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{{short description|Genus of plants}}
{{italic title}}
{{Italic title}}
{{taxobox
{{speciesbox
⚫
|name = ''Amianthium''
|name = Fly poison
|image = Amianthium muscitoxicum (homeredwardprice) 003.jpg
|image = Amianthium muscitoxicum (homeredwardprice) 003.jpg
|image_caption=in [[Great Smoky Mountains National Park]]
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|display_parents = 2
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
⚫
|genus = Amianthium
|unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
|ordo = [[Liliales]]
|parent_authority = [[Asa Gray|A.Gray]]
⚫
|species = muscitoxicum
|familia = [[Melanthiaceae]]
⚫
|authority = (Walter) [[A.Gray]]
|genus = '''''Amianthium'''''
|synonyms =
|genus_authority = [[Asa Gray|A.Gray]]
{{collapsible list|bullets = true
⚫
|species = '''''A. muscitoxicum'''''
|title=<small>Synonymy</small>
|binomial = ''Amianthium muscitoxicum''
|''Amianthium muscaetoxicum'', <small>common misspelling</small><ref>[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10001193#page/132/mode/1up Walter, Thomas 1788. Flora caroliniana : secundum systema vegetabilium perillustris Linnaei digesta; characteres essentiales naturalesve et differentias veras exhibens; cum emendationibus numerosis: descriptionum antea evulgatarum: adumbrationes stirpium plus mille continens: necnon, generibus novis non paucis, speciebus plurimis novisq. ornata 125] in Latin, as Melanthium muscaetoxicum</ref><ref>[http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=art60 International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code), section 60.8]</ref>
⚫
|binomial_authority = (Wakter) [[A.Gray]]
|synonyms = ''Amianthium macrotox'' <small>Raf.</small><br />
|''Melanthium muscaetoxicum'' <small>Walter</small>
''Chrosperma muscitoxicum'' <small>(Walter) Kuntze</small><br />
|''Melanthium muscitoxicum'' <small>Walter</small>
''Melanthium muscitoxicum'' <small>Walter</small><br />
|''Zigadenus muscitoxicum'' <small>(Walter) Regel</small>
''Zigadenus muscitoxicus'' <small>(Walter) Regel</small>
|''Chrosperma muscitoxicum'' <small>(Walter) Kuntze</small>
|''Chrysosperma muscatoxicum'' <small>(Walter) Kuntze</small>
⚫
|synonyms_ref=<ref>{{cite web
|''Melanthium laetum'' <small>Aiton.</small>
|url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=595CD159F9F5C2F105BAC35D64FBCA83?&find_genus=Amianthium&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query
|''Anthericum subtrigynum'' <small>Jacq.</small>
|title=''Amianthium''
|''Melanthium myoctonum'' <small>J.F.Gmel.</small>
|publisher=[[IPNI]]
|''Melanthium phalangioides'' <small>Desr.</small>
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|''Helonias erythrosperma'' <small>Michx.</small>
|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=AMMU&photoID=ammu_1v.jpg
|''Helonias laeta'' <small>(Aiton) Ker Gawl.</small>
|title=Amianthium muscitoxicum (Walter) A. Gray
|''Leimanthium laetum'' <small>(Aiton) Willd.</small>
|publisher=USDA-NRCS PLANTS database
|''Leimanthium pallidum'' <small>Willd.</small>
}}</ref><ref name="fna"/>
|''Chrosperma laetum'' <small>(Aiton) Raf.</small>
|''Amianthium macrotox'' <small>Raf.</small>
|''Crosperma laeta'' <small>(Aiton) Raf.</small>
|''Crosperma phalangioides'' <small>(Desr.) Raf.</small>
}}
⚫
|synonyms_ref=<ref name=j/>
}}
}}


⚫
[[File:Amianthium muscitoxicum 001.jpg|thumb|1913 Illustration of ''Amianthium muscitoxicum'' <ref group="Image">Illustration from Britton & Brown's ''An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions.'' (1913) as ''Chrosperma muscitoxicum''</ref>]]
⚫
'''''Amianthium''''' is a monotypic genus of [[perennial plant]]s growing from [[bulb]]s. It contains the single species '''''Amianthium muscitoxicum''''', known in English as '''fly poison''' from a literal translation of the [[Latin]] ''muscitoxicum'', and is noted for its pretty [[flower]]s and its toxic [[alkaloid]] content. While all parts of the plant are poisonous, the bulb is particularly toxic. The scientific name was given to it by Thomas Walter when he published his ''Flora Caroliniana'' in 1788. The epithet is sometimes spelt "''muscaetoxicum''".


⚫
'''''Amianthium''''' is a [[North America]]n genus of [[perennial plant]]s growing from [[bulb]]s. It contains the single known species '''''Amianthium muscitoxicum''''', known in English as '''fly poison''' from a literal translation of the [[Latin]] [[Specific epithet (botany)|epithet]] ''muscitoxicum'',<!--Sure it's not the other way around???--> and is noted for its pretty [[flower]]s and its toxic [[alkaloid]] content. While all parts of the plant are poisonous, the bulb is particularly toxic. The scientific [[Specific epithet (botany)|epithet]] was given to it by [[Thomas Walter (botanist)|Thomas Walter]] when he published his ''Flora Caroliniana'' in 1788.
⚫
The bulb was mixed with sugar by American colonists to kill flies.<ref name="fna"/><ref>Appalachian Wildflowers by Thomas E. Hemmerly. University of Georgia Press, ISBN 0-8203-2181-8</ref>


⚫
The bulb was mixed with sugar by American colonists to kill flies.<ref name="fna"/><ref>Appalachian Wildflowers by Thomas E. Hemmerly. University of Georgia Press, {{ISBN|0-8203-2181-8}}</ref>
⚫
The toxic alkaloids present in the roots and leaves include [[jervine]] and [[amianthine]].<ref name="fna">{{cite web | url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=101358 | work = [[Flora of North America]] | title = Amianthium}}</ref> ''Amianthium'' is [[self-incompatibility in plants|self-incompatible]] and is pollinated mostly by beetles.<ref name="fna"/> It is native to eastern North America, as far north as [[Pennsylvania]], west roughly to the [[Appalachian Mountains]] (with an additional area in [[the Ozarks]]), and south to northern [[Florida]].<ref name="fna"/>


⚫
The toxic [[alkaloids]] present in the roots and leaves include [[jervine]] and [[amianthine]].<ref name="fna">{{cite web | url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=101358 | website = [[Flora of North America]] | title = Amianthium}}</ref> ''Amianthium'' is [[self-incompatibility in plants|self-incompatible]] and is pollinated mostly by beetles.<ref name="fna"/> It is native to eastern [[North America]], as far north as [[Pennsylvania]], west roughly to the [[Appalachian Mountains]] (with an additional area in [[the Ozarks]]), and south to northern [[Florida]] and eastern [[Louisiana]].<ref name="fna"/><ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Amianthium%20muscitoxicum.png Biota of North American Program 2014 county distribution map]</ref>
⚫
Within the family [[Melanthiaceae]], ''Amianthium'' is a member of the tribe [[Melanthieae]]. [[Molecular phylogenetics|Molecular phylogenetic studies]] in the 21st century have resulted in number of changes to placements within this tribe. ''A. muscitoxicum'' has sometimes been placed in the genus ''[[Zigadenus]]'' (as ''Z. muscitoxicus''); however its position as a separate genus has been confirmed.<ref name=ZomlJudd02>{{cite journal| last = Zomlefer| first = WB| coauthors = WS Judd| title = Resurrection of Segregates of the Polyphyletic Genus Zigadenus s.l. (Liliales: Melanthiaceae) and Resulting New Combinations| journal = Novon| volume = 12| issue = 2| pages = 299–308 |year = 2002 |jstor = 3392971 |doi = 10.2307/3392971}}</ref> (See also [[Melanthieae#Phylogeny|Phylogeny of Melanthieae]].)


⚫
Within the family [[Melanthiaceae]], ''Amianthium'' is a member of the tribe [[Melanthieae]]. [[Molecular phylogenetics|Molecular phylogenetic studies]] in the 21st century have resulted in some changes to placements within this tribe. ''A. muscitoxicum'' has sometimes been placed in the genus ''[[Zigadenus]]'' (as ''Z. muscitoxicus''); however its position as a separate genus is consistent with currently available information.<ref name=ZomlJudd02>{{cite journal| last = Zomlefer| first = WB|author2=WS Judd| title = Resurrection of Segregates of the Polyphyletic Genus Zigadenus s.l. (Liliales: Melanthiaceae) and Resulting New Combinations| journal = Novon| volume = 12| issue = 2| pages = 299–308 |year = 2002 |jstor = 3392971 |doi = 10.2307/3392971| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/36508}}</ref> (See also [[Melanthieae#Phylogeny|Phylogeny of Melanthieae]].)
⚫
''Amianthium'' species which have been placed in other genera include:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/|title=WCSP |work= World Checklist of Selected Plant Families|accessdate=2013-02-03}} (search on ''Amianthium'')</ref>

⚫
* ''Amianthium angustifolium'' {{au|A.Gray}} = ''[[Stenanthium densum]]'' {{au|(Desr.) Zomlefer & Judd}}
⚫
''Amianthium'' species which have been placed in other genera include:<ref name=j>{{cite web|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/|title=WCSP |website= World Checklist of Selected Plant Families|accessdate=2013-02-03}} (search on ''Amianthium'')</ref>
⚫
* ''Amianthium aspericaule'' {{au|A.Gray)}} = ''[[Triantha glutinosa]]'' {{au|(Michx.) Baker}}
* ''Amianthium leimanthoides'' {{au|A.Gray)}} = ''Stenanthium densum'' {{au|(Desr.) Zomlefer & Judd}}
* ''Amianthium angustifolium'' {{au|A.Gray}} now called ''[[Stenanthium densum]]'' {{au|(Desr.) Zomlefer & Judd}}
* ''Amianthium nuttallii'' {{au|A.Gray}} = ''[[Toxicoscordion nuttallii]]'' {{au|(A.Gray) Rydb.}}
* ''Amianthium aspericaule'' {{au|A.Gray)}} now called ''[[Triantha glutinosa]]'' {{au|(Michx.) Baker}}
* ''Amianthium texanum'' {{au|(Bush) R.R.Gates}} = ''Stenanthium densum'' {{au|(Desr.) Zomlefer & Judd}}
* ''Amianthium leimanthoides'' {{au|A.Gray)}} now called ''[[Stenanthium densum]]'' {{au|(Desr.) Zomlefer & Judd}}
⚫
* ''Amianthium nuttallii'' {{au|A.Gray}} now called ''[[Toxicoscordion nuttallii]]'' {{au|(A.Gray) Rydb.}}
⚫
* ''Amianthium texanum'' {{au|(Bush) R.R.Gates}} now called ''[[Stenanthium densum]]'' {{au|(Desr.) Zomlefer & Judd}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/wildflowers/amianthium_muscitoxicum.html NC State University]
*Nash, L., & Steven, J. C. (2019). Patterns of resource allocation in fly poison (Amianthium muscaetoxicum). ''Bios'', ''89''(3), 113-117.
<references/>

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|group="Image"}}


{{Taxonbar|from1=Q16868575|from2=Q657307}}
⚫
[[File:Amianthium muscitoxicum 001.jpg|thumb|left|Illustration of ''Chrosperma muscitoxicum'' (a synonym of ''Amianthium muscitoxicum'') from Britton & Brown's ''An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions.'' (1913)]]


[[Category:Melanthiaceae]]
[[Category:Melanthiaceae]]
[[Category:Liliales genera]]
[[Category:Flora of the Eastern United States]]
[[Category:Poisonous plants]]
[[Category:Flora of North America]]
[[Category:Monotypic plant genera]]
[[Category:Melanthiaceae genera]]
[[Category:Melanthiaceae genera]]
[[Category:Flora of Alabama]]
[[Category:Monotypic Liliales genera]]
[[Category:Flora of Arkansas]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Asa Gray]]
[[Category:Flora of Delaware]]
[[Category:Flora of Florida]]

Latest revision as of 17:40, 23 November 2022

Fly poison
in Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Liliales
Family: Melanthiaceae
Tribe: Melanthieae
Genus: Amianthium
A.Gray
Species:
A. muscitoxicum
Binomial name
Amianthium muscitoxicum
(Walter) A.Gray
Synonyms[3]
Synonymy
  • Amianthium muscaetoxicum, common misspelling[1][2]
  • Melanthium muscaetoxicum Walter
  • Melanthium muscitoxicum Walter
  • Zigadenus muscitoxicum (Walter) Regel
  • Chrosperma muscitoxicum (Walter) Kuntze
  • Chrysosperma muscatoxicum (Walter) Kuntze
  • Melanthium laetum Aiton.
  • Anthericum subtrigynum Jacq.
  • Melanthium myoctonum J.F.Gmel.
  • Melanthium phalangioides Desr.
  • Helonias erythrosperma Michx.
  • Helonias laeta (Aiton) Ker Gawl.
  • Leimanthium laetum (Aiton) Willd.
  • Leimanthium pallidum Willd.
  • Chrosperma laetum (Aiton) Raf.
  • Amianthium macrotox Raf.
  • Crosperma laeta (Aiton) Raf.
  • Crosperma phalangioides (Desr.) Raf.
1913 Illustration of Amianthium muscitoxicum [Image 1]

Amianthium is a North American genus of perennial plants growing from bulbs. It contains the single known species Amianthium muscitoxicum, known in English as fly poison from a literal translation of the Latin epithet muscitoxicum, and is noted for its pretty flowers and its toxic alkaloid content. While all parts of the plant are poisonous, the bulb is particularly toxic. The scientific epithet was given to it by Thomas Walter when he published his Flora Caroliniana in 1788.

The bulb was mixed with sugar by American colonists to kill flies.[4][5]

The toxic alkaloids present in the roots and leaves include jervine and amianthine.[4] Amianthium is self-incompatible and is pollinated mostly by beetles.[4] It is native to eastern North America, as far north as Pennsylvania, west roughly to the Appalachian Mountains (with an additional area in the Ozarks), and south to northern Florida and eastern Louisiana.[4][6]

Within the family Melanthiaceae, Amianthium is a member of the tribe Melanthieae. Molecular phylogenetic studies in the 21st century have resulted in some changes to placements within this tribe. A. muscitoxicum has sometimes been placed in the genus Zigadenus (as Z. muscitoxicus); however its position as a separate genus is consistent with currently available information.[7] (See also Phylogeny of Melanthieae.)

Amianthium species which have been placed in other genera include:[3]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Walter, Thomas 1788. Flora caroliniana : secundum systema vegetabilium perillustris Linnaei digesta; characteres essentiales naturalesve et differentias veras exhibens; cum emendationibus numerosis: descriptionum antea evulgatarum: adumbrationes stirpium plus mille continens: necnon, generibus novis non paucis, speciebus plurimis novisq. ornata 125 in Latin, as Melanthium muscaetoxicum
  2. ^ International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code), section 60.8
  3. ^ a b "WCSP". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2013-02-03. (search on Amianthium)
  4. ^ a b c d "Amianthium". Flora of North America.
  5. ^ Appalachian Wildflowers by Thomas E. Hemmerly. University of Georgia Press, ISBN 0-8203-2181-8
  6. ^ Biota of North American Program 2014 county distribution map
  7. ^ Zomlefer, WB; WS Judd (2002). "Resurrection of Segregates of the Polyphyletic Genus Zigadenus s.l. (Liliales: Melanthiaceae) and Resulting New Combinations". Novon. 12 (2): 299–308. doi:10.2307/3392971. JSTOR 3392971.
  • Nash, L., & Steven, J. C. (2019). Patterns of resource allocation in fly poison (Amianthium muscaetoxicum). Bios, 89(3), 113-117.

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Illustration from Britton & Brown's An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions. (1913) as Chrosperma muscitoxicum
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