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Latin Church in the Middle East#Turkey

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+#REDIRECT [[Latin Church in the Middle East#Turkey]]
-{{Citation style|date=December 2009}}
-{{Mergeto|Levantine|date=January 2010}}
-[[Image:Galata tower istanbul.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Galata Tower]], built in 1348 by the [[Republic of Genoa]] in [[Constantinople]] and actual symbol of the Italian levantine]]
-'''Italian Levantines''' are people living mainly in [[Turkey]], who are descendants from Genoese and Venetian colonists in the [[Levant]] during the [[Middle Ages]]
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-==Characteristics==
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+{{R to section}}
-The name ''Italo-Levantine'' is additionally applied to people of [[Italy|Italian]] (especially [[Venice|Venetian]] and [[Genoa|Genoese]]) origin, but even with some [[France|French]] or other [[Southern Europe|Euro-Mediterranean]] roots, who have lived in [[Istanbul]], [[İzmir]] and other parts of [[Anatolia]] (in present-day [[Turkey]]).<ref>[http://www.thy.com/en-INT/skylife/archive/en/2004_6/konu07.htmor Istanbul as seen by an Italian levantine]</ref>{{Dead link|date=December 2009}} Italian Levantines have roots even in the eastern [[Mediterranean]] coast (the Levant, particularly in present-day [[Lebanon]] and [[Israel]]) since the period of the [[Crusades]] and the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] empire. A small group came from [[Crimea]] and the genoese colonies in the [[Black sea]], after the [[Fall of Constantinople]] in 1453.
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-The majority of the Italian Levantine in modern Turkey are descendants of traders/colonists from the maritime republics of the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] (such as the [[Republic of Venice]], the [[Republic of Genoa]] and the [[Republic of Pisa]] or of the inhabitants of the [[Crusader states]], especially the French/Italian Levantines in [[Lebanon]], [[Israel]] and [[Syria]]) who got special concessions called ''Capitolazioni''  from the Ottoman sultans in the XVI century.<ref>[http://www.levantineheritage.com/histor3.htm  Levantine historical heritage]</ref>
-There are two big communities of Italian Levantines: one in Istanbul and the other in [[Izmir]]. At the end of the XIX century there were nearly 6,000 levantines of Italian roots in the second.<ref>[http://www.giustiniani.info/italianiasmirne.pdf  Frangini: Italiani in Smirne/Izmir (in Italian)]</ref> They came mainly fro the genoese island of [[Chios]].<ref>[http://www.levantineheritage.com/testi56.htm Latin migration from Chios]</ref>
-The community reached more than 15,000 members during [[Kemal Ataturk|Ataturk]]'s times, but now is reduced to a few hundreds, according to Italian Levantine writer Giovanni Scognamillo.<ref>[http://www.levantineheritage.com/testi35.htm Interview to Scognamillo]</ref>
-They continue to live in [[Istanbul]] (mostly in the districts of [[Galata]], [[Beyoğlu]] and [[Nişantaşı]]) and İzmir (mostly in the districts of [[Karşıyaka]], [[Bornova]] and [[Buca]].)
-Most Latin Rite [[Roman Catholicism in Turkey|Catholics in Turkey]] are Levantines of mainly Italian background, although a few are ethnic Turks (who are usually converts via marriage to Levantines or other non-Turkish Catholics). Historically the Italian levantine have been strong supporters of the [[Pope]] since the [[Renaissance]].
-==Notable people==
-[[Image:Genoese houses in Galata Istanbul.jpg|thumb|200px|Genoese houses from the early 1300s in the back streets of [[Galata]], still home to some Italian levantine families]]
-Famous people of the present-day Italian levantine community in Turkey include:
-* Sir [[Alfred Biliotti]], who joined the British foreign service and eventually rose to become one of its most distinguished consular officers in the late 19th century. Biliotti was also an accomplished archaeologist who conducted important excavations at sites in the Aegean and [[Anatolia]].
-* Livio Missir di Lusignano. Historian. His masterpiece is ''Les anciennes familles italiennes de Turquie''.
-* [[Giuseppe Donizetti]], musicist. He was Instructor General of the Imperial [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Music at the court of Sultan [[Mahmud II]] <ref>[http://www.musicaltimes.co.uk/archive/0203/arac.html Giuseppe Donizzetti Pasha]</ref>
-* [[Giovanni Scognamillo]], writer. He composed "Memorie di Beyoğlu di un Levantino" in 1989.<ref>[http://arsiv.ntvmsnbc.com/news/458504.asp NTV-MSNBC: "Giovanni Scognamillo ile sinema üzerine" (in Turkish)]</ref>
-* Count [[Abraham Camondo]]. He was a Jewish [[Turkey|Turkish]]-[[Italy|Italian]] financier and philanthropist, and the patriarch of the [[Camondo family]].
-==See also==
-*[[Levantines]]
-*[[Italian Lebanese]]
-*[[Republic of Genoa]]
-*[[Republic of Venice]]
-*[[Galata]]
-*[[Italian diaspora]]
-==Note==
-{{reflist}}
-==Bibliography==
-* Consorti, A., ''Vicende dell’italianità in Levante, 1815-1915'' in: Rivista Coloniale, anno XV.
-* Franzina, Emilio. ''Storia dell'emigrazione italiana''. Donzelli Editore. Roma, 2002  ISBN 8879897195
-* Missir di Lusignano, Livio. ''Due secoli di relazioni italo-turche attraverso le vicende di una famiglia di italiani di Smirne: i Missir di Lusignano''. "Storia contemporanea", (4) pp.&nbsp;613-623. Università di Bologna. Bologna, 1992.
-* Pannuti, Alessandro. ''Les Italiens d’Istanbul au XXe siècle : entre préservation identitaire et effacement''. Université de Paris III – Sorbonne Nouvelle. Parigi, 2004
-{{Italian diaspora}}
-[[Category:Turkish people]]
-[[Category:People of Venetian descent]]
-[[Category:People of Italian descent]]
-[[it:Italo-levantini]]