|Portrait of [[Frederick de Houtman]], c. 1615
File:Barents.jpg|Portrait of [[Willem Barentsz]]
File:Abel Tasman - Cuyp (cropped).jpg|Portrait of [[Abel Tasman]]
File:Portrait of Willem de Vlamingh, Johannes en Nicholaas Verkolje (1690 - 1700).jpg|Portrait of [[Willem de Vlamingh]]
Image:Ruysch map.jpg|[[Johannes Ruysch]]'s 1507 map of the world
Image:1570 Ortelius Map of Asia (first edition) - Geographicus - AsiaeNovaDescriptio-ortelius.jpg|Map of Asia by Abraham Ortelius (1572)
Image:Braun&Hogenberg Trier 1572.jpg|Historical view of [[Trier]], published in ''[[Civitates Orbis Terrarum]]'' (1572) by [[Frans Hogenberg]] and [[Georg Braun]]
Image:Speculum Orbis Terrae.jpg|Title page of ''[[Speculum Orbis Terrae]]'' by [[Cornelis de Jode]] (1593). Cornelis was the son of [[Gerard de Jode]]. When his father died in 1591, Cornelis de Jode took over the work on his father's uncompleted atlas project (''[[Speculum Orbis Terrarum]]'', originally published in 1578)
Image:Ortelius - Maris Pacifici 1589.jpg|''[[Maris Pacifici]]'' by Abraham Ortelius (1589). It was the first dedicated map of the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] to be printed.
Image:Descriptionis Ptolemaicæ avgmentvm siue Occidentis notitia breui commentario illustrata p193.tif|Map of [[Cuba]] and [[Jamaica]] from [[Cornelis van Wytfliet]]'s ''Descriptionis Ptolemaicae Augmentum'' (1597)
Image:Barentsz arctic map.jpg|[[Spitsbergen]]/[[Svalbard]], here mapped for the first time, is indicated as "Het Nieuwe Land" (Dutch for "the New Land"), center-left. Portion of 1599 map of Arctic exploration by [[Willem Barentsz]]
Image:Livoniae descriptio.jpg|Map of [[Livonia]] (1603) from [[Petrus Bertius]]'s ''Tabularum Geographicarum Contractarum''
Image:1606 Mercator Hondius Map of the Arctic (First Map of the North Pole) - Geographicus - NorthPole-mercator-1606.jpg|1606 Mercator Hondius Map of the Arctic
Image:Arctic 1644.jpg|Jan Jansson's map of the "Poli Arctici" from 1644
Image:C.G. Zorgdragers Bloeyende opkomst der aloude en hedendaagsche Groenlandsche visschery - no-nb digibok 2014010724007-V5.jpg|A Dutch map of [[Jan Mayen]] during the Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery (ca. 1590s–1720s)
Image:Map of the East Indies by Jodocus Hondius in 1606.jpg|Map of the [[East Indies]] by [[Jodocus Hondius]] (1606)
Image:Wpdms aq block 1614.jpg|[[Adriaen Block]]'s map of his 1614 voyage, with the first appearance of the term "[[New Netherland]]"
File:Atlas Maior - Novi Belgii - four colors.jpg|Jansson-Visscher map of New Netherland first published by [[Adriaen van der Donck]]
Image:Antique map of Leo Belgicus by Visscher C.J. - Gerritsz 1630.jpg|''[[Leo Belgicus]]'' by [[Jodocus Hondius|Hondius]] & Gerritsz, 1630
Image:Joannes van Deutecum - Leo Belgicus 1650 - published by Claes Jansz Visscher Amsterdam.jpg|''Leo Belgicus'' (1650), published by [[Claes Jansz Visscher]]
File:Langrenus map of the Moon 1645.jpg|[[Michael van Langren|Michiel van Langren]]'s map of the [[Moon]] (''Plenilunii Lumina Austriaca Philippica'', 1645). Van Langren was an early-modern pioneer in the history of [[lunar cartography]] (mapping of the Moon) and [[selenography]].
File:Cellarius Harmonia macrocosica 1708 title.jpg|''[[Harmonia Macrocosmica]]'' by [[Andreas Cellarius]], 1660
File:Atlas van Gerard Mercator (1595) - KBR 27-8-2016 11-33-21.jpg|''[[Atlas Cosmographicae]]'' (Mercator's 1595 World Atlas), in the collection of the Royal Library of Belgium
File:Terraaustralis.jpg|''Atlas Major'' by [[Jan Janssonius]], 1657
File:Mercator World Map.jpg|World map by Mercator, 1587
File:Gerard De Jode, Universi Orbis seu Terreni Globi, 1578.png|''Universi Orbis seu Terreni Globi'' by [[Gerard de Jode]], 1578
File:1635 Map of Formosa (Taiwan) and Surrounding Countries by Dutch 荷蘭人所繪福爾摩沙臺灣.jpeg|1635 Map of [[Dutch Formosa]] and surrounding countries
File:1640 Map of Formosa-Taiwan by Dutch 荷蘭人所繪福爾摩沙-臺灣.jpg|1640 Map of Dutch Formosa
File:Atlas Blaeu-Van der Hem - Taioan.jpg|Dutch Formosa ([[Atlas Blaeu-Van der Hem]])
File:Nova Orbis Tabula in Lucem Edita.jpg|''Nova Orbis Tabula in Lucem Edita'' by [[Frederik de Wit]], c. 1665
File:Planisphæri cœleste.jpg|Celestial map by Frederik de Wit, 1670
File:17th Century map of Lincolnshire.JPG|17th-century map of [[Lincolnshire]], by [[Pieter van den Keere]] for a "Miniature Speed Atlas"
File:World Map 1689.JPG|Map of the world produced in 1689 by [[Gerard van Schagen]]
File:Van Keulen-Nieuwe Pascaert van Oost Indien-1680-1735-2.jpg|1689 map of the [[East Indies]], by [[Johannes van Keulen]]
File:Man Writing a Letter by Gabriël Metsu.jpg|''[[Man Writing a Letter]]'', by [[Gabriël Metsu]] (c. 1664–66). Note that there is a globe in the corner, behind the opened window.
File:Johannes Vermeer - De Soldaat en het Lachende Meisje - Google Art Project.jpg|''[[Officer and Laughing Girl]]'', by [[Jan Vermeer]] (c. 1657). Note that there is a large map on the wall.
File:Vermeer, Johannes - Woman reading a letter - ca. 1662-1663.jpg|''[[Woman Reading a Letter (Vermeer)|A Woman in Blue Reading a Letter]]'', by Jan Vermeer, ca. 1662–65
File:Vermeer - Woman with a Lute near a window.jpg|''[[Woman with a Lute|A Woman with a Lute]]'', by Jan Vermeer, ca. 1662–64
File:Jan Vermeer van Delft 019.jpg|''[[Woman with a Water Jug|A Woman with a Water Jug]]'', by Jan Vermeer, ca. 1660–62
File:Willem Pietersz. Buytewech Merry Company.jpg|''[[Merry Company]]'', by [[Willem Pieterszoon Buytewech]], c. 1620
File:Willem Pietersz. Buytewech 002.jpg|''[[Merry Company (Buytewech)|Merry Company]]'', by Willem Pieterszoon Buytewech, ca. 1620–22
File:Quiringh Gerritsz. van Brekelenkam 003.jpg|A [[genre scene]] by [[Quiringh van Brekelenkam]], c. 1655
File:Quiringh Gerritsz van Brekelenkam Interieur mit einer jungen Frau am Spinnrad und einer Magd.jpg|A genre scene by Quiringh van Brekelenkam, c. 1661
File:Quirijn van Brekelenkam - The Blood-Letting.jpg|''The Bloodletting'', by Quiringh van Brekelenkam, c. 1660
File:Shoemaker's Shop by Quiringh Gerritsz. van Brekelenkam.jpg|''Shoemaker's Shop'', by Quiringh van Brekelenkam, c. 1660
File:Nicolaes Maes - The Account Keeper.jpg|''The Account Keeper'', by [[Nicolaes Maes]], c. 1657
File:Jan Verkolje - Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.jpg|Portrait of [[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]], by [[Jan Verkolje]]
</gallery>

==Legacy and recognition==
An [[4798 Mercator|asteroid is named]] for Gerardus Mercator. On 5 March 2015, Google celebrated his 503rd birthday with a [[Google Doodle|doodle]].

On 20 May 2018, [[Google Doodle]] celebrated the anniversary of [[Theatrum Orbis Terrarum|Ortelius' atlas]] which was published on 20 May, 1570.

[[Australia on the Map]] is the history and heritage division of the [[Australasian Hydrographic Society]]. It seeks to enhance Australians' knowledge, understanding and appreciation of the nation's early history, beginning in 1606 with the voyages of [[Willem Janszoon]] in the ''[[Duyfken]]''

Crater [[Langrenus (crater)|Langrenus]], on the Moon, is named after [[Michael van Langren|Michiel van Langren]].

===Field of (early modern) Netherlandish cartographic and geographic studies===
Some notable scholars/historians of Netherlandish cartography and geography include Cornelis Koeman,<ref>Koeman, Cornelis; van Egmond, M.: ''Surveying and Official Mapping in the Low Countries, 1500–ca. 1670'' (''Part 2: Low Countries''), pp. 1246–1295, David Woodward ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007)</ref> Peter van der Krogt, Günter Schilder,<ref>Schilder, Günter: ''Australia Unveiled: the Share of Dutch Navigators in the Discovery of Australia (includes bibliography)''. (Amsterdam: Thearum Orbis Terrarum, 1976)</ref><ref>Schilder, Günter (1984) ''The Netherland Nautical Cartography from 1550 to 1650'', RUC, Coimbra: BGUC, 1985, vol. XXXII, 97–119 (Lisboa: CEHCA)</ref><ref>Schilder, Günter; van Egmond, M.: ''Maritime Cartography in the Low Countries during the Renaissance'', (''Part 2: Low Countries''), pp. 1384–1432, David Woodward ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007)</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schilder |first1=Günter |last2=Kok |first2=Hans |title=Sailing for the East: History and Catalogue of Manuscript Charts on Vellum of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), 1602–1799 |publisher=BRILL |year=2010 |isbn=9789061942603}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schilder |first1=Günter |title=Early Dutch Maritime Cartography: The North Holland School of Cartography (c. 1580 – c. 1620) |publisher=BRILL |year=2017 |isbn=9789004338029}}</ref> Benjamin Schmidt,<ref>Schmidt, Benjamin (1997), 'Mapping an Empire: Cartographic and Colonial Rivalry in Seventeenth-Century Dutch and English North America,'. ''The William and Mary Quarterly'' 54(3): 549–578</ref> Elizabeth A. Sutton,<ref>Sutton, Elizabeth A. (2009), 'Mapping Meaning: Ethnography and Allegory in Netherlandish Cartography, 1570–1655,'. ''Itinerario'' 33(3): 12–42</ref><ref>Sutton, Elizabeth A.: ''Early Modern Dutch Prints of Africa (Transculturalisms, 1400–1700)''. (Ashgate, 2012, 276 pp)</ref><ref>Sutton, Elizabeth A.: ''Capitalism and Cartography in the Dutch Golden Age''. (University of Chicago Press, 2015, 208 pp)</ref> Claudia Swan, James A. Welu, and Kees Zandvliet.<ref>Zandvliet, Kees: ''Mapping for Money: Maps, Plans and Topographic Paintings and their Role in Dutch Overseas Expansion During the 16th and 17th Centuries''. (Batavian Lion International, 1998, 328 pp)</ref><ref>Zandvliet, Kees: ''Mapping the Dutch World Overseas in the Seventeenth Century'', (''Part 2: Low Countries''), pp. 1433–1462, David Woodward ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007)</ref>

====Professional organizations====
* [[Explokart]] (research programme at [[Utrecht University]], founded 1981 by professor Günter Schilder)
* [[The Brussels Map Circle]] (previously the [[Brussels International Map Collectors' Circle]])

====Publications====
* ''[[Caert-Thresoor: Tijdschrift voor de Geschiedenis van de Kartografie]]'' (Dutch-language journal)

==Timeline and historical firsts==
*1507: Publication of the ''[[Johannes Ruysch#The Ruysch Map of 1507|Ruysch World Map]]'' by [[Johannes Ruysch]].
*1533–1615: Publications of the first systematic uses of the [[triangulation (surveying)|triangulation]] method in modern [[surveying]] and [[mapmaking]] (most notably [[Gemma Frisius]], [[Jacob van Deventer (cartographer)|Jacob van Deventer]] and [[Willebrord Snel|Willebrord Snellius/Willebrord Snel van Royen]]).
*1552: [[Gerardus Mercator]] moved from [[Leuven]] ([[Flanders]], [[Habsburg Netherlands]]) to [[Duisburg]] (in modern-day Germany) at age 40, where he lived for the rest of his life.
*1569: Publication of the ''[[Mercator 1569 world map|Mercator World Map]]'', the first known map to use the [[Mercator projection]], by Gerardus Mercator.
*1570: Publication of the ''[[Theatrum Orbis Terrarum]]'' (''Theatre of the Orb of the World''), often recognized as the first true [[atlas]] in the modern sense,<ref name="PaulBinding"/> by [[Abraham Ortelius]]. Ortelius's printed atlas is often considered as the official beginning of the Golden Age of Netherlandish/Dutch cartography (approximately 1570s–1670s).
*1578: Publication of the ''[[Speculum Orbis Terrarum]]'' by [[Gerard de Jode]].
*1584: Publication of the ''[[Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer|Spieghel der Zeevaerdt]]'' (''Mariner's Mirror''), often recognized as the first [[nautical chart|nautical]] atlas in the modern sense, by [[Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer]].
*1593: Publication of the ''[[Speculum Orbis Terrae]]'' (''Mirror of the World'') by [[Cornelis de Jode]]. Cornelis was the son of [[Gerard de Jode]]. When his father died in 1591, Cornelis de Jode took over the work on his father's uncompleted atlas project (''Speculum Orbis Terrarum'', originally published in 1578), which he eventually published in 1593.
*1595: Publication of the ''[[Atlas Cosmographicae|Atlas Sive Cosmographicae Meditationes de Fabrica Mundi et Fabricati Figura]]'' (''Atlas or cosmographical meditations upon the creation of the universe, and the universe as created'') by Gerardus Mercator's son [[Rumold Mercator]]. For the first time in history, the term 'atlas' is used for a collection of maps, in a geographical context.<ref name="Krogt2015"/>
*1595–1599: [[Dutch systematic mapping of the far southern sky|First documented systematic mapping]] of the [[southern sky|far southern sky]], by Dutch explorers and [[celestial cartography|celestial cartographer]]s (most notably [[Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser]], [[Frederick de Houtman]], and [[Petrus Plancius]]). The 12 [[:Category:Constellations listed by Petrus Plancius|newly Dutch-created]] [[:Category:Southern constellations|far southern constellations]] (include: [[Apus]], [[Chamaeleon]], [[Dorado]], [[Grus (constellation)|Grus]], [[Hydrus]], [[Indus (constellation)|Indus]], [[Musca]], [[Pavo (constellation)|Pavo]], [[Phoenix (constellation)|Phoenix]], [[Triangulum Australe]], [[Tucana]], and [[Volans]]) first appeared on a 35-cm diameter [[celestial globe]] published by Amsterdam-based celestial cartographers.
*1596: [[Svalbard#History|First undisputed discovery, exploration and mapping of the Svalbard archipelago]], by Dutch explorers and cartographers (most notably [[Willem Barentsz]]).
*1606–1613: Publication of the ''[[Mercator-Hondius Atlas]]'' by [[Jodocus Hondius]].
*1606–1646: [[Dutch East India Company#VOC-sponsored Dutch discovery, exploration, and mapping of mainland Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and various islands|First undisputed non-Indigenous discovery, exploration and mapping of Australasia]] (including the [[Australian continent]] and [[History of New Zealand|New Zealand]], excluding [[New Guinea]]), by [[Dutch East India Company|VOC-sponsored]] Dutch navigators, explorers and cartographers.
**1606–1642: First undisputed non-Indigenous discovery, exploration and mapping of [[mainland Australia]], [[History of Tasmania|mainland Tasmania]], and their surrounding islands (see: [[list of islands of Australia]], [[list of islands of Tasmania]]). In the 17th century, the VOC's navigators, explorers and cartographers charted almost three-quarters of the Australian mainland's coastline, except the east coast. It is important to note that [[Australian continent|Australia]] is the last human-inhabited continent to be undisputedly put its name on the world map, by VOC explorers and cartographers. It is also the last human-inhabited continent to be largely revealed to the civilized world, in the 17th century.
**1642–1643: First undisputed non-Indigenous discovery, exploration and mapping of [[History of New Zealand|Nova Zeelandia/New Zealand]], by VOC explorers and cartographers (most notably [[Abel Tasman]]).
*1645: Publication of [[Dutch celestial and lunar cartography in the Age of Discovery|the first known scientific map of the Moon with a topographical nomenclature]], by [[Michael van Langren|Michiel van Langren]].<ref name="Whitaker1999">[[Ewen A. Whitaker|Whitaker, Ewen A.]] (1999), 'Chapter 3: Van Langren (Langrenus) and the Birth of [[Selenography]],'; in Ewen A. Whitaker, ''Mapping and Naming the Moon: A History of Lunar Cartography and Nomenclature''. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp.&nbsp;37–47</ref><ref name="Sky&Telescope"/><ref name="rmg.co.uk"/>
*1657–1662: Publication of the ''[[Atlas Novus]]'' by [[Jan Janssonius]].
*1660: Publication of the ''[[Harmonia Macrocosmica]]'' by [[Andreas Cellarius]].
*1662–1672: Publication of the ''[[Atlas Maior]]'' by [[Johannes Blaeu]].
*1698: Publication of the ''[[Atlas de Wit]]'' by [[Frederik de Wit]].

==See also==
{{Div col|small=yes}}
*''[[Atlas Blaeu-Van der Hem]]''
*''[[Atlas Cosmographicae]]'' (Mercator's 1596 World Atlas)
*''[[Atlas Maior]]''
*''[[Atlas Van Loon]]''
*[[Dutch celestial cartography in the Age of Discovery]] ([[Dutch systematic mapping of the far southern sky|Early systematic mapping of the far southern sky, c. 1595–1599]])
*[[Dutch mapping of Australia]] (1606–1642)
*[[Dutch mapping of Formosa (Taiwan)]]
*[[Dutch maritime cartography in the Age of Discovery]]
*''[[Harmonia Macrocosmica]]''
*[[History of cartography]]
*''[[Leo Belgicus]]''
*[[List of Dutch discoveries]]
*[[List of Dutch explorations]]
*[[List of place names of Dutch origin]]
*[[Mercator 1569 world map|Mercator's 1569 World Map]]
*''[[Mercator-Hondius Atlas]]''
*''[[Theatrum Orbis Terrarum]]'' (''Theatre of the Orb of the World'')
*[[Iberian cartography, 1400–1600|Early modern Iberian (Spanish and Portuguese) cartography]], one of the main influences on early modern Netherlandish cartography
*''[[The Mariner's Mirror]]'' (journal), takes its name from [[Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer|Waghenaer]]'s sea atlas
{{Div col end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
Books, dissertations and theses:
* Ames, Glenn J.: ''The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500–1700''. (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008)
* [[Leo Bagrow|Bagrow, Leo]] (ed.); [[Abraham Ortelius|Ortelius, Abraham]]: ''A. Ortelii Catalogus Cartographorum''. ([[Gotha]]: [[Justus Perthes (publishing company)|Justus Perthes]], 1928–1930)
* Bennett, Shirley K.: ''Art on Netherlandish Maps, 1585–1685: Themes and Sources''. (PhD diss., [[University of Maryland, College Park]], 1990)
* Berg, Thomas Reinertsen: ''Theater of the World: The Maps that Made History''. Translated from the Norwegian by Alison McCullough. (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2018)
* Betz, Richard L.: ''The Mapping of Africa: A Cartobibliography of Printed Maps of the African Continent to 1700''. ([['t Goy]]-[[Houten]]: HES & De Graaf, 2007)
* Binding, Paul: ''Imagined Corners: Exploring the [[Theatrum Orbis Terrarum|World's First Atlas]]''. (London: Headline Book Publishing, 2003)
* [[Johannes Blaeu|Blaeu, Johannes (Blaeu, Joan)]]: ''[[Atlas Maior]]: The Greatest and Finest Atlas Ever Published''. Introduction and texts by Peter van der Krogt. (Cologne: [[Taschen]], 2006)
* Blonk, Dirk; Blonk-van der Wijst, Joanna: ''Hollandia Comitatus: Een kartobibliografie van Holland''. ('t Goy-Houten: HES & De Graaf, 2000) [in Dutch]
* Bracht, J.Th.W. van (ed.): ''Atlas van kaarten en aanzichten van de [[Dutch East India Company|VOC]] en [[Dutch West India Company|WIC]], genoemd Vingboons-Atlas, in het Algemeen Rijksarchief te [[The Hague|'s-Gravenhage]]''. ([[Haarlem]]: Fibula / Van Dishoeck, 1981) [in Dutch]
* Brommer, Bea; et al. (eds.): ''Grote Atlas van de Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, Vol. 3: Indische Archipel en Oceanië'' [''Comprehensive Atlas of the Dutch United East India Company, Vol. 3: Malay Archipelago and Oceania'']. (Voorburg: Uitgeverij Asia Maior / Atlas Maior, 2008) [in Dutch]
* Brommer, Bea; et al. (eds.): ''Grote Atlas van de Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, Vol. 5: Afrika'' [''Comprehensive Atlas of the Dutch United East India Company, Vol. 5: Africa'']. (Voorburg: Uitgeverij Asia Maior / Atlas Maior, 2009) [in Dutch]
* Brommer, Bea; et al. (eds.): ''Grote Atlas van de West-Indische Compagnie, Vol. 1: De Oude WIC, 1621–1674'' [''Comprehensive Atlas of the Dutch West India Company, Vol. 1: The Old WIC, 1621–1674'']. (Voorburg: Uitgeverij Asia Maior / Atlas Maior, 2011) [in Dutch]
* Burnet, Ian: ''The [[Tasman Map]], the Biography of a Map: [[Abel Tasman]], the [[Dutch East India Company]] and the First [[European exploration of Australia|Dutch Discoveries of Australia]]''. (Sydney: Rosenberg Publishing, 2019)
* Carhart, George S.: ''[[Frederick de Wit]] and the First Concise Reference Atlas''. (Leiden: Brill, 2016) {{ISBN|9789004299030}}
* [[Andreas Cellarius|Cellarius, Andreas]]: ''Cellarius Atlas: The Divine Sky – History's Most Beautiful Celestial Atlas ([[Harmonia Macrocosmica]] of 1660)''. Edited by Robert Van Gent. (Cologne: [[Taschen]], 2006)
* Clancy, Robert: ''The Mapping of [[Terra Australis]]: A Guide to Early Printed Maps of Australia, Antarctica and the South Pacific''. ([[Macquarie Park, New South Wales]]: Universal Press, 1995)
* Clancy, Robert; Manning, John; Brolsma, Henk: ''Mapping [[Antarctica]]: A Five Hundred Year Record of Discovery''. (New York: Springer, 2012)
* Cockshaw, P.; de Nave, F. (eds.): ''Abraham Ortelius (1527–1598), cartograaf en humanist''. (Turnhout: Brepols, 1998) [in Dutch]
* Day, Alan: ''The A to Z of the Discovery and Exploration of Australia''. (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2009) {{ISBN|978-0-8108-6810-6}}
* De Groot, Erlend (ed.): ''The [[Atlas Blaeu-Van der Hem]] of the Austrian National Library [Vol. 7]: The World of a Seventeenth-Century Collector''. ('t Goy-Houten: HES & De Graaf, 2006)
* [[Frederick de Wit|De Wit, Frederick]]; van Delft, Marieke (ed.); van der Krogt, Peter (ed.): ''[[Atlas de Wit]] 1698: Stedenatlas van de Lage Landen. Van Groningen tot Kamerijk'' [''Atlas des villes des Anciens Pays-Bas: De Groningue à Cambray'' / ''Town atlas of the Low Countries: From Groningen to Cambray'']. (Tielt: Uitgeverij Lannoo; Den Haag: Koninklijke Bibliotheek, 2012) [in Dutch]
* Deimann, Clemens: ''Maps in De Heere's Journal: Cartographic Reflections of [[Dutch East India Company|VOC]] Policy on Ceylon, 1698''. (MA thesis, Leiden University, 2018)
* Destombes, Marcel: ''Cartes hollandaises. La cartographie de la [[Dutch East India Company|Compagnie des Indes Orientales]], 1593–1743. La mappemonde de [[Petrus Plancius]] gravée par Josua van den Ende, 1604, d'après l'unique exemplaire de la Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris''. ([[Saigon]]: C. Ardin, 1941) [in French]
* Dorigo, Mario; Franssen, Mathieu: ''Brabantia Ducatus: Geschiedenis en Cartobibliografie van het [[Duchy of Brabant|Hertogdom Brabant]] tot 1795''. (Leiden: Brill, 2018) [in Dutch]
* Gehring, Ulrike; Weibel, Peter (eds.): ''Mapping Spaces: Networks of Knowledge in 17th Century [[Landscape Painting]]''. (Munich: Hirmer Verlag, 2015)
* Goffart, Walter: ''[[Historical atlas|Historical Atlases]]: The First Three Hundred Years, 1570–1870''. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003)
* Haasbroek, N.D.: ''[[Gemma Frisius]], [[Tycho Brahe]] and [[Willebrord Snel van Royen|Snellius]] and their [[Triangulation (surveying)|Triangulations]]''. (Delft: Nederlandse Commissie voor Geodesie, 1968)
* Haddad, Thomás A. S.: ''Maps of the Moon: [[Lunar Cartography]] from the Seventeenth Century to the Space Age''. (Boston / Leiden: Brill, 2020)
* Harwood, Jeremy: ''To the Ends of the Earth: 100 Maps That Changed the World''. (Cincinnati, OH: F & W Publications, 2006)
* Heijer; Henk den; et al. (eds.): ''Grote Atlas van de West-Indische Compagnie, Vol. 2: De Nieuwe WIC, 1674–1791'' [''Comprehensive Atlas of the Dutch West India Company, Vol. 2: the New WIC, 1674–1791'']. (Voorburg: Uitgeverij Asia Maior / Atlas Maior, 2012) [in Dutch]
* Holzer, Gerhard; Newby, Valerie; Svatek, Petra; Zotti, Georg (eds.): ''A World of Innovation: Cartography in the Time of Gerhard Mercator''. (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015)
* Huigen, Siegfried: ''Knowledge and Colonialism: Eighteenth-Century Travellers in South Africa''. (Leiden: Brill, 2009)
* Gommans, Jos; et al. (eds.): ''Grote Atlas van de Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, Vol. 6: Voor-Indië, Perzië, Arabisch Schiereiland'' [''Comprehensive Atlas of the Dutch United East Indian Company, Vol. 6: India, Persia, Arabian Peninsula'']. (Voorburg: Uitgeverij Asia Maior / Atlas Maior, 2010) [in Dutch]
* Gommans, Jos; van Diessen, Rob; et al. (eds.): ''Grote Atlas van de Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, Vol. 7: Oost-Azië, Birma tot Japan'' [''Comprehensive Atlas of the Dutch United East Indian Company, Vol. 7: East Asia, Burma to Japan & Supplement'']. (Voorburg: Uitgeverij Asia Maior / Atlas Maior, 2010) [in Dutch]
* Jacobs, Elisabeth Maria: ''The Red-Haired in Japan: Dutch Influence on Japanese Cartography (1640–1853)''. (M.A. thesis, [[University of British Columbia]], 1983)
* Kanas, Nick: ''[[Star Map]]s: History, Artistry, and Cartography'' [2nd ed.]. (New York: Springer, 2012)
* Karrow, Robert W.: ''Mapmakers of the Sixteenth Century and Their Maps: Bio-Bibliographies of the Cartographers of Abraham Ortelius, 1570 based on [[Leo Bagrow]]'s A. Ortelii Catalogus Cartographorum''. (Chicago: Speculum Orbis Press for the Newberry Library, 1993)
* Knaap, Gerrit; et al. (eds.): ''Grote Atlas van de Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, Vol. 2: Java en Madoera'' [''Comprehensive Atlas of the Dutch United East Indian Company, Vol. 2: Java and Madura'']. (Voorburg: Uitgeverij Asia Maior / Atlas Maior, 2007) [in Dutch]
* [[:nl:Cornelis Koeman|Koeman, Cornelis]]: ''The History of Abraham Ortelius and his "[[Theatrum Orbis Terrarum]]"''. (Lausanne: Sequoia, 1964)
* Koeman, Cornelis: ''Collections of Maps and Atlases in the Netherlands: Their History and Present State''. (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1961)
* Koeman, Cornelis: ''The History of [[Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer]] and his "Spieghel Der Zeevaerdt"''. (Lausanne: Sequoia, 1964)
* Koeman, Cornelis (ed.): ''[[Atlantes Neerlandici]]: Bibliography of Terrestrial, Maritime and Celestial Atlases and Pilot Books, Published in the Netherlands Up to 1880''. (Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1967–1985)
* Koeman, Cornelis (ed.): ''Links with the Past: The History of the Cartography of [[Dutch Suriname|Suriname]], 1500–1971''. (Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1973)
* Koeman, Cornelis: ''Handleiding voor de studie van de topografische kaarten van Nederland, 1750–1850''. ([[Culemborg]]: Tjeenk Willink / Noorduijn, 1978) [in Dutch]
* Koeman, Cornelis: ''Geschiedenis van de kartografie van Nederland: Zes eeuwen land- en zeekaarten en stadsplattegronden''. (Alphen aan den Rijn: Uitgeverij Canaletto, 1985) [in Dutch]
* Koeman, Cornelis: ''Koeman's Atlantes Neerlandici [Vol. 1]: The Folio Atlases published by Gerard Mercator, Jodocus Hondius, Henricus Hondius, Johannes Janssonius and Their Successors''. Compiled by Peter van der Krogt. ('t Goy-Houten: HES, 1997)
* Koeman, Cornelis: ''Koeman's Atlantes Neerlandici [Vol. 2]: The Folio Atlases Published by Willem Jansz. Blaeu and Joan Blaeu''. Compiled by Peter van der Krogt. ('t Goy-Houten: HES, 2000)
* Koeman, Cornelis: ''Koeman's Atlantes Neerlandici [Vol. 3]: Ortelius's Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, De Jode's Speculum Orbis Terrarum, The Epitome, Caert-Thresoor and Atlas Minor, The Atlases of the XVII Provinces, and Some Other Atlases Published in the Low Countries up to c. 1650''. Compiled by Peter van der Krogt. ('t Goy-Houten: HES, 2003)
* Koeman, Cornelis: ''Koeman's Atlantes Neerlandici [Vol. 4]: The Town Atlases: Braun & Hogenberg, Janssonius, Blaeu, De Wit, Mortier and Others''. Compiled by Peter van der Krogt. ('t Goy-Houten: HES, 2010)
* Kopal, Zdenĕk; Carder, Robert W.: ''Mapping of the Moon: Past and Present''. ([[Boston, MA]]: Reidel Publishing Company, 1974)
* Makrostergiou, Anna: ''Artistic Decorations in Early Modern Cartography: A Study Case of Maps of the Dutch Golden Age''. (MA thesis, [[Vienna University of Technology]] / [[Technische Universität Wien]], 2015)
* Meganck, Tine Luk: ''Erudite Eyes: Friendship, Art and Erudition in the Network of [[Abraham Ortelius]] (1527–1598)'' [''Studies in Netherlandish Art and Cultural History'', 14]. (Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2017)
* Meurer, Peter H.: ''Fontes Cartographici Orteliani: Das 'Theatrum Orbis Terrarum' von Abraham Ortelius und seine Kartenquellen''. ([[Weinheim]]: VCH / Acta Humaniora, 1991) [in German]
* Michalsky, Tanja: ''Projektion und Imagination: Die niederländische Landschaft der Frühen Neuzeit im Diskurs von Geographie und Malerei''. (München: Wilhelm Fink, 2011) [in German]
* [[Mark Monmonier|Monmonier, Mark]]: ''Rhumb Lines and Map Wars: A Social History of the [[Mercator Projection]]''. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004)
* Morgan, Kenneth: ''Navigating by the [[Southern Cross]]: A History of the European Discovery and Exploration of Australia''. (London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2021)
* National Library of Australia: ''Australia in Maps: Great Maps in Australia's History from the National Library's Collection''. (Canberra: National Library of Australia, 2007)
* Nelemans, Bert; van Diessen, Rob (eds.): ''Grote Atlas van de Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, Vol. 4: Ceylon'' [''Comprehensive Atlas of the Dutch United East Indian Company, Vol. 4: Ceylon'']. (Voorburg: Uitgeverij Asia Maior / Atlas Maior, 2008) [in Dutch]
* Nichols, Robert; Woods, Martin (eds.): ''Mapping Our World: [[Terra incognita|Terra Incognita]] to Australia''. (Canberra: National Library of Australia, 2013) {{ISBN|978-0-642-27809-8}}
* Paranavitana, K.D.; de Silva, R.K.: ''Maps and Plans of [[Dutch Ceylon]]: A Representative Collection of Cartography from the Dutch Period''. (Colombo: Sri Lanka-Netherlands Association, 2002)
* Pearson, Michael: ''Great Southern Land: The Maritime Exploration of [[Terra Australis]]''. (Canberra: Department of Environment and Heritage, 2005)
* Renkema, W.E.: ''Kaarten van de [[Dutch Caribbean|Nederlandse Antillen]]: [[Curaçao]], [[Aruba]], [[Bonaire]], [[Saba]], [[Sint Eustatius]] en [[Sint Maarten]] tot 1900''. (Leiden: Brill, 2016) [in Dutch]
* Richards, Michael; O'Connor, Maura (eds.): ''Changing Coastlines: Putting Australia on the World Map, 1493–1993''. (Canberra: National Library of Australia, 1993)
* [[Ian Ridpath|Ridpath, Ian]]: ''Star Tales'' [revised and expanded edition]. (Cambridge, England: Lutterworth Press, 2018)
* Ryan, Simon: ''The Cartographic Eye: How Explorers Saw Australia''. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996)
* Scharloo, Mieke; van Mil, Patrick (eds.): ''De [[Dutch East India Company|VOC]] in de kaart gekeken: Cartografie en navigatie van de Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, 1602–1799''. ([[The Hague|'s-Gravenhage]]: SDU, 1988) [in Dutch]
* Schilder, Günter: ''Australia Unveiled: the Share of Dutch Navigators in the Discovery of Australia''. Translated from the German by Olaf Richter. (Amsterdam: Thearum Orbis Terrarum, 1976)
* Schilder, Günter: ''In the Steps of [[Abel Tasman|Tasman]] and [[Willem de Vlamingh|De Vlamingh]]. An Important Cartographic Document for the Discovery of Australia''. (Amsterdam: Nico Israel, 1988)
* Schilder, Günter; van Uchelen, Ton Croiset; van der Horst, Koert (eds.): ''Theatrum Orbis Librorum: Liber Amicorum Presented to Nico Israel on the Occasion of his Seventieth Birthday''. (Utrecht: HES, 1989)
* Schilder, Günter (ed.): ''[[Monumenta Cartographica Neerlandica]] [Vol. I]''. (Alphen aan den Rijn: Uitgeverij Canaletto, 1986)
* Schilder, Günter (ed.): ''Monumenta Cartographica Neerlandica [Vol. II]''. (Alphen aan den Rijn: Uitgeverij Canaletto, 1987)
* Schilder, Günter (ed.): ''Monumenta Cartographica Neerlandica [Vol. III]''. (Alphen aan den Rijn: Uitgeverij Canaletto, 1990)
* Schilder, Günter (ed.): ''Monumenta Cartographica Neerlandica [Vol. IV]''. (Alphen aan den Rijn: Uitgeverij Canaletto, 1990)
* Schilder, Günter (ed.): ''Monumenta Cartographica Neerlandica [Vol. V]''. (Alphen aan den Rijn: Uitgeverij Canaletto, 1996)
* Schilder, Günter (ed.): ''Monumenta Cartographica Neerlandica [Vol. VI]''. (Alphen aan den Rijn: Uitgeverij Canaletto, 2000)
* Schilder, Günter (ed.): ''Monumenta Cartographica Neerlandica [Vol. VII]''. (Alphen aan den Rijn: Uitgeverij Canaletto, 2003)
* Schilder, Günter (ed.): ''Monumenta Cartographica Neerlandica [Vol. VIII]''. (Alphen aan den Rijn: Uitgeverij Canaletto, 2007)
* Schilder, Günter (ed.): ''Monumenta Cartographica Neerlandica [Vol. IX]''. (Alphen aan den Rijn: Uitgeverij Canaletto, 2012)
* Schilder, Günter; et al. (eds.): ''Grote Atlas van de Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, Vol. 1: Atlas Isaac de Graaf / Atlas Amsterdam'' [''Comprehensive Atlas of the Dutch United East India Company, Vol. 1: Atlas Isaac de Graaf / Atlas Amsterdam'']. (Voorburg: Uitgeverij Asia Maior / Atlas Maior, 2006) [in Dutch]
* Schilder, Günter; Kok, Hans: ''Sailing for the East: History and Catalogue of Manuscript Charts on [[Vellum]] of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), 1602–1799''. (Leiden: Brill, 2010)
* Schilder, Günter: ''Early Dutch Maritime Cartography: The North Holland School of Cartography (c. 1580 – c. 1620)''. (Leiden: Brill, 2017)
* Schilder, Günter; Kok, Hans: ''Sailing Across the World's Oceans: History & Catalogue of Dutch Charts Printed on Vellum, 1580–1725''. (Leiden: Brill, 2019)
* Schmidt, Benjamin: ''Inventing Exoticism: Geography, Globalism, and Europe's Early Modern World''. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015)
* Storms, Martijn; Cams, Mario; Demhardt, Imre Josef; Oemeling, Ferjan (eds.): ''Mapping Asia: Cartographic Encounters Between East and West (Regional Symposium of the ICA Commission on the History of Cartography, 2017)''. (New York: Springer, 2019)
* Suárez, Thomas: ''Early Mapping of the Pacific: The Epic Story of Seafarers, Adventurers, and Cartographers Who Mapped the Earth's Greatest Ocean''. (Singapore: Periplus Editions, 2004)
* Sutton, Elizabeth A.: ''Early Modern Dutch Prints of Africa''. (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2012)
* Sutton, Elizabeth A.: ''Capitalism and Cartography in the [[Dutch Golden Age]]''. (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2015) {{ISBN|978-0-226-25478-4}}
* Taylor, Andrew: ''The World of Gerard Mercator: The Mapmaker Who Revolutionized Geography''. (New York: Walker & Company, 2004)
* [[Francois Valentijn|Valentijn, Francois]]: ''Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indiën''. (Dordrecht: Joannes van Braam; Amsterdam: Gerard onder de Linden, 1724–1726) [in Dutch]
* Van den Boogaart, Ernst: ''Civil and Corrupt Asia: Image and Text in the [[Itinerario (1596 book)|Itinerario]] and the Icones of [[Jan Huygen van Linschoten]]''. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003)
* Van den Broecke, Marcel (ed.): ''Ortelius Atlas Maps: An Illustrated Guide [Second Revised Edition]''. ('t Goy-Houten: HES & De Graaf, 1996)
* Van den Broecke, Marcel; van der Krogt, Peter; Meurer, Peter (eds.): ''Abraham Ortelius and the First Atlas: Essays Commemorating the Quadricentennial of His Death, 1598–1998''. ([['t Goy]]-Houten: HES, 1998)
* Van der Haegen H.; Daelemans, F.; van Ermen, E. (eds.): ''Oude kaarten en plattegronden: Bronnen voor de historische geografie van de Zuidelijke Nederlanden [Cartes et plans anciens: Sources pour la géographie historique des Pays-Bas méridionaux]. (Brussels: Archives et bibliothèques de Belgique Archief- en bibliotheekwezen in België, 1998) [in Dutch]
* Van der Heijden, H.A.M.: ''[[Leo Belgicus]]: An Illustrated and Annotated Carto-Bibliography''. (Alphen aan den Rijn: Uitgeverij Canaletto, 1990)
* Van der Horst, Koert (ed.): ''The Atlas Blaeu-Van der Hem of the Austrian National Library [Vol. 8]: The History of the Atlas and the Making of the Facsimile''. ('t Goy-Houten: HES & De Graaf, 2002)
* Van der Krogt, Peter: ''The Globes of [[Jodocus Hondius|Hondius]]: A Most Important Pair of Globes Showing the Results of the Earliest Dutch Exploration Voyages to the East Indies''. (Utrecht: Antiquariaat Forum, 1991)
* Van der Krogt, Peter: ''Globi Neerlandici: The Production of Globes in the Low Countries''. Translated from the Dutch by Elizabeth Daverman. (Utrecht: HES, 1993)
* Van der Krogt, Peter; van den Brink, P.P.W.J.; Hameleers, M.M.Th.L. (eds.): ''Bibliografie van de Geschiedenis van de Kartografie van de Nederlanden'' [''Bibliography of the History of Cartography of the Netherlands'']. (Utrecht: HES, 1993) [in Dutch]
* Van der Krogt, Peter; de Groot, Erlend; et al. (eds.): ''The [[Atlas Blaeu-Van der Hem]] of the Austrian National Library [Vol. 1]: Spain, Portugal and France. Descriptive Catalogue of Volumes 1–8 of the Atlas''. ('t Goy-Houten: HES, 1996)
* Van der Krogt, Peter; de Groot, Erlend; et al. (eds.): ''The Atlas Blaeu-Van der Hem of the Austrian National Library [Vol. 2]: Italy, Malta, Switzerland and the Low Countries. Descriptive Catalogue of Volumes 9–17 of the Atlas''. ('t Goy-Houten: HES, 1999)
* Van der Krogt, Peter; de Groot, Erlend; et al. (eds.): ''The Atlas Blaeu-Van der Hem of the Austrian National Library [Vol. 3]: British Isles, Northern and Eastern Europe. Descriptive Catalogue of Volumes 18–24 of the Atlas''. ('t Goy-Houten: HES & De Graaf, 2002)
* Van der Krogt, Peter; de Groot, Erlend; et al. (eds.): ''The Atlas Blaeu-Van der Hem of the Austrian National Library [Vol. 4]: Holy Roman Empire, Hungary, Greece, Constantinople, Smyrna and Bible Maps. Descriptive Catalogue of Volumes 25–34 of the Atlas''. ('t Goy-Houten: HES & De Graaf, 2004)
* Van der Krogt, Peter; de Groot, Erlend; et al. (eds.): ''The Atlas Blaeu-Van der Hem of the Austrian National Library [Vol. 5]: Africa, Asia and America, Including the "Secret" Atlas of the Dutch East-India Company (VOC). Descriptive Catalogue of Volumes 35–46 of the Atlas''. ('t Goy-Houten: HES & De Graaf, 2005)
* Van der Krogt, Peter; de Groot, Erlend; et al. (eds.): ''The Atlas Blaeu-Van der Hem of the Austrian National Library [Vol. 6]: The Supplemental Volumes (Ergänzungsbände). Descriptive Catalogue of the Four Supplemental Volumes to the Atlas''. ('t Goy-Houten: HES & De Graaf, 2008)
* Van Egmond, M.: ''Covens & Mortier: A Map Publishing House in Amsterdam, 1685–1866''. ('t Goy-Houten: HES & De Graaf, 2009)
* Van Gelder, Roelof; van der Waals, Jan: ''Een wereldreiziger op papier. De Atlas van [[Laurens Van der Hem]] (1621–1678)''. (Amsterdam: Stichting Koninklijk Paleis / Snoeck-Ducaju & Zoon Gent, 1992) [in Dutch]
* Van Mill, P.; Scharloo, M. (eds.): ''De VOC in de kaart gekeken: Cartografie en navigatie van de [[Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie]], 1602–1799'' [''Maps and Charts of the VOC: Cartography and Navigation of the Dutch East India Company, 1602–1799'']. (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1988) [in Dutch]
* Warner, Deborah J.: ''The Sky Explored: Celestial Cartography, 1500–1800''. (New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1979)
* Werner, Jan W.H.: ''Abraham Ortelius (1527–1598), aartsvader van onze atlas''. (Amsterdam / Alphen aan den Rijn: Universiteitsbibliotheek / Canaletto, 1998) [in Dutch]
* [[Ewen A. Whitaker|Whitaker, Ewen A.]]: ''Mapping and Naming the Moon: A History of Lunar Cartography and Nomenclature''. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999)
* Wieder, F. C.: ''The Dutch Discovery and Mapping of [[Spitsbergen]] (1596–1829)''. (Amsterdam: Netherland Ministry of Foreign Affairs / Royal Dutch Geographical Society, 1919)
* Willard, Lisa Jayne: ''What is an Atlas? An Historical Overview and Comparison of Use Between The Netherlands and The United States, and a Recontextualization for 21st Century Design''. (MA thesis, [[Texas State University]], 2007)
* Woodfin, Thomas McCall: ''The Cartography of Capitalism: Cartographic Evidence for the Emergence of the Capitalist World-System in Early Modern Europe''. (Ph.D. thesis, [[Texas A&M University]], December 2007)
* [[David Woodward (cartographer)|Woodward, David]] (ed.): ''Art and Cartography: Six Historical Essays''. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987)
* Woodward, David (ed.): ''Cartography in the European Renaissance'' [''[[History of Cartography Project|The History of Cartography]]'', Vol. 3]. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007)
* Zandvliet, Kees: ''Mapping for Money: Maps, Plans and Topographic Paintings and their Role in Dutch Overseas Expansion During the 16th and 17th Centuries''. (Batavian Lion International, 1998)

Journal articles, scholarly papers, essays, and book chapters:
* [[Svetlana Alpers|Alpers, Svetlana]] (1987), 'The Mapping Impulse in Dutch Art,'; in ''Art and Cartography: Six Historical Essays'', edited by David Woodward (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), p.&nbsp;51–96
* Campbell, Tony (1976), 'A Descriptive Census of [[Willem Blaeu]]'s Sixty-Eight Centimetre Globes,'. ''Imago Mundi'' 28(1): 21–50
* Cams, Mario (2020), 'Displacing China: The [[Martino Martini|Martini]]-[[Johannes Blaeu|Blaeu]] Novus Atlas Sinensis and the Late Renaissance Shift in Representations of East Asia,'. ''Renaissance Quarterly'' 73(3): 953–990. {{doi|10.1017/rqx.2020.123}}
* Castelnovi, Michele (2014), 'The Dutch Cartography's Gouden Eeuw, Between Art and Industry,'. ''Bollettino dell'Associazione Italiana di Cartografia'' 7(4) (2014): 657–667. {{doi|10.13128/bsgi.v7i4.380}}
* De Meer, Sjoerd; Ormeling, Ferjan (2010), 'Het verhaal achter de Grote Atlas van de Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie: een interview met Rob van Diessen,' [The story behind the Comprehensive Atlas of the Dutch East India Company: an interview with Rob van Diessen]. ''[[Caert-Thresoor]]'' 29(3): 77–87. [in Dutch]
* [[Elly Dekker|Dekker, Elly]] (1987), 'Early Explorations of the Southern Celestial Sky,'. ''Annals of Science'' 44(5): 439–70
* [[Elly Dekker|Dekker, Elly]] (1987), 'On the Dispersal of Knowledge of the Southern Celestial Sky,'. ''Der Globusfreund'' 35–37: 211–30
* Dorofeeva-Lichtmann, V. V. (2018), 'The First Map of China Printed in Europe [Ortelius 1584] Reconsidered: Confusions of Its Authorship and the Influence of the Chinese Cartography,'; In: L. Saraiva, & C. Jami (eds.), ''History of Mathematical Sciences: Portugal and East Asia V; Visual and Textual Representations in Exchanges Between Europe and East Asia 16th–18th Centuries''. (Singapore: World Scientific, 2018), pp. 138–168. {{doi|10.1142/9789813233256_0007}}
* Gaspar, Joaquim Alves; Leitão, Henrique (2013), 'Squaring the Circle: How Mercator Constructed His Projection in 1569,'. ''Imago Mundi'' 66(1): 1–24. {{doi|10.1080/03085694.2014.845940}}
* Gaspar, Joaquim Alves (2016), 'Revisiting the Mercator World Map of 1569: an Assessment of Navigational Accuracy,'. ''The Journal of Navigation'' 69(6): 1183–1196. {{doi|10.1017/S0373463316000291}}
* Glatigny, Pascal Dubourg; Maré, Estelle Alma (2006), 'A Map and its Copy of [[:Category:Governors of the Dutch Cape Colony|Governor]] [[Simon van der Stel]]'s Expedition to [[Namaqualand]] (1685): an Enquiry into Their Visual Values,'. ''South African Journal of Art History'' 21(1): 104–113
* Glatigny, Pascal Dubourg; Maré, Estelle Alma; Viljoen, Russel Stafford (2008), 'Inter se nulli fines: Representations of the presence of the [[Khoikhoi]] in early colonial maps of the [[Cape of Good Hope]],'. ''South African Journal of Art History'' 23(1): 301–317
* Glenn, Ian (2007), '[[François Levaillant]] and the mapping of Southern Africa,'. ''Alternation'' 14(2): 25–39
* Heawood, Edward (1919), '[[Jodocus Hondius|Hondius]] and His Newly-Found Map of 1608,'. ''The Geographical Journal'' 54(3): 178–184. {{DOI|10.2307/1780058}} {{jstor|1780058}}
* Hooker, Brian (1993), 'New Light on [[Jodocus Hondius]]' Great World Mercator Map of 1598,'. ''The Geographical Journal'' 159(1): 45–50. {{DOI|10.2307/3451488}} {{jstor|3451488}}
* Huigen, Siegfried (2009), 'Chapter 3: Expeditions from Fort Lijdsaamheijd: [[Dutch East India Company|the VOC]] and the Geography of Southern Africa in the Beginning of the Eighteenth Century,'; in Siegfried Huigen, ''Knowledge and Colonialism: Eighteenth-Century Travellers in South Africa''. (Leiden: Brill, 2009), pp.&nbsp;59–74
* Huigen, Siegfried (2009), 'Chapter 5: [[Xhosa people|Xhosa]] and [[Khoikhoi people|Khoikhoi]] "Households": Representations of Inhabitants of Southern Africa in the [[Robert Jacob Gordon|Gordon]] Atlas,'; in Siegfried Huigen, ''Knowledge and Colonialism: Eighteenth-Century Travellers in South Africa''. (Leiden: Brill, 2009), pp.&nbsp;93–117
* Kanas, Nick (2008), 'Celestial Mapping of the Southern Heavens,'. ''Journal of the International Map Collectors' Society'' 114:7–13
* Kang, Peter (2018), 'The Dutch Commemorative Toponyms in the Seventeenth Century East Asia, Based on the Cartographic Works Left by the Dutch East India Company (VOC),'; in Mirela Altić, Imre Josef Demhardt & Soetkin Vervust (eds.), ''Dissemination of Cartographic Knowledge: 6th International Symposium of the ICA Commission on the History of Cartography, 2016''. (Springer, 2018), pp.&nbsp;257–267
* Kang, Peter (2019), 'Naming and Re-naming on Formosa: The Toponymic Legacies of the [[Dutch East India Company|VOC]] Cartographies on the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Western Maps,'; in Martijn Storms, Mario Cams, Imre Josef Demhardt, Ferjan Oemeling (eds.), ''Mapping Asia: Cartographic Encounters Between East and West [Regional Symposium of the ICA Commission on the History of Cartography, 2017]''. (Springer, 2019), pp.&nbsp;95–109
* Ketelaar, Eric (2008), 'Exploration of the Archived World: From [[Willem de Vlamingh|De Vlamingh]]'s Plate to Digital Realities,'. ''Archives and Manuscripts'' 36(2): 13–33
* Keuning, J. (1947), 'The history of an Atlas: Mercator‐Hondius,'. ''Imago Mundi'' 4(1): 37–62. {{doi|10.1080/03085694708591880}}
* King, Robert J. (2016), 'From Beach to [[Western Australia]]: [[Dirk Hartog]] and the Transition from Speculative to Actual Geography,'. ''The Great Circle'' 38(1): 45–71
* Knobel, E. B. (1917), 'On [[Frederick de Houtman]]'s Catalogue of Southern Stars, and the Origin of the Southern Constellations,'. (Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 77, pp.&nbsp;414–32)
* Koeman, Cornelis (1972), 'The Lead by the Dutch in World Charting in the Seventeenth and First Half of the Eighteenth Century,'; in: Rutherford, W.H. (ed.), ''Second International Congress on the History of Oceanography: Challenger Expedition Centenary'', Edinburgh, 12 to 20 September 1972, Proceedings 2, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B, Biological Sciences, 73: 45–49
* Koeman, Cornelis; van Egmond, M.: ''Surveying and Official Mapping in the Low Countries, 1500–ca. 1670'' (''Part 2: Low Countries''), pp.&nbsp;1246–1295, [[David Woodward (cartographer)|David Woodward]] ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007)
* Kozica, Kazimierz (2017), 'Different states of the sea chart of the Gulf of Riga by [[Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer]] (1534–1606) from his first sea atlas Spiegel der Zeevaert (1583/1585) in the Niewodniczański Collection Imago Poloniae at the Royal Castle in Warsaw,'. ''e-Perimetron'' 12(2): 75–83
* Liebenberg, Elri (2012), 'Unveiling the Geography of the [[Cape of Good Hope]]: Selected VOC Maps of the Interior of South Africa,'; In: Elri Liebenberg, Imre Demhardt (eds.), ''History of Cartography: Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography''. (Heidelberg: Springer, 2012), pp. 209–32
* Livieratos, Evangelos; Koussoulakou, Alexandra (2006), 'Vermeer's Maps: a New Digital Look in an Old Master's Mirror,'. ''e-Perimetron'' 1(2): 138–154
* Livieratos, Evangelos; Boutoura, Chryssoula; Pazarli, Maria; Ploutoglou, Nopi; Tsorlini, Angeliki (2011), 'The very first printed map in Greek, a derived map from Dutch cartography: Chrysanthos Notaras' world map (1700) vs Jan Luyts' world map (1692),'. ''e-Perimetron'' 6(3): 200–218
* Mäkilähde, Aleksi (2016), 'Language choice, language alternation and code-switching in the [[Mercator-Hondius Atlas]],'. ''Approaching Religion'' 6(1):35–45
* Mangani, Giorgio (1998), 'Abraham Ortelius and the hermetic meaning of the cordiform projection,'. ''Imago Mundi'' 50(1): 59–83. {{doi|10.1080/03085699808592879}}
* Mochizuki, Mia M. (2010), 'The Movable Center: The Netherlandish Map in Japan,'; in Michael North (ed.), ''Artistic and Cultural Exchanges between Europe and Asia, 1400–1900: Rethinking Markets, Workshops and Collections''. (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2010)
* Neumann, Elisabeth (2009), 'Imagining European community on the title page of Ortelius' [[Theatrum Orbis Terrarum]] (1570),'. ''Word & Image: A Journal of Verbal/Visual Enquiry'' 25(4): 427–442
* Nuti, Lucia (2003), 'The World Map as an Emblem: Abraham Ortelius and the [[Stoicism|Stoic]] Contemplation,'. ''Imago Mundi'' 55(2003): 38–55. {{jstor|3594755}}
* Okhuizen, Edwin (2005), 'Dutch Pre-[[Willem Barentsz|Barentsz]] Maps and the [[Pomor]] Thesis about the Discovery of [[History of Svalbard|Spitsbergen]],'. ''Acta Borealia: A Nordic Journal of Circumpolar Societies'' 22(1): 21–141
* Paesie, Ruud (2010), 'Op perkament getekend: productie en omvang van het hydrografisch bedrijf van de VOC,' [Drawn on parchment: production and extent of the [[hydrography|hydrographic]] business of the VOC]. ''Caert-Thresoor'' 29(1): 1–8 [in Dutch]
* Ricci, Alessandro (2013), 'L'arte del rappresentare geografico. Un confronto tra cartografia e pitturanel Secolo d'oro dei Paesi Bassi,'. ''Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana'' VI: 655–677 [in Italian]
* Ricci, Alessandro (2016), 'Maps, Power and National Identity. The [[Leo Belgicus]] as a Symbol of the Independence of the [[United Provinces of the Netherlands|United Provinces]],' ['Carte, potere e identità nazionale. Il Leo Belgicus come simbolo dell'indipendenza delle Province Unite,']. ''Bollettino dell'Associazione Italiana di Cartografia'' 154: 102–120. {{DOI|10.13137/2282-472X/12113}}
* Saldanha, Arun (2011), 'The Itineraries of Geography: [[Jan Huygen van Linschoten]]'s Itinerario and Dutch Expeditions to the Indian Ocean, 1594–1602,'. ''Annals of the Association of American Geographers'' 101(1): 149–177
* Sawyer Hogg, Helen (1951), 'Out of Old Books ([[Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser|Pieter Dircksz Keijser]], Delineator of the Southern Constellations),'. ''Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada'' 45: 215
* Schilder, Günter (1976), 'Organisation and Evolution of the Dutch East India Company's [[Hydrography|Hydrographic]] Office in the Seventeenth Century,'. ''Imago Mundi'' 28: 61–78
* Schilder, Günter (1988), '[[New Holland (Australia)|New Holland]]: The Dutch Discoveries,'; in Glyndwr Williams and Alan Frost (eds.), ''Terra Australis to Australia''. (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp.&nbsp;83–115
* Schilder, Günter (1988), 'The So-Called "Atlas Amsterdam" by Isaak de Graaf of About 1700. A Remarkable Cartographic Document of the Dutch East India Company,'; in ''Vice-Almirante A. Teixeira da Mota: In Memoriam'', vol. I, Lisboa: Academia de Marinha / IICT, 1988, pp.&nbsp;133–154
* Schilder, Günter (1984), 'The Dutch Conception of New Holland in the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries,'. ''The Globe: Journal of the Australian Map Circle'' 22: 38–46
* Schilder, Günter (1984), 'Development and Achievements of Dutch Northern and Arctic Cartography in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,'. ''Arctic'' 37(4): 493–514
* Schilder, Günter (1984), 'The Netherland Nautical Cartography from 1550 to 1650,'. ''RUC, Coimbra: BGUC, 1985, vol. XXXII'': 97–119 (Lisboa: CEHCA)
* Schilder, Günter (1989), 'From Secret to Common Knowledge – The Dutch Discoveries,'; in John Hardy and Alan Frost (eds.), ''Studies from Terra Australis to Australia''. (Canberra, 1989)
* Schilder, Günter (1993), 'A Continent Takes Shape: The [[Dutch mapping of Australia]],'; in ''Changing Coastlines: Putting Australia on the World Map, 1493–1993'', edited by Michael Richards & Maura O'Connor. (Canberra: National Library of Australia, 1993), pp.&nbsp;10–16
* Schilder, Günter; van Egmond, M.: ''Maritime Cartography in the Low Countries during the Renaissance'', (''Part 2: Low Countries''), pp.&nbsp;1384–1432, David Woodward ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007)
* Schmidt, Benjamin (1997), 'Mapping an Empire: Cartographic and Colonial Rivalry in Seventeenth-Century Dutch and English North America,'. ''The William and Mary Quarterly'' 54(3): 549–578
* Schmidt, Benjamin (2012), 'On the Impulse of Mapping, or How a Flat Earth Theory of Dutch Maps Distorts the Thickness and Pictorial Proclivities of Early Modern Dutch Cartography (and Misses Its Picturing Impulse),'. ''Art History'' 35(5): 1036–1049. {{doi|10.1111/j.1467-8365.2012.00936.x}}
* Skurnik, Johanna; Latva, Otto (2016), 'Knowing and Decorating the World: Illustrations and Textual Descriptions in the Maps of the Fourth Edition of the [[Mercator-Hondius Atlas]] 613),'. ''Approaching Religion'' 6(1): 8–123. {{doi|10.30664/ar.67579}}
* Skurnik, Johanna; Tunturi, Janne (2016), 'Tracing Circulations: The Case of [[Mercator-Hondius Atlas]] (1613),'. ''Approaching Religion'' 6(1): 1–15. {{doi|10.30664/ar.67577}}
* Sutton, Elizabeth A. (2009), 'Mapping Meaning: Ethnography and Allegory in Netherlandish Cartography, 1570–1655,'. ''Itinerario'' 33(3): 12–42
* Sutton, Elizabeth A. (2013), 'Possessing [[Dutch Brazil|Brazil in Print]], 1630–54,'. ''Journal of Historians of Netherlandish Art'' 5:1. {{DOI|10.5092/jhna.2013.5.1.3}}
* Terwiel, Barend Jan (2017), '[[François Valentijn]]'s Map of "The Great Siamese River Me-Nam",'. ''Journal of the Siam Society'' 105(2017)
* Tunturi, Janne (2016), 'Cartographer's experience of time in the [[Mercator-Hondius Atlas]] (1606, 1613),'. ''Approaching Religion'' 6(1): 46–56. {{doi|10.30664/ar.67582}}
* Unger, Richard W. (2011), 'Dutch Nautical Sciences in the Golden Age: The Portuguese Influence,'. ''E-Journal of Portuguese History'' 9(2): 68–83
* Van den Broecke, Marcel (2008), 'The Significance of Language: The Texts on the Verso of the Maps in Abraham Ortelius, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum,'. ''Imago Mundi'' 60(2): 202–210. {{jstor|40234265}}
* Van der Krogt, Peter (1983), 'De maankaart van Michael Florent van Langren (1645),'. ''Caert-Thresoor: Tijdschrift voor de Geschiedenis van de Kartografie'' 2(3): 36–39 [in Dutch]
* Van der Krogt, Peter (1995), 'Das «Plenilunium» des [[Michael van Langren|Michael Florent van Langren]]. Die erste Mondkarte mit Namenseinträgen,'. ''Cartographica Helvetica: Fachzeitschrift für Kartengeschichte'' 11: 44–49 [in German]
* Van der Krogt, Peter (1996), 'Amsterdam Atlas Production in the 1630s: A Bibliographer's Nightmare,'. ''Imago Mundi'' 48(1): 149–160. {{jstor|1151267}} {{doi|10.1080/03085699608592837}}
* Van der Krogt, Peter; Ormeling, Ferjan (2014), '[[Michael van Langren|Michiel Florent van Langren]] and [[Selenography|Lunar Naming]],'. ''Els noms en la vida quotidiana. Actes del XXIV Congrés Internacional d'ICOS sobre Ciències Onomàstiques. Annex'': 1851–1868. {{DOI|10.2436/15.8040.01.190}}
* Van der Krogt, Peter (2015), 'Chapter 6: Gerhard Mercator and his Cosmography: How the 'Atlas' became an Atlas,'; in: Gerhard Holzer, et al. (eds.), ''A World of Innovation: Cartography in the Time of Gerhard Mercator''. (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015), pp. 112–130
* Van Gent, R. H.; Van Helden, A. (2007), “Lunar, Solar, and Planetary Representations to 1650.” 123–134. In David Woodward, ed., ''The History of Cartography'', Vol.3, 2007
* Van Groesen, Michiel (2019), '[[:nl:Dierick Ruiters|Dierick Ruiters]]'s Manuscript Maps and the Birth of the Dutch Atlantic,'. ''Imago Mundi'' 71(1): 34–50
* Van Twembeke, U.L.W. (1985), 'Influence of Flemish Cartographers on the Geometrical Aspect of Map-making in the Renaissance,'. ''Vistas in Astronomy'' 28(1): 205–209
* Varila, Mari-Liisa; Van Impe, Steven (2016), 'The biography of a book: the Turku copy of the 1613 [[Mercator-Hondius Atlas]],'. ''Approaching Religion'' 6(1): 24–34
* Verbunt, Frank; van Gent, Robert H. (2011), 'Early Star Catalogues of the Southern Sky: [[Frederick de Houtman|De Houtman]], Kepler (Second and Third Classes), and Halley.'. ''Astronomy & Astrophysics'' 530. {{doi|10.1051/0004-6361/201116795}}
* Walton, Elisabeth B. (1962), 'Netherlandish Maps: a Decorative Role in the History of Art,'. ''The Professional Geographer'' 14(2): 32–33. {{doi|10.1111/j.0033-0124.1962.142_32.x}}
* Warner, D.J. (1970), 'The First Celestial Globe of [[Willem Blaeu|Willem Janszoon Blaeu]],'. ''Imago Mundi'' 25: 29–38
* Welu, James A. (1975), '[[Vermeer]]: His Cartographic Sources,'. ''The Art Bulletin'' 57(4): 529–547
* Welu, James A. (1978), 'The Map in Vermeer's "[[The Art of Painting|Art of Painting]]",'. ''Imago Mundi'' 30(1): 9–30
* Welu, James A. (1987), 'The Sources and Development of Cartographic Ornamentation in the Netherlands,'; in ''Art and Cartography: Six Historical Essays'', edited by David Woodward (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), p.&nbsp;147–173
* Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999), 'Chapter 3: [[Michael van Langren|Van Langren]] (Langrenus) and the Birth of [[Selenography]],'; in [[Ewen A. Whitaker]], ''Mapping and Naming the Moon: A History of Lunar Cartography and Nomenclature''. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp.&nbsp;37–47
* Zandvliet, Kees (1988), 'Golden Opportunities in Geopolitics: Cartography and the Dutch East India Company during the Lifetime of [[Abel Tasman]],'; in ''Terra Australis: The Furthest Shore'', ed. William Eisler and Bernard Smith (Sydney: International Cultural Corporation of Australia, 1988), pp. 67–82
* Zandvliet, Kees; Harley, J. B. (1992), 'Art, Science, and Power in Sixteenth-Century Dutch Cartography,'. ''Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization'' 29(2): 10–19
* Zandvliet, Kees (1996), 'Vermeer and the Significance of Cartography in His Time,'; in ''The Scholarly World of Vermeer''. (Zwolle: Waanders Publishers, 1996), pp. 65–66
* Zandvliet, Kees (1998), 'The Contribution of Cartography to the Creation of a [[Dutch Formosa|Dutch Colony and a Chinese State in Taiwan]],'. Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization 35(3–4): 123–135. {{doi|10.3138/C804-42RT-4047-W567}}
* Zandvliet, Kees (2007), 'Mapping the Dutch World Overseas in the Seventeenth Century,'; in: ''The History of Cartography'', Vol. 3, Part 2, ed. David Woodward, pp. 1433–1462

==Multimedia (e.g. lectures, conferences)==
* Welu, James A. (10 November 2016): ''[[Jan Vermeer|Vermeer]]'s Mania for Maps''. Presented by the Norman B. Leventhal Map Center at the Boston Public Library in partnership with the Boston Map Society ([[WGBH-TV|WGBH]] Lectures, GBH Forum Network, [[Boston, MA]]). [Duration 1:01:41]

==External links==
* [https://www.explokart.eu/ ''Explokart'' – Research programme at Utrecht University, founded 1981 by professor Günter Schilder]
* [https://caert-thresoor.nl/ ''Caert-Thresoor: Tijdschrift voor de Geschiedenis van de Kartografie''] [in Dutch]
* [https://www.lib.umich.edu/online-exhibits/exhibits/show/rediscoveringvignaud Mr. Vignaud's Maps: Unraveling a Cartographic Mystery from the Golden Age of Dutch Cartography (Online Exhibits) – The University of Michigan Library]

{{Early modern Netherlandish cartography, geography and cosmography}}
{{Cartography topics}}
{{Dutch constellations}}
{{DutchplacenamesAus}}
{{Art of the Dutch Golden Age}}
{{Johannes Vermeer}}

[[Category:Early modern Netherlandish cartography| ]]
[[Category:Cartography in the Dutch Republic|*]]
[[Category:Science and technology in the Dutch Republic]]
[[Category:History of cartography]]
[[Category:History of geography]]
[[Category:Netherlandish Renaissance art|*]]
[[Category:Netherlandish Baroque art|*]]
[[Category:History of the Low Countries]]
[[Category:Habsburg Netherlands]]
[[Category:History of science and technology in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Dutch Golden Age art and literature]]
[[Category:Art of the Dutch Golden Age]]
[[Category:Flemish Baroque art]]
[[Category:Dutch inventions]]
[[Category:16th century in science]]
[[Category:16th century in art]]
[[Category:17th century in science]]
[[Category:17th century in art]]
[[Category:18th century in science]]
[[Category:18th century in art]]

Latest revision as of 22:19, 24 October 2022

Redirect to:

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_Netherlandish_cartography&oldid=1118043702"