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{{Short description|Species of bat}}
{{Taxobox
{{speciesbox
| name = Leach's single leaf bat
| name = Leach's single leaf bat
| image = MonophyllusRedmaniiFord.jpg
| image = MonophyllusRedmaniiFord.jpg
| status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{Cite journal | author = Rodriguez, A. | author2 = Mancina, C. | last-author-amp = yes | title = ''Monophyllus redmani'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2008 | page = e.T13720A4354507 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | date = 2008 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/13720/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T13720A4354507.en | access-date = 10 January 2018}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 16 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Solari, S. |date=2018 |title=''Monophyllus redmani'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T13720A22112192 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T13720A22112192.en |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| genus = Monophyllus
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| species = redmani
⚫
| authority = [[William Elford Leach|Leach]], 1821
| classis = [[Mammalia]]
| ordo = [[Chiroptera]]
| familia = [[Phyllostomidae]]
| genus = ''[[Monophyllus]]''
| species = '''''M. redmani'''''
| binomial = ''Monophyllus redmani''
⚫
| binomial_authority = [[William Elford Leach|Leach]], 1821
| synonyms =
| synonyms =
}}
}}


'''Leach's single leaf bat''' (''Monophyllus redmani''), also known as '''Greater Antillean long-tongued bat''',<ref name=EOL>{{cite web |url=http://eol.org/pages/327944/overview |title=''Monophyllus redmani'' — Greater Antillean Long-tongued Bat |work=Encyclopedia of Life |accessdate=19 March 2015}}</ref> is a species of [[bat]] in the family [[Phyllostomidae]]. It is found in southern [[Bahamas]], [[Cuba]], [[Jamaica]], [[Hispaniola]] ([[Haiti]] and the [[Dominican Republic]]), and [[Puerto Rico]]. It forms large colonies, with up to a few hundred thousand individuals, and feeds on a relatively wide variety of food items including pollen, nectar, fruit and insects.
'''Leach's single leaf bat''' ('''''Monophyllus redmani'''''), also known as '''Greater Antillean long-tongued bat''',<ref name=EOL>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://eol.org/pages/327944/overview |title=''Monophyllus redmani'' — Greater Antillean Long-tongued Bat |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Life |access-date=19 March 2015}}</ref> is a species of [[bat]] in the family [[Phyllostomidae]]. It is found in the southern [[Bahamas]] and in all the [[Greater Antilles]] ([[Cuba]], [[Jamaica]], [[Hispaniola]] (both [[Haiti]] and the [[Dominican Republic]]), and [[Puerto Rico]]). It forms large colonies, with up to a few hundred thousand individuals, and feeds on a relatively wide variety of food items including pollen, nectar, fruit and insects.


== Description ==
== Description ==
Leach's single leaf bat is the largest bat in the genus [[Monophyllus]], with a total length of 73–80&nbsp;mm. Its skull length ranges between 22.6-23.9&nbsp;mm, its ear length between 13–14&nbsp;mm, and the length of the forearms between 37.6-41.0&nbsp;mm. Average adult weight is {{convert|8.8|g|abbr=on}}. Its skull has a zygomatic arch and small incisors that are replaced throughout life.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Homan|first=Jacqueline A.|last2=Jones|first2=J. Knox|date=|year=1975|title=''Monophyllus redmani''|jstor=3503997|journal=Mammalian Species|volume=57|pages=1–3|doi=10.2307/3503997}}</ref>
Leach's single leaf bat is the largest bat in the genus ''[[Monophyllus]]'', with a total length of 73–80&nbsp;mm. Its skull length ranges between 22.6 and 23.9&nbsp;mm, its ear length between 13 and 14&nbsp;mm, and the length of the forearms between 37.6 and 41.0&nbsp;mm. Average adult weight is {{convert|8.8|g|abbr=on}}. Its skull has a zygomatic arch and small incisors that are replaced throughout life.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Homan|first1=Jacqueline A.|last2=Jones|first2=J. Knox|year=1975|title=''Monophyllus redmani''|jstor=3503997|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=57|pages=1–3|doi=10.2307/3503997}}</ref>


When compared to other [[Glossophaginae|glossophagines]], ''M. redmani'' is small to medium-sized. The color of its fur is light brown or gray. The species can also be distinguished from other species in the genus by dental characteristics. The [[diastema]] between its upper premolars and the first premolar is at least half the length of the first premolar or longer, while other species have a diastema that is less than half the length of their first premolars. The second premolar is also placed right up against the first molar rather than noticeably separated from it.<ref name=":2" />
When compared to other [[Glossophaginae|glossophagines]], ''M. redmani'' is small to medium-sized. The color of its fur is light brown or gray. The species can also be distinguished from other species in the genus by dental characteristics. The [[diastema]] between its upper premolars and the first premolar is at least half the length of the first premolar or longer, while other species have a diastema that is less than half the length of their first premolars. The second premolar is also placed right up against the first molar rather than noticeably separated from it.<ref name=":2" />


The bat has a nose leaf, elongated muzzle, and a papillated tongue.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Werner|first=Henry James|last2=Rutherford|first2=Kim|date=1979-01-01|title=Histological aspects of the facial glands of the bat, ''Monophyllus redmani portoricensis'' |jstor=1379784|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=60|issue=1|pages=229–229|doi=10.2307/1379784}}</ref> The tongue is used to gather pollen from flowers. The bat can elongate individual papillae to create a "mop" that can lap up pollen.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Koopman|first=Karl F.|date=1981-01-01|title=The distributional patterns of New World nectar-feeding bats |jstor=2398802|journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden|volume=68|issue=2|pages=352–369|doi=10.2307/2398802}}</ref>
The bat has a nose leaf, elongated muzzle, and a papillated tongue.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Werner|first1=Henry James|last2=Rutherford|first2=Kim|date=1979-01-01|title=Histological aspects of the facial glands of the bat, ''Monophyllus redmani portoricensis'' |jstor=1379784|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=60|issue=1|pages=229|doi=10.2307/1379784}}</ref> The tongue is used to gather pollen from flowers. The bat can elongate individual papillae to create a "mop" that can lap up pollen.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Koopman|first=Karl F.|date=1981-01-01|title=The distributional patterns of New World nectar-feeding bats |jstor=2398802|journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden|volume=68|issue=2|pages=352–369|doi=10.2307/2398802|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/38388 }}</ref>


Fossil records have been dated back to cave deposits during the [[Pleistocene]] and [[Holocene]].<ref name=":2" />
Fossil records have been dated back to cave deposits during the [[Pleistocene]] and [[Holocene]].<ref name=":2" />


== Distribution and habitat==
== Distribution and habitat==
The species is distributed throughout the Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico, aggregating in large numbers in caves for roosting. Colonies may number several hundred thousand individuals.<ref name=iucn/> Specimens collected from Jamaica and Cuba were found in damp caves and Bahaman specimens were located in aerated caves.<ref name=":2" /> A 1998 surveys in Puerto Rico found the bat roosting in high-temperature caves, occupying 31% of all surveyed caves. They were found to roost with other species of cave-dwelling bats, primarily the [[Jamaican fruit bat]], the [[Antillean ghost-faced bat]], and the [[sooty mustached bat]], in 71% of roosting sites. The species preferred deep cavities and stalactites. Hot caves that bats occupied year round were shown to have temperatures between 26-40 degrees Celsius, a single cave opening, and depression cavities in the cave’s ceiling. It is thought that the species prefers these cavities because they may aid in body heat conservation.<ref name=":5">{{cite journal|last1=Rodríguez-Durán|first1=Armando|title=Nonrandom aggregations and distribution of cave-dwelling bats in Puerto Rico|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=79|issue=1|year=1998|pages=141–46|doi=10.2307/1382848}}</ref>
The species is distributed throughout the Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico, aggregating in large numbers in caves for roosting. Colonies may number several hundred thousand individuals.<ref name="iucn status 16 November 2021" /> Specimens collected from Jamaica and Cuba were found in damp caves and Bahaman specimens were located in aerated caves.<ref name=":2" /> A 1998 surveys in Puerto Rico found the bat roosting in high-temperature caves, occupying 31% of all surveyed caves. They were found to roost with other species of cave-dwelling bats, primarily the [[Jamaican fruit bat]], the [[Antillean ghost-faced bat]], and the [[sooty mustached bat]], in 71% of roosting sites. The species preferred deep cavities and stalactites. Hot caves that bats occupied year round were shown to have temperatures between 26 and 40 degrees Celsius, a single cave opening, and depression cavities in the cave's ceiling. It is thought that the species prefers these cavities because they may aid in body heat conservation.<ref name=":5">{{cite journal|last1=Rodríguez-Durán|first1=Armando|title=Nonrandom aggregations and distribution of cave-dwelling bats in Puerto Rico|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=79|issue=1|year=1998|pages=141–46|doi=10.2307/1382848|jstor=1382848|doi-access=free}}</ref>


== Diet ==
== Diet ==
The diet of Leach's single leaf bat consists of nectar, fruit and insects. 91% of the bats feed on nectar, including the flowers of guava, woman's tongue, myrtle, and wild tamarind, while 22% feed on fruit, which include Panama berry and elder. Insects also make up a portion of the bat's diet, particularly soft-bodied types such as [[lepidoptera]]ns and [[Fly|dipterans]].<ref name=":0" /> Compared to other bats in the Greater Antilles, Leach's single leaf bat has a jaw morphology that is more suited for feeding on nectar rather than fruit.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Mancina|first=Carlos A.|last2=Herrera M.|first2=L. Gerardo|date=|year=2010|title=Disparate feeding strategies used by syntopic Antillean nectarivorous bats to obtain dietary protein |jstor=40925646|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=91|issue=4|pages=960–966|via=University of Utah Eccles Health Sciences Library|doi=10.1644/09-mamm-a-323.1}}</ref> It obtains nitrogen mostly from pollen and insects. Still, the species' diverse diet may play role in its adaptability to random events like hurricanes, because it can recover more quickly than other bats by taking advantage of a variety of food items available at different times during an ecosystem's recovery.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Soto-Centeno|first=J. Angel|last2=Kurta|first2=Allen|date=2006-01-01|title=Diet of two nectarivorous bats, ''Erophylla sezekorni'' and ''Monophyllus redmani'' (Phyllostomidae), on Puerto Rico|jstor=4094558|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=87|issue=1|pages=19–26|doi=10.1644/05-mamm-041r1.1}}</ref>
The diet of Leach's single leaf bat consists of nectar, fruit and insects. 91% of the bats feed on nectar, including the flowers of guava, woman's tongue, myrtle, and wild tamarind, while 22% feed on fruit, which include Panama berry and elder. Insects also make up a portion of the bat's diet, particularly soft-bodied types such as [[lepidoptera]]ns and [[Fly|dipterans]].<ref name=":0" /> Compared to other bats in the Greater Antilles, Leach's single leaf bat has a jaw morphology that is more suited for feeding on nectar rather than fruit.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Mancina|first1=Carlos A.|last2=Herrera M.|first2=L. Gerardo|year=2010|title=Disparate feeding strategies used by syntopic Antillean nectarivorous bats to obtain dietary protein |jstor=40925646|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=91|issue=4|pages=960–966|doi=10.1644/09-mamm-a-323.1|doi-access=free}}</ref> It obtains nitrogen mostly from pollen and insects. Still, the species' diverse diet may play role in its adaptability to random events like hurricanes, because it can recover more quickly than other bats by taking advantage of a variety of food items available at different times during an ecosystem's recovery.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Soto-Centeno|first1=J. Angel|last2=Kurta|first2=Allen|date=2006-01-01|title=Diet of two nectarivorous bats, ''Erophylla sezekorni'' and ''Monophyllus redmani'' (Phyllostomidae), on Puerto Rico|jstor=4094558|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=87|issue=1|pages=19–26|doi=10.1644/05-mamm-041r1.1|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Resource partitioning occurs between this species and the [[brown flower bat]], which occurs in the same type of habitat on Puerto Rico. Based on isotope analyses of the blood of both bat species, Leach's single leaf bat depends more heavily on insects and the brown flower bat more strongly on plant materials, which has been proposed as possibly competition avoidance and niche partitioning adaptation.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6">{{cite journal|last1=Soto-Centeno|first1=J. Angel|first2=Donald L.|last2=Phillips|first3=Allen|last3=Kurta|first4=Keith A.|last4=Hobson|title=Food resource partitioning in syntopic nectarivorous bats on Puerto Rico|journal=Journal of Tropical Ecology|volume=30|issue=4|year=2014|pages=359–69|doi=10.1017/s0266467414000145}}</ref>
Resource partitioning occurs between this species and the [[brown flower bat]], which occurs in the same type of habitat on Puerto Rico. Based on isotope analyses of the blood of both bat species, Leach's single leaf bat depends more heavily on insects and the brown flower bat more strongly on plant materials, which has been proposed as possibly competition avoidance and niche partitioning adaptation.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6">{{cite journal|last1=Soto-Centeno|first1=J. Angel|first2=Donald L.|last2=Phillips|first3=Allen|last3=Kurta|first4=Keith A.|last4=Hobson|title=Food resource partitioning in syntopic nectarivorous bats on Puerto Rico|journal=Journal of Tropical Ecology|volume=30|issue=4|year=2014|pages=359–69|doi=10.1017/s0266467414000145|s2cid=84830680 }}</ref>


== Parasite ecology ==
== Parasite ecology ==
A comparison of macroparasite communities in three bat species including ''M. redmani'' found a negative relationship between the amount of [[ectoparasites]] and of [[endoparasites]], such as [[helminths]]. Leach's single leaf bat had the highest ectoparasite load but was free of helminths. Differences in macroparasite load among the three species, which share the same roosting caves, have been hypothesized to depend on smaller-scale roosting site selection within the cave, with attendant differences in temperature and microclimate.<ref name=":7">{{cite journal|last1=Krichbaum|first1=Kristle|first2=Sarah|last2=Perkins|first3=Michael|last3=Gannon|title=Host-parasite interactions of tropical bats in Puerto Rico |journal=Acta Chiropterologica |volume=11|issue=1|year=2008|pages=157–62|doi=10.3161/150811009x465776}}</ref>
A comparison of macroparasite communities in three bat species including ''M. redmani'' found a negative relationship between the amount of [[ectoparasites]] and of [[endoparasites]], such as [[helminths]]. Leach's single leaf bat had the highest ectoparasite load but was free of helminths. Differences in macroparasite load among the three species, which share the same roosting caves, have been hypothesized to depend on smaller-scale roosting site selection within the cave, with attendant differences in temperature and microclimate.<ref name=":7">{{cite journal|last1=Krichbaum|first1=Kristle|first2=Sarah|last2=Perkins|first3=Michael|last3=Gannon|title=Host-parasite interactions of tropical bats in Puerto Rico |journal=Acta Chiropterologica |volume=11|issue=1|year=2008|pages=157–62|doi=10.3161/150811009x465776|s2cid=39046859}}</ref>


==Conservation==
==Conservation==
The species is classified as [[Least Concern]] by the [[IUCN]] due to its large population size and broad distribution, although mining and tourism are reducing cave roosting space.<ref name=iucn/>
The species is classified as [[Least Concern]] by the [[IUCN]] due to its large population size and broad distribution, although mining and tourism are reducing cave roosting space.<ref name="iucn status 16 November 2021" />


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 22:08, 21 November 2022

Leach's single leaf bat
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Chiroptera
Family: Phyllostomidae
Genus: Monophyllus
Species:
M. redmani
Binomial name
Monophyllus redmani
Leach, 1821

Leach's single leaf bat (Monophyllus redmani), also known as Greater Antillean long-tongued bat,[2] is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae. It is found in the southern Bahamas and in all the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola (both Haiti and the Dominican Republic), and Puerto Rico). It forms large colonies, with up to a few hundred thousand individuals, and feeds on a relatively wide variety of food items including pollen, nectar, fruit and insects.

Description

[edit]

Leach's single leaf bat is the largest bat in the genus Monophyllus, with a total length of 73–80 mm. Its skull length ranges between 22.6 and 23.9 mm, its ear length between 13 and 14 mm, and the length of the forearms between 37.6 and 41.0 mm. Average adult weight is 8.8 g (0.31 oz). Its skull has a zygomatic arch and small incisors that are replaced throughout life.[3]

When compared to other glossophagines, M. redmani is small to medium-sized. The color of its fur is light brown or gray. The species can also be distinguished from other species in the genus by dental characteristics. The diastema between its upper premolars and the first premolar is at least half the length of the first premolar or longer, while other species have a diastema that is less than half the length of their first premolars. The second premolar is also placed right up against the first molar rather than noticeably separated from it.[3]

The bat has a nose leaf, elongated muzzle, and a papillated tongue.[4] The tongue is used to gather pollen from flowers. The bat can elongate individual papillae to create a "mop" that can lap up pollen.[5]

Fossil records have been dated back to cave deposits during the Pleistocene and Holocene.[3]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

The species is distributed throughout the Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico, aggregating in large numbers in caves for roosting. Colonies may number several hundred thousand individuals.[1] Specimens collected from Jamaica and Cuba were found in damp caves and Bahaman specimens were located in aerated caves.[3] A 1998 surveys in Puerto Rico found the bat roosting in high-temperature caves, occupying 31% of all surveyed caves. They were found to roost with other species of cave-dwelling bats, primarily the Jamaican fruit bat, the Antillean ghost-faced bat, and the sooty mustached bat, in 71% of roosting sites. The species preferred deep cavities and stalactites. Hot caves that bats occupied year round were shown to have temperatures between 26 and 40 degrees Celsius, a single cave opening, and depression cavities in the cave's ceiling. It is thought that the species prefers these cavities because they may aid in body heat conservation.[6]

Diet

[edit]

The diet of Leach's single leaf bat consists of nectar, fruit and insects. 91% of the bats feed on nectar, including the flowers of guava, woman's tongue, myrtle, and wild tamarind, while 22% feed on fruit, which include Panama berry and elder. Insects also make up a portion of the bat's diet, particularly soft-bodied types such as lepidopterans and dipterans.[7] Compared to other bats in the Greater Antilles, Leach's single leaf bat has a jaw morphology that is more suited for feeding on nectar rather than fruit.[8] It obtains nitrogen mostly from pollen and insects. Still, the species' diverse diet may play role in its adaptability to random events like hurricanes, because it can recover more quickly than other bats by taking advantage of a variety of food items available at different times during an ecosystem's recovery.[7]

Resource partitioning occurs between this species and the brown flower bat, which occurs in the same type of habitat on Puerto Rico. Based on isotope analyses of the blood of both bat species, Leach's single leaf bat depends more heavily on insects and the brown flower bat more strongly on plant materials, which has been proposed as possibly competition avoidance and niche partitioning adaptation.[8][9]

Parasite ecology

[edit]

A comparison of macroparasite communities in three bat species including M. redmani found a negative relationship between the amount of ectoparasites and of endoparasites, such as helminths. Leach's single leaf bat had the highest ectoparasite load but was free of helminths. Differences in macroparasite load among the three species, which share the same roosting caves, have been hypothesized to depend on smaller-scale roosting site selection within the cave, with attendant differences in temperature and microclimate.[10]

Conservation

[edit]

The species is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN due to its large population size and broad distribution, although mining and tourism are reducing cave roosting space.[1]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Solari, S. (2018). "Monophyllus redmani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T13720A22112192. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T13720A22112192.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Monophyllus redmani — Greater Antillean Long-tongued Bat". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d Homan, Jacqueline A.; Jones, J. Knox (1975). "Monophyllus redmani". Mammalian Species (57): 1–3. doi:10.2307/3503997. JSTOR 3503997.
  4. ^ Werner, Henry James; Rutherford, Kim (1979-01-01). "Histological aspects of the facial glands of the bat, Monophyllus redmani portoricensis". Journal of Mammalogy. 60 (1): 229. doi:10.2307/1379784. JSTOR 1379784.
  5. ^ Koopman, Karl F. (1981-01-01). "The distributional patterns of New World nectar-feeding bats". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 68 (2): 352–369. doi:10.2307/2398802. JSTOR 2398802.
  6. ^ Rodríguez-Durán, Armando (1998). "Nonrandom aggregations and distribution of cave-dwelling bats in Puerto Rico". Journal of Mammalogy. 79 (1): 141–46. doi:10.2307/1382848. JSTOR 1382848.
  7. ^ a b Soto-Centeno, J. Angel; Kurta, Allen (2006-01-01). "Diet of two nectarivorous bats, Erophylla sezekorni and Monophyllus redmani (Phyllostomidae), on Puerto Rico". Journal of Mammalogy. 87 (1): 19–26. doi:10.1644/05-mamm-041r1.1. JSTOR 4094558.
  8. ^ a b Mancina, Carlos A.; Herrera M., L. Gerardo (2010). "Disparate feeding strategies used by syntopic Antillean nectarivorous bats to obtain dietary protein". Journal of Mammalogy. 91 (4): 960–966. doi:10.1644/09-mamm-a-323.1. JSTOR 40925646.
  9. ^ Soto-Centeno, J. Angel; Phillips, Donald L.; Kurta, Allen; Hobson, Keith A. (2014). "Food resource partitioning in syntopic nectarivorous bats on Puerto Rico". Journal of Tropical Ecology. 30 (4): 359–69. doi:10.1017/s0266467414000145. S2CID 84830680.
  10. ^ Krichbaum, Kristle; Perkins, Sarah; Gannon, Michael (2008). "Host-parasite interactions of tropical bats in Puerto Rico". Acta Chiropterologica. 11 (1): 157–62. doi:10.3161/150811009x465776. S2CID 39046859.
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