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#REDIRECT [[History of cartography#Dutch and Flemish cartography]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
[[File:Mercator 1569.png|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Gerard Mercator|Mercator]]'s ''[[Mercator 1569 world map|1569 World Map]]'' (''Nova et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio ad Usum Navigantium Emendate Accommodata'')]]
[[File:OrteliusWorldMap1570.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|World map ''[[Theatrum Orbis Terrarum]]'' (''Theatre of the Orb of the World'') by [[Abraham Ortelius]], 1570. Note that Ortelius' map depicts "[[Terra Australis Nondum Cognita]]" as a hypothetical vast continent occupying the southernmost part of the [[southern hemisphere]].]]
This article covers the [[science]], [[art]] and [[industry (economics)|industry]] of [[cartography]] by the (especially [[Dutch language|Dutch-speaking]]) people of the [[Low Countries]] in the [[early modern period]], especially in the early 16th to early 18th centuries. It includes cartography of the [[Northern Netherlands]], [[Southern Netherlands]] and Low Countries in general (i.e. history of surveying and creation of maps of [[History of Belgium|modern-day Belgium]], Netherlands and Low Countries in general). It also includes [[Dutch colonial cartography]], i.e. cartography in the [[Dutch colonies|Dutch overseas world]],{{efn|For more details about Dutch colonial cartography (or cartography in the Dutch overseas world), see: [[New Netherland]], [[Dutch East Indies]], [[Dutch Formosa]], [[Dutch Cape Colony]]; [[Dutch colonization of the Americas|Dutch exploration and mapping of the Americas]], [[Dutch East India Company#Contributions in the Age of Exploration|Dutch exploration and mapping of Southern Africa]], [[Exploration of the Pacific#Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery (c. 1590s–1720s)|Dutch exploration and mapping of the Pacific]], [[First Dutch Expedition to Indonesia]], [[Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia]], [[Dutch East India Company#Contributions in the Age of Exploration|Dutch exploration and mapping of the East Indies]] (cartography of the [[Dutch East Indies]]), [[European maritime exploration of Australia]], [[New Holland (Australia)#Nova Hollandia during the Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery (c. 1590s–1720s)|Dutch exploration and mapping of the Australian continent]], [[Dutch East India Company#Contributions in the Age of Exploration|Dutch exploration and mapping of Australasia]], [[Dutch East India Company#Contributions in the Age of Exploration|Dutch exploration and mapping of New Zealand]], [[Dutch East India Company#Contributions in the Age of Exploration|Cartography in the VOC world]], [[Dutch West India Company|Cartography in the WIC/GWC world]]; [[Jan Huyghen van Linschoten]], [[Willem Barentsz]], [[Adriaen Block]], [[Willem Janszoon]], [[Pieter Nuyts]], [[Abel Tasman]], [[Jan van Riebeeck]], [[Simon van der Stel]], [[Hendrik van Rheede]], [[Isaq Schrijver]], [[François Levaillant]], [[Robert Jacob Gordon]]}} in the early modern period.

[[File:Nova et Accuratissima Terrarum Orbis Tabula (J.Blaeu, 1664).jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Joan Blaeu|Blaeu]]'s [[world map]], originally prepared by [[Joan Blaeu]] for his ''[[Atlas Maior]]'', published in the first book of the ''[[Atlas Van Loon]]'' (1664).]]
[[File:Sitting Leo Belgicus - Visscher.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|''[[Leo Belgicus]]'' by [[Claes Jansz. Visscher|Claes Janszoon Visscher]], 1611]]
[[File:Johannes Vermeer - The Astronomer - 1668.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|''[[The Astronomer (Vermeer)|The Astronomer]]'' by Jan Vermeer, c. 1668. The astronomer's profession is shown by the [[celestial globe]] (version by [[Jodocus Hondius]], 1600).]]

==Origins==
{{See also|Low Countries|Burgundian Netherlands|Habsburg Netherlands|Seventeen Provinces|Spanish Netherlands|Southern Netherlands|Dutch Republic}}
[[File:Emperor Charles V seated (Titian).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] as [[Habsburg Netherlands|Lord of the Netherlands]] (1506–1555)]]
[[File:Portrait of Philip II of Spain by Sofonisba Anguissola - 002b.jpg|thumb|upright|From 1555 [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] was Lord of the [[Seventeen Provinces|Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands]]]]
Until the [[fall of Antwerp (1584–1585)|fall of Antwerp]] (1585), the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] and [[Flemish people|Flemish]] were generally seen as one people.{{efn|[[Frisians]], specifically [[West Frisians]], are an [[ethnic group]]; present in the North of the Netherlands; mainly concentrating in the Province of [[Friesland]]. Culturally, modern Frisians and the (Northern) Dutch are rather similar; the main and generally most important difference being that Frisians speak [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]], one of the three sub-branches of the [[Frisian languages]], alongside [[Dutch language|Dutch]]. <br/> [[West Frisians]] in the general do not feel or see themselves as part of a larger group of Frisians, and, according to a 1970 inquiry, identify themselves more with the Dutch than with [[East Frisians|East]] or [[North Frisians]]. Because of centuries of cohabitation and active participation in Dutch society, as well as being bilingual, the Frisians are not treated as a separate group in Dutch official statistics.}} The center for cartographic activities in sixteenth-century [[Low Countries]] was [[Antwerp]], a city of printers, booksellers, engravers, and artists. But [[Leuven]] was the center of learning and the meeting place of scholars and students at the university. Mathematics, globemaking, and instrumentmaking were practiced in and around the [[Old University of Leuven|University of Leuven]] as early as the first decades of the sixteenth century. The university is the oldest in the [[Low Countries]] and the oldest center of both scientific and practical cartography. Without the influence of several outstanding scholars of the [[Old University of Leuven|Leuven University]] (such as [[Gemma Frisius]], [[Gerardus Mercator]], and [[Jacob van Deventer (cartographer)|Jacob van Deventer]]), cartography in the Low Countries would not have attained the quality and exerted the influence that it did.<ref>Koeman, Cornelis; Schilder, Günter; van Egmond, M.; van der Krogt, Peter: ''Commercial Cartography and Map Production in the Low Countries, 1500–ca. 1672'' (''Part 2: Low Countries''), pp. 1296–1383, David Woodward ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007)</ref>

Notable figures of the [[Netherlandish]] school of cartography and geography (1500s–1600s) include: [[Franciscus Monachus]], [[Gemma Frisius]], [[Gaspard van der Heyden]], [[Gerard Mercator]], [[Abraham Ortelius]], [[Christophe Plantin]], [[Frans Hogenberg]], [[Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer|Lucas Waghenaer]], [[Jacob van Deventer (cartographer)|Jacob van Deventer]], [[Willebrord Snellius|Willebrord Snell]], [[Hessel Gerritsz]], [[Petrus Plancius]], [[Jodocus Hondius]], [[Henricus Hondius II]], [[Hendrik Hondius I]], [[Willem Blaeu]], [[Joan Blaeu]], [[Johannes Janssonius]], [[Andreas Cellarius]], [[Gerard de Jode]], [[Cornelis de Jode]], [[Michael van Langren|Michiel van Langren]], [[Claes Visscher]], [[Nicolaes Visscher I]], [[Nicolaes Visscher II]], and [[Frederik de Wit]]. [[Leuven]], Antwerp, and [[Amsterdam]] were the main centres of the Netherlandish school of cartography in its golden age (the 16th and 17th centuries, approximately 1570–1670s). The Golden Age of Netherlandish cartography that was inaugurated in the [[Southern Netherlands]] (current Belgium; mainly in Leuven and Antwerp) by Mercator and Ortelius found its fullest expression during the seventeenth century with the production of monumental multi-volume [[atlas]]es in the [[Dutch Republic]] (mainly in Amsterdam) by competing mapmaking firms such as Lucas Waghenaer, Joan Blaeu, [[Jan Janssonius]], [[Claes Janszoon Visscher]], and Frederik de Wit.<ref>Carhart, George S.: ''Frederick de Wit and the First Concise Reference Atlas''. (BRILL, 2016, {{ISBN|9789004299030}})</ref>

During the Golden Age of Dutch exploration (c. 1590s–1720s) and the Golden Age of Dutch/Netherlandish cartography (c. 1570s–1670s), [[Greater Netherlands|Dutch-speaking]] navigators, explorers, and cartographers were the firsts to chart/map many hitherto largely unknown regions of the earth and the sky. During roughly a century, Netherlandish (Dutch and Flemish) cartographers made important contributions to the science and art of mapmaking. Their publications are remarkable milestones in the history of cartography, the extant editions are not only valuable sources of contemporary geographic knowledge but also fine [[works of art]]. The main role in this was played by a special artistic atmosphere of [[the Netherlands]] (or the [[Low Countries]]) in the 16th and 17th centuries. The [[Low Countries]] experienced cultural and economic booms that was combined with enthusiasm of different classes of people for geography and maps. The unique atmosphere made [[mapmaking]] a form of art. Cartography and visual arts were related activities: art and mapmaking interacted with each other: many cartographic elements, such as images, colour, and lettering, were shared with art; tools and methods used to produce maps and artistic works were very similar in printmaking and in mapmaking: copperplate engravings, which were hand coloured in later, required specific artistic skills; a significant number of both little-known and the most outstanding artists were involved in decorating maps; maps and art works were often performed by the same artists, engravers and publishers who worked for both areas; artists, engravers and mapmakers belonged to the same group of society that determined the development of culture in many areas.

[[Triangulation]] had first emerged as an efficient method in cartography ([[mapmaking]]) in the mid sixteenth century when Frisius set out the idea in his ''Libellus de locorum describendorum ratione'' (''Booklet concerning a way of describing places''). Dutch scientists [[Jacob van Deventer (cartographer)|Jacob van Deventer]] and [[Willebrord Snell]] were among the firsts to make systematic use of triangulation in modern [[surveying]], the technique whose theory was described by Frisius in his 1533 book. [[Gerardus Mercator]] is considered as one of the founders of modern cartography with his invention of [[Mercator projection]]. Mercator was the first to use the term '[[atlas]]' (in a geographical context) to describe a bound collection of maps through his own collection entitled "Atlas sive Cosmographicae meditationes de fabrica mvndi et fabricati figvra" (1595). The [[hypothesis]] that [[Continental drift|continents might have 'drifted']] was first put forward by [[Abraham Ortelius]] in 1596.

==Rise to the golden age and decline==

===Southern Netherlands (Flanders, Habsburg Netherlands)===

====Gerardus Mercator: Birth of Mercator projection and the concept of atlas====
{{Main|Mercator projection|Mercator 1569 world map|l2=Mercator's 1569 world map|Atlas}}
[[Gerardus Mercator]], the German-Netherlandish<ref name=Mercator>See the discussion in [[Gerardus Mercator#The question of nationality]].</ref> cartographer and geographer with a vast output of wall maps, bound maps, globes and scientific instruments but his greatest legacy was the [[Mercator projection|mathematical projection]] he devised for his [[Mercator 1569 world map|1569 world map]].

The [[Mercator projection]] is an example of a [[Map projection#Cylindrical|cylindrical projection]] in which the [[meridian (geography)|meridians]] are straight and perpendicular to the [[circle of latitude|parallels]]. As a result, the map has a constant width and the parallels are stretched east–west as the poles are approached. Mercator's insight was to stretch the separation of the parallels in a way which exactly compensates for their increasing length, thus preserving shapes of small regions, albeit at the expense of global distortion. Such a [[conformal map|conformal]] map projection necessarily transforms [[rhumb line]]s, sailing courses of a constant bearing, into straight lines on the map thus greatly facilitating navigation. That this was Mercator's intention is clear from the title: ''Nova et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio ad Usum Navigantium Emendate Accommodata'' which translates as "New and more complete representation of the terrestrial globe properly adapted for use in navigation". Although the projection's adoption was slow, by the end of the seventeenth century it was in use for naval charts throughout the world and remains so to the present day. Its later adoption as the all-purpose world map was an unfortunate step.<ref>See the discussion in [[Mercator projection#Uses]]</ref>

Mercator spent the last thirty years of his life working on a vast project, the ''Cosmographia'';<ref>See the discussion in [[Gerardus Mercator#Duisburg 1552–1594]]</ref> a description of the whole universe including the creation and a description of the topography, history and institutions of all countries. The word ''[[atlas]]'' makes its first appearance in the title of the final volume: "Atlas sive cosmographicae meditationes de fabrica mundi et fabricati figura".<ref>See the discussion in [[Gerardus Mercator#atlas1595]].</ref> This translates as ''Atlas OR cosmographical meditations upon the creation of the universe, and the universe as created,'' thus providing Mercator's definition of the term ''atlas''. These volumes devote slightly less than one half of their pages to maps: Mercator did not use the term solely to describe a bound collection of maps. His choice of title was motivated by his respect for [[Atlas (mythology)|Atlas]] "King of [[Mauretania]]"<ref>See the preface to the 1595 posthumous section of Mercator's atlas as translated in {{harvtxt|Sullivan|2000}}, pp34–38 (PDF pp103–108)</ref>
<!--<ref name="Thrower, Norman J. W. 2008 p. 81"/><ref>Harwood, Jeremy (2006). ''To the Ends of the Earth: 100 Maps that Changed the World'', p. 81</ref>-->

====Abraham Ortelius: Hypothesis of continental drift and the era of modern world atlases====
{{Main|Theatrum Orbis Terrarum}}
[[Abraham Ortelius]] generally recognized as the creator of the world's first modern [[Atlas (cartography)|atlas]], the ''[[Theatrum Orbis Terrarum]]'' (''[[Theatre of the World]]''). Ortelius's ''Theatrum Orbis Terrarum'' (1570) is considered the first true [[atlas]] in the modern sense: a collection of uniform map sheets and sustaining text bound to form a book for which copper printing plates were specifically engraved. It is sometimes referred to as the summary of sixteenth-century [[cartography]].<ref name="Thrower, Norman J. W. 2008 p. 81">Thrower, Norman J. W. (2008). ''Maps and Civilization: Cartography in Culture and Society, Third Edition'', p. 81</ref><ref>Harwood, Jeremy (2006). ''To the Ends of the Earth: 100 Maps that Changed the World'', p. 83</ref><ref>Woodward, David (1987). ''Art and Cartography: Six Historical Essays'', p. 148</ref><ref>Goffart, Walter (2003). ''Historical Atlases: The First Three Hundred Years, 1570–1870'', p. 1</ref>

===Northern Netherlands (Dutch Republic)===
{{See also|:Category:Cartography in the Dutch Republic|l1=Cartography in the Dutch Republic|:Category:Dutch exploration in the Age of Discovery|l2=Dutch Republic in the Age of Discovery}}
[[File:Thevenot - Hollandia Nova detecta 1644.png|thumb|right|upright=0.8|A typical map from the "'''Golden Age of Dutch cartography'''" (approximately 1570s–1670s). [[Australasia]] during the Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery (c. 1590s–1720s): including [[New Guinea#History|Nova Guinea]] ([[New Guinea]]), [[New Holland (Australia)|Nova Hollandia]] ([[mainland Australia]]), [[Van Diemen's Land]] ([[Tasmania]]), and [[New Zealand place names|Nova Zeelandia]] ([[History of New Zealand|New Zealand]]).]]
During the [[Age of Discovery]] (the [[Dutch Golden Age]] in particular, approximately 1580s–1702), using their expertise in doing business, cartography, [[shipbuilding]], [[seafaring]] and [[history of navigation|navigation]], the Dutch traveled to the far corners of the world, leaving their language embedded in the [[List of place names of Dutch origin|names of many places]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.industryweek.com/global-economy/continental-drifter-dutch-treat |last=Gottlieb |first=Mark |title=Continental Drifter – Dutch Treat: An unlikely nation in an unlikely corner of Europe boasts a remarkable record of unlikely achievement |work=IndustryWeek |date=30 August 2006 |access-date=30 August 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deirdremccloskey.com/weblog/2011/03/17/chapter-9-of-the-bourgeois-revaluation-the-dutch-preached-bourgeois-virtue/ |title=Chapter 9 of the ''Bourgeois Revaluation'': The Dutch Preached Bourgeois Virtue |publisher=Deirdremccloskey.com |last=McCloskey |first=Deirdre |date=17 March 2011 |access-date=18 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140419142803/http://www.deirdremccloskey.com/weblog/2011/03/17/chapter-9-of-the-bourgeois-revaluation-the-dutch-preached-bourgeois-virtue/ |archive-date=19 April 2014 }}</ref> [[List of Dutch inventions and discoveries#Explorations|Dutch exploratory voyages revealed largely unknown landmasses to the civilized world]] and put their names on the [[world map]]. In the 16th and 17th centuries, [[:Category:17th-century Dutch cartographers|Dutch-speaking cartographers]]<ref>including [[Southern Netherlands]]-based (Zuid-Nederlanders in Dutch) cartographers and geographers such as [[Gemma Frisius]], [[Gerardus Mercator]] and [[Abraham Ortelius]]</ref> helped lay the foundations for the birth and development of modern cartography, including [[nautical chart|nautical cartography]] and [[stellar cartography]] ([[celestial cartography]]). The [[Dutch dialects|Dutch-speaking]] people came to dominate the [[map making]] and map printing industry by virtue of their own travels, trade ventures, and widespread commercial networks.<ref>Koeman, Cornelis; Schilder, Günter; van Egmond, M.; van der Krogt, Peter; Zandvliet, Kees: ''The History of Cartography, Volume 3: Cartography in the European Renaissance'' (''Part 2: Low Countries''), pp. 1246–1462, David Woodward ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007)</ref> The Dutch initiated what we would call today the free flow of geographical information. As Dutch ships reached into the unknown corners of the globe, Dutch cartographers incorporated new discoveries into their work. Instead of using the information themselves secretly, they published it, so the maps multiplied freely. The Dutch were the first (non-natives) to undisputedly discover, explore and [[map making|map]] many unknown isolated areas of the world such as [[History of Svalbard|Svalbard]], [[European maritime exploration of Australia|Australia]],<ref>that comprising mainland [[History of Australia|Australia]], [[History of Tasmania|Tasmania]] and their [[List of islands of Australia|surrounding islands]]</ref> [[History of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[History of Tonga|Tonga]], [[Sakhalin]],<ref>The first European known to visit [[Sakhalin]] was [[Martin Gerritz de Vries]], who mapped [[Cape Patience]] and [[Cape Aniva]] on the island's east coast in 1643. The Dutch captain, however, was not aware of their being on an island, and 17th century maps usually showed these points—and often [[Hokkaido]], too—as parts of the mainland.</ref> and [[History of Easter Island|Easter Island]]. In many cases the Dutch were the first Europeans the natives would encounter.<ref>McManamon, Francis; Cordell, Linda S.; Lightfoot, Kent; Milner, George (2009). ''Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia'' (4 volumes), p. 26</ref> Australia (originally known as [[New Holland (Australia)|New Holland]]), never became a permanent [[Dutch colonies|Dutch settlement]],<ref>As [[Peter J. Taylor]] (2002) notes: 'The Dutch polity of the seventeenth century was famously unconcerned with territorial expansion: as long as the frontier operated effectively as a defensive shield no extra land was deemed necessary.'</ref> yet the Dutch were the first to undisputedly [[Australian places with Dutch names|map its coastline]]. The Dutch navigators charted almost three-quarters of the Australian coastline, except the east coast. During the [[Age of Exploration]], the Dutch explorers and cartographers were also the first to systematically observe and [[star map|map]] ([[star chart|chart]]) the largely unknown far [[Southern Celestial Hemisphere|southern skies]] – the first significant scientific addition to the [[celestial cartography]] since [[:Category:Constellations listed by Ptolemy|Ptolemy's time]] (2nd century AD). Among the [[International Astronomical Union|IAU]]'s [[88 modern constellations]], there are 16 Dutch-created [[constellation]]s, including 12 [[:Category:Southern constellations|far southern constellations]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Knobel | first1 = E. B. | year = 1917 | title = On Frederick de Houtman's Catalogue of Southern Stars, and the Origin of the Southern Constellations | journal = [[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] | volume = 77 | issue = 5| pages = 414–432 | doi=10.1093/mnras/77.5.414| bibcode = 1917MNRAS..77..414K | doi-access = free }}</ref>

====From Frisius to Snellius: Early systematic uses of geodetic triangulation in modern surveying and mapping====
[[Triangulation]] had first emerged as a [[map making|map-making]] method in the mid sixteenth century when [[Gemma Frisius]] set out the idea in his ''Libellus de locorum describendorum ratione'' (''Booklet concerning a way of describing places'').<ref>Swann, G. M. Peter (2006). ''Putting Econometrics in Its Place: A New Direction in Applied Economics'', pp.&nbsp;29–32</ref><ref>Stachurski, Richard (2009). ''Longitude by Wire: Finding North America'', p. 10</ref><ref>Henzel, Cynthia Kennedy (2010). ''Creating Modern Maps'', p. 6</ref><ref>[[Leo Bagrow|Bagrow, Leo]] (2010). ''History of Cartography'', p. 159</ref><ref>Hewitt, Rachel (2011). ''Map of a Nation: A Biography of the Ordnance Survey''. "Triangulation had first emerged as a map-making method in the mid sixteenth century when the Flemish mathematician Gemma Frisius set out the idea in his ''Libellus de locorum describendorum ratione'' (''Booklet concerning a way of describing places''), and by the turn of the eighteenth century it had become the most respected surveying technique in use."</ref><ref>Bellos, Alex (2014). ''The Grapes of Math: How Life Reflects Numbers and Numbers Reflect Life'', p. 74</ref> Dutch cartographer [[Jacob van Deventer (cartographer)|Jacob van Deventer]] was among the first to make systematic use of [[triangulation]], the technique whose theory was described by Gemma Frisius in his 1533 book.

The modern systematic use of [[triangulation network]]s stems from the work of the Dutch mathematician [[Willebrord Snellius|Willebrord Snell]] (born Willebrord Snel van Royen), who in 1615 surveyed the distance from [[Alkmaar]] to [[Bergen op Zoom]], approximately 70 miles (110 kilometres), using a chain of quadrangles containing 33 triangles in all.<ref>Kirby, Richard Shelton et al. (1990). ''Engineering in History'', p. 131</ref><ref>Harwood, Jeremy (2006). ''To the Ends of the Earth: 100 Maps that Changed the World'', p. 107</ref><ref>Devreese, Jozef T.; Vanden Berghe, Guido (2009). ''Magic is No Magic: The Wonderful World of Simon Stevin'', p. 272</ref> The two towns were separated by one degree on the [[Meridian (geography)|meridian]], so from his measurement he was able to calculate a value for the circumference of the earth – a feat celebrated in the title of his book ''Eratosthenes Batavus'' (''The Dutch [[Eratosthenes]]''), published in 1617. Snell's methods were taken up by [[Jean Picard]] who in 1669–70 surveyed one degree of latitude along the [[Paris Meridian]] using a chain of thirteen triangles stretching north from Paris to the clocktower of [[Sourdon]], near [[Amiens]].

====From Frisius to Huygens: Early reliable methods of determining longitude at sea by means of timekeepers/chronometers====
[[Gemma Frisius]] was the first to propose the use of a [[Clock|chronometer]] to determine [[longitude]] in 1530. In his book ''On the Principles of Astronomy and Cosmography'' (1530), Frisius explains for the first time how to use a very accurate [[History of timekeeping devices|clock]] to determine [[longitude]].<ref>Allaby, Michael (2009). ''Oceans: A Scientific History of Oceans and Marine Life (Discovering the Earth)''</ref> The problem was that in Frisius' day, no [[clock]] was sufficiently precise to use his method. In 1761, the British clock-builder John Harrison constructed the first [[marine chronometer]], which allowed the method developed by Frisius.

====Lucas Waghenaer and the rise of Dutch maritime cartography====
The first printed [[atlas]] of [[nautical chart]]s (''De Spieghel der Zeevaerdt'' or ''The Mirror of Navigation'' / ''The Mariner's Mirror'') was produced by [[Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer]] in [[Leiden]] in 1584. This atlas was the first attempt to systematically codify [[nautical map]]s. This chart-book combined an atlas of nautical charts and sailing directions with instructions for navigation on the western and north-western coastal waters of Europe. It was the first of its kind in the history of maritime cartography, and was an immediate success. The English translation of Waghenaer's work was published in 1588 and became so popular that any volume of sea charts soon became known as a "[[waggoner (nautical)|waggoner]]" (an atlas book of engraved nautical charts with accompanying printed sailing directions), the Anglicized form of Waghenaer's surname.<ref>Struik, Dirk J. (1981). ''The Land of Stevin and Huygens: A Sketch of Science and Technology in the Dutch Republic during the Golden Century'', p. 37</ref><ref>Kirby, David; Hinkkanen, Merja-Liisa (2000). ''The Baltic and the North Seas'', p. 61–62</ref><ref>Buisseret, David (2003). ''The Mapmakers' Quest: Depicting New Worlds in Renaissance Europe''</ref><ref>Harwood, Jeremy (2006). ''To the Ends of the Earth: 100 Maps that Changed the World'', p. 88</ref><ref>Lasater, Brian (2007). ''The Dream of the West, Part II'', p. 317</ref><ref>Thrower, Norman J. W. (2008). ''Maps and Civilization: Cartography in Culture and Society, Third Edition'', p. 84</ref><ref>Kieding, Robert B. (2011). ''Scuttlebutt: Tales and Experiences of a Life at Sea'', p. 290</ref>

====Dutch celestial and lunar cartography in the Age of Discovery====
The [[constellation]]s around the South Pole were not observable from north of the [[equator]], by the ancient [[Babylonia]]ns, [[Greeks]], Chinese, Indians, or [[Arabs]]. During the [[Age of Exploration]], expeditions to the [[southern hemisphere]] began to result in the addition of new constellations. The [[88 modern constellations|modern constellations]] in this region were defined notably by Dutch navigators [[Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser]] and [[Frederick de Houtman]],<ref>Knobel, E. B. (1917). ''On Frederick de Houtman's Catalogue of Southern Stars, and the Origin of the Southern Constellations''. (''[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]'', Vol. 77, pp.&nbsp; 414–32)</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| last=Sawyer Hogg | first=Helen
| title=Out of Old Books (Pieter Dircksz Keijser, Delineator of the Southern Constellations)
| journal=Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada
| date=1951 | volume=45 | page=215
| bibcode=1951JRASC..45..215S
}}</ref><ref>[[Elly Dekker|Dekker, Elly]] (1987). ''Early Explorations of the Southern Celestial Sky''. (''Annals of Science'' 44, pp.&nbsp; 439–70)</ref><ref>[[Elly Dekker|Dekker, Elly]] (1987). ''On the Dispersal of Knowledge of the Southern Celestial Sky''. (''Der Globusfreund'', 35–37, pp.&nbsp; 211–30)</ref><ref>Verbunt, Frank; van Gent, Robert H. (2011). ''Early Star Catalogues of the Southern Sky: De Houtman, Kepler (Second and Third Classes), and Halley''. (''Astronomy & Astrophysics'' 530)</ref> who in 1595 traveled together to the [[East Indies]] ([[First Dutch Expedition to Indonesia]]). These 12 newly Dutch-created [[:Category:Southern constellations|far southern constellations]] (that include [[Apus]], [[Chamaeleon]], [[Dorado]], [[Grus (constellation)|Grus]], [[Hydrus]], [[Indus (constellation)|Indus]], [[Musca]], [[Pavo (constellation)|Pavo]], [[Phoenix (constellation)|Phoenix]], [[Triangulum Australe]], [[Tucana]], and [[Volans]]) first appeared on a 35-cm diameter [[celestial globe]] published in 1597/1598 in Amsterdam by Dutch cartographers [[Petrus Plancius]] and [[Jodocus Hondius]]. The first depiction of these [[constellation]]s in a [[Celestial cartography|celestial atlas]] was in [[Bayer Family|Johann Bayer]]'s ''[[Uranometria]]'' of 1603.

In 1645, Dutch-born [[Michael van Langren|Michiel van Langren]] published the first known map of the [[Moon]] with a [[nomenclature]].<ref name="Whitaker1999"/><ref name="Sky&Telescope">{{cite web|url=https://skyandtelescope.org/sky-and-telescope-magazine/lunar-hall-of-fame/ |title=Lunar Hall of Fame |work=Sky & Telescope (skyandtelescope.org) |author=Wood, Charles A. |date=27 December 2017 |access-date=27 July 2020 }}</ref><ref name="rmg.co.uk">{{cite web|url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/discover/behind-the-scenes/blog/library-item-month-giovanni-ricciolis-almagestum-novum |title=Library Item of the Month: Giovanni Riccioli's Almagestum novum |work=[[Royal Museums Greenwich]] (rmg.co.uk) |quote=[[Giovanni Battista Riccioli|Riccioli]] and [[Francesco Maria Grimaldi|Grimaldi]]'s maps were not the first of the Moon. In 1645 Michael Van Langren published what is acknowledged as the first map of the Moon, introducing a scheme of names for its features, setting it apart from earlier unlabelled drawings of the Moon. Two years later, in 1647, [[Johannes Hevelius]] published maps of the Moon in his work ''Selenographia''. |date=19 September 2016 |access-date=19 July 2020 }}</ref>

In 1660, German-born Dutch cartographer [[Andreas Cellarius]]' [[star atlas]] (''[[Harmonia Macrocosmica]]'') was published by [[Johannes Janssonius]] in Amsterdam.

====Competing mapmaking firms in the age of corporate cartography====
The Dutch dominated the commercial cartography (corporate cartography) during the seventeenth century through the [[publicly traded companies]] (such as the [[Dutch East India Company]] and the [[Dutch West India Company]]) and the competing [[privately held company|privately held]] map-making houses/[[firm]]s. In the book ''Capitalism and Cartography in the Dutch Golden Age'' (University of Chicago Press, 2015), Elizabeth A. Sutton explores the fascinating but previously neglected history of corporate (commercial) cartography during the [[Dutch Golden Age]], from ca. 1600 to 1650. Maps were used as propaganda tools for both the [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) and the [[Dutch West India Company]] (WIC/GWC) to encourage the commodification of land and an overall capitalist agenda.

In the long run the competition between map-making firms Blaeu and Janssonius resulted in the publication of an '[[Atlas Maior]]' or 'Major Atlas'. In 1662 the Latin edition of [[Joan Blaeu]]'s ''Atlas Maior'' appeared in eleven volumes and with approximately 600 maps. In the years to come French and Dutch editions followed in twelve and nine volumes respectively. Purely judging from the number of maps in the ''[[Atlas Maior]]'', Blaeu had outdone his rival [[Johannes Janssonius]]. And also from a commercial point of view it was a huge success. Also due to the superior typography the ''Atlas Maior'' by Blaeu soon became a status symbol for rich citizens. Costing 350 guilders for a non-coloured and 450 guilders for a coloured version, the atlas was the most precious book of the 17th century. However, the ''Atlas Maior'' was also a turning point: after that time the role of Dutch cartography (and Netherlandish cartography in general) was finished. Janssonius died in 1664 while a great fire in 1672 destroyed one of Blaeu's print shops. In that fire a part of the copperplates went up in flames. Fairly soon afterwards Joan Blaeu died, in 1673. The almost 2,000 copperplates of Janssonius and Blaeu found their way to other publishers.

===Dutch colonies and overseas world===
====VOC World cartography====
[[File:DirectiekamerVOC.jpg|thumb|200px|The meeting room of the {{ill|Heren XVII|nl}}, the [[Dutch East India Company]]'s [[board of directors]], in the [[Oost-Indisch Huis]] (Amsterdam).]]

=====VOC-sponsored discovery, exploration, and mapping of mainland Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and various islands=====
In terms of world history of geography and exploration, the VOC can be credited with putting most of Australia's coast (then Hollandia Nova and other names) on the world map, between 1606 and 1756.<ref>Robert, Willem C.H.: ''The Dutch Explorations, 1605–1756, of the North and Northwest Coast of Australia: Extracts from Journals, Log-books and Other Documents Relating to These Voyages'', original Dutch texts. (Amsterdam: Philo Press, 1973)</ref><ref>Schilder, Günter, "New Cartographical Contributions to the Coastal Exploration of Australia in the Course of the Seventeenth Century," (''Imago Mundi'' 26 [1972])</ref><ref>Schilder, Günter: ''Australia Unveiled: The Share of the Dutch Navigators in the Discovery of Australia''. Translated from the German by Olaf Richter. (Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1976)</ref><ref>Schilder, Günter, "The Dutch Conception of New Holland in the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries," (''Technical Papers of the 12th Conference of the International Cartographic Association'' 2 [1984])</ref><ref>Schilder, Günter, ''Voyage to the Great South Land: William De Vlamingh 1696–1697'', trans. C. De Heer (Sydney: Royal Australian Historical Society, 1985)</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.australiaonthemap.org.au/landings-list/
|title= The AOTM Landings List 1606 – 1814
|date= 6 February 2008
|work= history and heritage division of the [[Australasian Hydrographic Society]]
|publisher= [[Australia on the Map]]
|access-date= 2 April 2013
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110217052512/http://www.australiaonthemap.org.au/landings-list/
|archive-date= 17 February 2011
|url-status= dead
}}</ref>
While Australia's territory (originally known as [[New Holland (Australia)|New Holland]]) never became an actual Dutch settlement or colony, Dutch navigators were the first to undisputedly explore and map Australian coastline. In the 17th century, the VOC's navigators and explorers charted almost three-quarters of Australia's coastline, except its east coast. The Dutch ship, ''[[Duyfken]]'', led by [[Willem Janszoon]], made the first documented European landing in Australia in 1606.<ref>J.P. Sigmond and L.H. Zuiderbaan (1979) ''Dutch Discoveries of Australia''. Rigby Ltd, Australia. pp. 19–30 {{ISBN|0-7270-0800-5}}</ref> Although a [[Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia|theory of Portuguese discovery]] in the 1520s exists, it lacks definitive evidence.<ref>McIntyre, K.G. (1977) ''The Secret Discovery of Australia, Portuguese ventures 200 years before Cook'', Souvenir Press, Menindie {{ISBN|0-285-62303-6}}</ref><ref>Robert J. King, "The Jagiellonian Globe, a Key to the Puzzle of Jave la Grande", ''The Globe: Journal of the [[Australian and New Zealand Map Society|Australian Map Circle]]'', No. 62, 2009, pp. 1–50.</ref><ref>Robert J. King, "Regio Patalis: Australia on the map in 1531?", ''The Portolan'', Issue 82, Winter 2011, pp. 8–17.</ref> Precedence of discovery has also been claimed for China,<ref name="Menzies 2002">{{cite book | author = Menzies, Gavin | year = 2002 | title = 1421: The year China discovered the world | publisher = Bantam Press | location = London | isbn = 0-06-053763-9 | url = https://archive.org/details/1421yearchinadis00menz }}</ref> France,<ref name="Brosses note">Credit for the discovery of Australia was given to Frenchman [[Binot Paulmier de Gonneville]] (1504) in {{cite book | author = Brosses, Charles de | title = Histoire des navigations aux Terres Australe | location = Paris | year = 1756}}</ref> Spain,<ref name="Hargraves">In the early 20th century, [[Lawrence Hargrave]] argued from archaeological evidence that Spain had established a colony in Botany Bay in the 16th century.</ref> [[India]],.<ref name="tamils_spread">{{cite book|title=Origin and Spread of the Tamils|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.34321|last=Dikshitar|first=V. R. Ramachandra|author-link=V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar|publisher=Adyar Library|year=1947|page= [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.34321/page/n40 30]}}</ref>

[[Hendrik Brouwer]]'s discovery of the [[Brouwer Route]], that sailing east from the [[Cape of Good Hope]] until land was sighted and then sailing north along the west coast of Australia was a much quicker route than around the coast of the Indian Ocean, made Dutch landfalls on the west coast inevitable. The first such landfall was in 1616, when [[Dirk Hartog]] landed at Cape Inscription on what is now known as [[Dirk Hartog Island]], off the coast of Western Australia, and left behind an inscription on a [[pewter]] [[Hartog plate|plate]]. In 1697 the Dutch captain [[Willem de Vlamingh]] landed on the island and discovered [[Hartog Plate|Hartog's plate]]. He replaced it with one of his own, which included a copy of Hartog's inscription, and took the original plate home to [[Amsterdam]], where it is still kept in the [[Rijksmuseum Amsterdam]].

In 1627, the VOC's explorers [[François Thijssen]] and [[Pieter Nuyts]] discovered the south coast of Australia and charted about {{convert|1800|km}} of it between [[Cape Leeuwin]] and the [[Nuyts Archipelago]].<ref>{{cite book | last1 = McHugh | first1 = Evan | title = 1606: An Epic Adventure | publisher = University of New South Wales Press | year = 2006 | location = Sydney | pages = 44–57 | isbn = 978-0-86840-866-8}}</ref><ref name="foundation">Garden 1977, p.8.</ref> [[François Thijssen]], captain of the ship ''[['t Gulden Zeepaert]]'' (The Golden Seahorse), sailed to the east as far as [[Ceduna, South Australia|Ceduna]] in [[South Australia]]. The first known ship to have visited the area is the ''Leeuwin'' ("Lioness"), a Dutch vessel that charted some of the nearby coastline in 1622. The log of the ''Leeuwin'' has been lost, so very little is known of the voyage. However, the land discovered by the ''Leeuwin'' was recorded on a 1627 map by [[Hessel Gerritsz]]: [[Caert van't Landt van d'Eendracht]] ("Chart of the Land of Eendracht"), which appears to show the coast between present-day [[Hamelin Bay]] and Point D'Entrecasteaux. Part of Thijssen's map shows the islands St Francis and St Peter, now known collectively with their respective groups as the [[Nuyts Archipelago]]. Thijssen's observations were included as soon as 1628 by the VOC cartographer [[Hessel Gerritsz]] in a chart of the Indies and New Holland. This voyage defined most of the southern coast of Australia and discouraged the notion that "[[New Holland (Australia)|New Holland]]" as it was then known, was linked to Antarctica.

In 1642, [[Abel Tasman]] sailed from [[Mauritius]] and on 24 November, sighted [[Tasmania]]. He named Tasmania [[Anthoonij van Diemenslandt]] (Anglicised as [[Van Diemen's Land]]), after [[Anthony van Diemen]], the VOC's Governor General, who had commissioned his voyage.<ref>Fenton, James (1884). ''A History of Tasmania: From Its Discovery in 1642 to the Present Time''</ref><ref>Pletcher, Kenneth (2010). ''The Britannica Guide to Explorers and Explorations That Changed the Modern World'', p. 122-125</ref><ref>Kirk, Robert W. (2012). ''Paradise Past: The Transformation of the South Pacific, 1520–1920'', p. 31</ref> It was officially renamed [[Tasmania]] in honour of its first European discoverer on 1 January 1856.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/php/BecomingTasmania/BTAppend2.htm |title=Appendix 2: Select chronology of renaming |last1= Newman |first1=Terry |year=2005 |work=Becoming Tasmania – Companion Web Site |publisher=[[Parliament of Tasmania]] |access-date=26 August 2011}}</ref>

In 1642, during the same expedition, Tasman's crew discovered and charted [[New Zealand]]'s coastline. They were the first Europeans known to reach New Zealand. Tasman anchored at the northern end of the [[South Island]] in [[Golden Bay / Mohua|Golden Bay]] (he named it [[Murderers' Bay]]) in December 1642 and sailed northward to [[Tonga]] following a clash with local Māori. Tasman sketched sections of the two main islands' west coasts. Tasman called them ''[[Staten Landt]]'', after the ''[[States General of the Netherlands]]'', and that name appeared on his first maps of the country. In 1645 Dutch cartographers changed the name to ''[[New Zealand place names|Nova Zeelandia]]'' in Latin, from ''Nieuw Zeeland'', after the [[Seventeen Provinces|Dutch province]] of ''[[Zeeland]]''. It was subsequently Anglicised as ''New Zealand'' by [[James Cook]]. Various claims have been made that New Zealand was reached by other non-[[Polynesia]]n voyagers before Tasman, but these are not widely accepted.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="180px" heights="140px" perrow="4">
File:Reinerus Frisius Gemma, by Maarten van Heemskerck.jpg|Portrait of [[Gemma Frisius]] by [[Maarten van Heemskerck]], c. 1540–1545
File:Gérard Mercator.jpg|Portrait of [[Gerardus Mercator]] by [[Frans Hogenberg]], 1574
File:Abraham Ortelius by Peter Paul Rubens.jpg|Portrait of [[Abraham Ortelius]] by [[Peter Paul Rubens]], 1633
File:Gerard de Jode, by Hendrick Goltzius.jpg|Portrait of [[Gerard de Jode]]
File:Willebrord Snell. Line engraving, 1688. Wellcome V0005524.jpg|Portrait of [[Willebrord Snell]]
File:Petrus Bertius by Vinkeles 1787.jpg|Portrait of [[Petrus Bertius]], 1787 engraving by [[Reinier Vinkeles]]
File:Petrusplancius.gif|Portrait of [[Petrus Plancius]]
File:Jodocus Hondius.jpg|Portrait of [[Jodocus Hondius]]
File:Willem Jansz Blaeu.png|Portrait of [[Willem Blaeu]]
File:Joan Blaeu (J.van Rossum).jpg|Portrait of [[Johannes Blaeu]]
File:Frederik Houtman SK-A-2727.jpg|Portrait of [[Frederick de Houtman]], c. 1615
File:Barents.jpg|Portrait of [[Willem Barentsz]]
File:Abel Tasman - Cuyp (cropped) (adjusted).jpg|Portrait of [[Abel Tasman]]
File:Portrait of Willem de Vlamingh, Johannes en Nicholaas Verkolje (1690 - 1700).jpg|Portrait of [[Willem de Vlamingh]]
Image:Ruysch map.jpg|[[Johannes Ruysch]]'s 1507 map of the world
Image:1570 Ortelius Map of Asia (first edition) - Geographicus - AsiaeNovaDescriptio-ortelius.jpg|Map of Asia by Abraham Ortelius (1572)
Image:Braun&Hogenberg Trier 1572.jpg|Historical view of [[Trier]], published in ''[[Civitates Orbis Terrarum]]'' (1572) by [[Frans Hogenberg]] and [[Georg Braun]]
Image:Speculum Orbis Terrae.jpg|Title page of ''[[Speculum Orbis Terrae]]'' by [[Cornelis de Jode]] (1593). Cornelis was the son of [[Gerard de Jode]]. When his father died in 1591, Cornelis de Jode took over the work on his father's uncompleted atlas project (''[[Speculum Orbis Terrarum]]'', originally published in 1578)
Image:Ortelius - Maris Pacifici 1589.jpg|''[[Maris Pacifici]]'' by Abraham Ortelius (1589). It was the first dedicated map of the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] to be printed.
Image:Descriptionis Ptolemaicæ avgmentvm siue Occidentis notitia breui commentario illustrata p193.tif|Map of [[Cuba]] and [[Jamaica]] from [[Cornelis van Wytfliet]]'s ''Descriptionis Ptolemaicae Augmentum'' (1597)
Image:Barentsz arctic map.jpg|[[Spitsbergen]]/[[Svalbard]], here mapped for the first time, is indicated as "Het Nieuwe Land" (Dutch for "the New Land"), center-left. Portion of 1599 map of Arctic exploration by [[Willem Barentsz]]
Image:Livoniae descriptio.jpg|Map of [[Livonia]] (1603) from [[Petrus Bertius]]'s ''Tabularum Geographicarum Contractarum''
Image:1606 Mercator Hondius Map of the Arctic (First Map of the North Pole) - Geographicus - NorthPole-mercator-1606.jpg|1606 Mercator Hondius Map of the Arctic
Image:Arctic 1644.jpg|Jan Jansson's map of the "Poli Arctici" from 1644
Image:C.G. Zorgdragers Bloeyende opkomst der aloude en hedendaagsche Groenlandsche visschery - no-nb digibok 2014010724007-V5.jpg|A Dutch map of [[Jan Mayen]] during the Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery (ca. 1590s–1720s)
Image:Map of the East Indies by Jodocus Hondius in 1606.jpg|Map of the [[East Indies]] by [[Jodocus Hondius]] (1606)
Image:Wpdms aq block 1614.jpg|[[Adriaen Block]]'s map of his 1614 voyage, with the first appearance of the term "[[New Netherland]]"
File:Atlas Maior - Novi Belgii - four colors.jpg|Jansson-Visscher map of New Netherland first published by [[Adriaen van der Donck]]
Image:Antique map of Leo Belgicus by Visscher C.J. - Gerritsz 1630.jpg|''[[Leo Belgicus]]'' by [[Jodocus Hondius|Hondius]] & Gerritsz, 1630
Image:Joannes van Deutecum - Leo Belgicus 1650 - published by Claes Jansz Visscher Amsterdam.jpg|''Leo Belgicus'' (1650), published by [[Claes Jansz Visscher]]
File:Cellarius Harmonia macrocosica 1708 title.jpg|''[[Harmonia Macrocosmica]]'' by [[Andreas Cellarius]], 1660
File:Atlas van Gerard Mercator (1595) - KBR 27-8-2016 11-33-21.jpg|''[[Atlas Cosmographicae]]'' (Mercator's 1595 World Atlas), in the collection of the Royal Library of Belgium
File:Terraaustralis.jpg|''Atlas Major'' by [[Jan Janssonius]], 1657
File:Mercator World Map.jpg|World map by Mercator, 1587
File:Gerard De Jode, Universi Orbis seu Terreni Globi, 1578.png|''Universi Orbis seu Terreni Globi'' by [[Gerard de Jode]], 1578
File:1635 Map of Formosa (Taiwan) and Surrounding Countries by Dutch 荷蘭人所繪福爾摩沙臺灣.jpeg|1635 Map of [[Dutch Formosa]] and surrounding countries
File:1640 Map of Formosa-Taiwan by Dutch 荷蘭人所繪福爾摩沙-臺灣.jpg|1640 Map of Dutch Formosa
File:Atlas Blaeu-Van der Hem - Taioan.jpg|Dutch Formosa ([[Atlas Blaeu-Van der Hem]])
File:Nova Orbis Tabula in Lucem Edita.jpg|''Nova Orbis Tabula in Lucem Edita'' by [[Frederik de Wit]], c. 1665
File:Planisphæri cœleste.jpg|Celestial map by Frederik de Wit, 1670
File:17th Century map of Lincolnshire.JPG|17th-century map of [[Lincolnshire]], by [[Pieter van den Keere]] for a "Miniature Speed Atlas"
File:World Map 1689.JPG|Map of the world produced in 1689 by [[Gerard van Schagen]]
File:Van Keulen-Nieuwe Pascaert van Oost Indien-1680-1735-2.jpg|1689 map of the [[East Indies]], by [[Johannes van Keulen]]
File:Man Writing a Letter by Gabriël Metsu.jpg|''[[Man Writing a Letter]]'', by [[Gabriël Metsu]] (c. 1664–66). Note that there is a globe in the corner, behind the opened window.
File:Johannes Vermeer - De Soldaat en het Lachende Meisje - Google Art Project.jpg|''[[Officer and Laughing Girl]]'', by [[Jan Vermeer]] (c. 1657). Note that there is a large map on the wall.
File:Vermeer, Johannes - Woman reading a letter - ca. 1662-1663.jpg|''[[Woman Reading a Letter (Vermeer)|A Woman in Blue Reading a Letter]]'', by Jan Vermeer, ca. 1662–65
File:Vermeer - Woman with a Lute near a window.jpg|''[[Woman with a Lute|A Woman with a Lute]]'', by Jan Vermeer, ca. 1662–64
File:Jan Vermeer van Delft 019.jpg|''[[Woman with a Water Jug|A Woman with a Water Jug]]'', by Jan Vermeer, ca. 1660–62
File:Willem Pietersz. Buytewech Merry Company.jpg|''[[Merry Company]]'', by [[Willem Pieterszoon Buytewech]], c. 1620
File:Willem Pietersz. Buytewech 002.jpg|''[[Merry Company (Buytewech)|Merry Company]]'', by Willem Pieterszoon Buytewech, ca. 1620–22
File:Quiringh Gerritsz. van Brekelenkam 003.jpg|A [[genre scene]] by [[Quiringh van Brekelenkam]], c. 1655
File:Quiringh Gerritsz van Brekelenkam Interieur mit einer jungen Frau am Spinnrad und einer Magd.jpg|A genre scene by Quiringh van Brekelenkam, c. 1661
File:Quirijn van Brekelenkam - The Blood-Letting.jpg|''The Bloodletting'', by Quiringh van Brekelenkam, c. 1660
File:Shoemaker's Shop by Quiringh Gerritsz. van Brekelenkam.jpg|''Shoemaker's Shop'', by Quiringh van Brekelenkam, c. 1660
File:Nicolaes Maes - The Account Keeper.jpg|''The Account Keeper'', by [[Nicolaes Maes]], c. 1657
File:Jan Verkolje - Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.jpg|Portrait of [[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]], by [[Jan Verkolje]]
</gallery>

==Legacy and recognition==
An [[4798 Mercator|asteroid is named]] for Gerardus Mercator. On 5 March 2015, Google celebrated his 503rd birthday with a [[Google Doodle|doodle]].

On 20 May 2018, [[Google Doodle]] celebrated the anniversary of [[Theatrum Orbis Terrarum|Ortelius' atlas]] which was published on 20 May 1570.

[[Australia on the Map]] is the history and heritage division of the [[Australasian Hydrographic Society]]. It seeks to enhance Australians' knowledge, understanding and appreciation of the nation's early history, beginning in 1606 with the voyages of [[Willem Janszoon]] in the ''[[Duyfken]]''

Crater [[Langrenus (crater)|Langrenus]], on the Moon, is named after [[Michael van Langren|Michiel van Langren]].

===Field of (early modern) Netherlandish cartographic and geographic studies===
Some notable scholars/historians of Netherlandish cartography and geography include Cornelis Koeman,<ref>Koeman, Cornelis; van Egmond, M.: ''Surveying and Official Mapping in the Low Countries, 1500–ca. 1670'' (''Part 2: Low Countries''), pp. 1246–1295, David Woodward ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007)</ref> Peter van der Krogt, Günter Schilder,<ref>Schilder, Günter: ''Australia Unveiled: the Share of Dutch Navigators in the Discovery of Australia (includes bibliography)''. (Amsterdam: Thearum Orbis Terrarum, 1976)</ref><ref>Schilder, Günter (1984) ''The Netherland Nautical Cartography from 1550 to 1650'', RUC, Coimbra: BGUC, 1985, vol. XXXII, 97–119 (Lisboa: CEHCA)</ref><ref>Schilder, Günter; van Egmond, M.: ''Maritime Cartography in the Low Countries during the Renaissance'', (''Part 2: Low Countries''), pp. 1384–1432, David Woodward ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007)</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schilder |first1=Günter |last2=Kok |first2=Hans |title=Sailing for the East: History and Catalogue of Manuscript Charts on Vellum of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), 1602–1799 |publisher=BRILL |year=2010 |isbn=9789061942603}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schilder |first1=Günter |title=Early Dutch Maritime Cartography: The North Holland School of Cartography (c. 1580 – c. 1620) |publisher=BRILL |year=2017 |isbn=9789004338029}}</ref> Benjamin Schmidt,<ref>Schmidt, Benjamin (1997), 'Mapping an Empire: Cartographic and Colonial Rivalry in Seventeenth-Century Dutch and English North America,'. ''The William and Mary Quarterly'' 54(3): 549–578</ref> Elizabeth A. Sutton,<ref>Sutton, Elizabeth A. (2009), 'Mapping Meaning: Ethnography and Allegory in Netherlandish Cartography, 1570–1655,'. ''Itinerario'' 33(3): 12–42</ref><ref>Sutton, Elizabeth A.: ''Early Modern Dutch Prints of Africa (Transculturalisms, 1400–1700)''. (Ashgate, 2012, 276 pp)</ref><ref>Sutton, Elizabeth A.: ''Capitalism and Cartography in the Dutch Golden Age''. (University of Chicago Press, 2015, 208 pp)</ref> Claudia Swan, James A. Welu, and Kees Zandvliet.<ref>Zandvliet, Kees: ''Mapping for Money: Maps, Plans and Topographic Paintings and their Role in Dutch Overseas Expansion During the 16th and 17th Centuries''. (Batavian Lion International, 1998, 328 pp)</ref><ref>Zandvliet, Kees: ''Mapping the Dutch World Overseas in the Seventeenth Century'', (''Part 2: Low Countries''), pp. 1433–1462, David Woodward ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007)</ref>

====Professional organizations====
* [[Explokart]] (research programme at [[Utrecht University]], founded 1981 by professor Günter Schilder)
* [[The Brussels Map Circle]] (previously the [[Brussels International Map Collectors' Circle]])

====Publications====
* ''[[Caert-Thresoor: Tijdschrift voor de Geschiedenis van de Kartografie]]'' (Dutch-language journal)

==See also==
{{Div col|small=yes}}
*''[[Atlas Blaeu-Van der Hem]]''
*''[[Atlas Cosmographicae]]'' (Mercator's 1596 World Atlas)
*''[[Atlas Maior]]''
*''[[Atlas Van Loon]]''
*[[Dutch celestial cartography in the Age of Discovery]] ([[Dutch systematic mapping of the far southern sky|Early systematic mapping of the far southern sky, c. 1595–1599]])
*[[Dutch mapping of Australia]] (1606–1642)
*[[Dutch mapping of Formosa (Taiwan)]]
*[[Dutch maritime cartography in the Age of Discovery]]
*''[[Harmonia Macrocosmica]]''
*[[History of cartography]]
*''[[Leo Belgicus]]''
*[[List of Dutch discoveries]]
*[[List of Dutch explorations]]
*[[List of place names of Dutch origin]]
*[[Mercator 1569 world map|Mercator's 1569 World Map]]
*''[[Mercator-Hondius Atlas]]''
*''[[Theatrum Orbis Terrarum]]'' (''Theatre of the Orb of the World'')
*[[Iberian cartography, 1400–1600|Early modern Iberian (Spanish and Portuguese) cartography]], one of the main influences on early modern Netherlandish cartography
*''[[The Mariner's Mirror]]'' (journal), takes its name from [[Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer|Waghenaer]]'s sea atlas
{{Div col end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Multimedia (e.g. lectures, conferences)==
* Welu, James A. (10 November 2016): ''[[Jan Vermeer|Vermeer]]'s Mania for Maps''. Presented by the Norman B. Leventhal Map Center at the Boston Public Library in partnership with the Boston Map Society ([[WGBH-TV|WGBH]] Lectures, GBH Forum Network, [[Boston, MA]]). [Duration 1:01:41]

==External links==
* [https://www.explokart.eu/ ''Explokart'' – Research programme at Utrecht University, founded 1981 by professor Günter Schilder]
* [https://caert-thresoor.nl/ ''Caert-Thresoor: Tijdschrift voor de Geschiedenis van de Kartografie''] [in Dutch]
* [https://www.lib.umich.edu/online-exhibits/exhibits/show/rediscoveringvignaud Mr. Vignaud's Maps: Unraveling a Cartographic Mystery from the Golden Age of Dutch Cartography (Online Exhibits) – The University of Michigan Library]

{{Cartography topics}}
{{DutchplacenamesAus}}
{{Art of the Dutch Golden Age}}
{{Johannes Vermeer}}

[[Category:Early modern Netherlandish cartography| ]]
[[Category:Cartography in the Dutch Republic|*]]
[[Category:Science and technology in the Dutch Republic]]
[[Category:History of cartography]]
[[Category:Netherlandish Renaissance art|*]]
[[Category:Netherlandish Baroque art|*]]
[[Category:History of the Low Countries]]
[[Category:Habsburg Netherlands]]
[[Category:History of science and technology in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Dutch Golden Age art and literature]]
[[Category:Art of the Dutch Golden Age]]
[[Category:Flemish Baroque art]]
[[Category:Dutch inventions]]

Latest revision as of 22:19, 24 October 2022

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