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{{Short description|19th century kiln in Swinton, South Yorkshire, England}} |
{{Short description|19th century kiln in Swinton, South Yorkshire, England}} |
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{{Use British English|date=December 2022}} |
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{{Infobox historic site |
{{Infobox historic site |
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| name = Rockingham Kiln |
| name = Rockingham Kiln |
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| designation2_number = 1020067 |
| designation2_number = 1020067 |
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'''The Rockingham, or Waterloo, Kiln''' in [[Swinton, South Yorkshire]], England, is a [[pottery]] [[kiln]] dating from 1815. It formed part of the production centre for the [[Rockingham Pottery]] which, in the early 19th century, produced highly-decorative [[ |
'''The Rockingham, or Waterloo, Kiln''' in [[Swinton, South Yorkshire]], England, is a [[pottery]] [[kiln]] dating from 1815. It formed part of the production centre for the [[Rockingham Pottery]] which, in the early 19th century, produced highly-decorative [[Rococo]] [[porcelain]]. The pottery failed in the mid-19th century, and the kiln is one of the few remaining elements of the Rockingham manufactory. It is a [[Listed building|Grade II* listed building]] and forms part of the Rockingham Works [[Scheduled monument]]. The kiln is currently on the [[Historic England]] [[Heritage at Risk Register]]. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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The original factory on the Swinton site produced simple [[earthenware]] pottery. The first recorded operator was a Joseph Flint, who in the 1740s was renting the site from the [[Thomas Watson-Wentworth, 1st Marquess of Rockingham|Marquess of Rockingham]].<ref name="auto2">{{NHLE|num=1020067|desc=Swinton Pottery (The Rockingham Works)|access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref> A partnership with the [[Leeds Pottery]] failed and was dissolved by 1806. The subsequent owners, the Brameld family, built the Rockingham Kiln, and other structures on the site, in 1815. The date, the year of the [[Battle of Waterloo]], led to the kiln's alternative name, the Waterloo Kiln. Despite the Brameld's investigations into the production of high-quality [[porcelain]], the venture continued to be unsuccessful and the firm was extricated from a further [[bankruptcy]] in 1826 only by the intervention of [[William Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl Fitzwilliam]], who had inherited the [[Wentworth Woodhouse]] estate from his uncle, the [[Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham|second Marquess of Rockingham]].<ref name="auto1">{{NHLE|num=1314614|desc=Rockingham Kiln|grade=II*|access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref> |
The original factory on the Swinton site produced simple [[earthenware]] pottery. The first recorded operator was a Joseph Flint, who in the 1740s was renting the site from the [[Thomas Watson-Wentworth, 1st Marquess of Rockingham|Marquess of Rockingham]].<ref name="auto2">{{NHLE|num=1020067|desc=Swinton Pottery (The Rockingham Works)|access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref> A partnership with the [[Leeds Pottery]] failed and was dissolved by 1806. The subsequent owners, the Brameld family, built the Rockingham Kiln, and other structures on the site, in 1815. The date, the year of the [[Battle of Waterloo]], led to the kiln's alternative name, the Waterloo Kiln. Despite the Brameld's investigations into the production of high-quality [[porcelain]], the venture continued to be unsuccessful and the firm was extricated from a further [[bankruptcy]] in 1826 only by the intervention of [[William Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl Fitzwilliam]], who had inherited the [[Wentworth Woodhouse]] estate from his uncle, the [[Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham|second Marquess of Rockingham]].<ref name="auto1">{{NHLE|num=1314614|desc=Rockingham Kiln|grade=II*|access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref> |
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The Earl's patronage, |
The Earl's patronage, permitting the use of the Rockingham name and family crest, together with providing direct financial support, saw the [[Rockingham Pottery]] develop into a major producer of elaborate [[rococo]]-style porcelain, which enjoyed royal endorsement at home and considerable sales abroad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://discoverdearne.org.uk/sites/rockingham-pottery/|title=Waterloo Kiln, Rockingham Pottery|publisher=Dearne Valley Landscape Partnership|access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aroundtownmagazine.co.uk/collaborative-connections/|title=Collaborative Connections - Waterloo Kiln|publisher=Around Town Magazine|date=29 April 2021|access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref> The factory produced major pieces including a full [[Tableware|desert service]] for [[William IV]] which took eight years to complete.<ref name="auto"/>{{efn|Perhaps the Rockingham Pottery's most famous piece was the Rhinoceros Vase; at its completion, the largest single piece of porcelain ever made. Two were created, of which one is now in the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] and the other is held by the local [[Clifton Park and Museum|Clifton Park Museum]].<ref name="auto"/>}}{{efn|The [[Victoria and Albert Museum|V&A]] notes that the Rhinoceros Vase was greatly admired by contemporaries, despite what its modern conservators consider “its bizarre combination of ill-matched elements.”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O8090/rhinoceros-vase-vase-and-cover-steele-edwin/|title=Rhinoceros Vase and Cover, c.1826|publisher=[[V&A]]|access-date=10 November 2022}} </ref>}} Ruth Harman, in her 2017 revised volume, ''Yorkshire West Riding: Sheffield and the South'', of the [[Pevsner Architectural Guides|Pevsner Buildings of England]] series, notes that "perfection was their undoing" and by 1842 the Rockingham firm was again bankrupt and the site was closed.{{sfn|Harman|Pevsner|2017|p=653}} |
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The Pottery Ponds site is administered by [[Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council|Rotherham Museums]]. As at November 2022, the kiln is on [[Historic England]]'s [[Heritage at Risk Register]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2022/nov/10/victorian-pumping-station-among-175-heritage-sites-deemed-at-risk-in-england|title=Victorian pumping station among 175 heritage sites deemed at risk in England|first=Harriet|last=Sherwood|date=10 November 2022| |
The Pottery Ponds site is administered by [[Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council|Rotherham Museums]]. As at November 2022, the kiln is on [[Historic England]]'s [[Heritage at Risk Register]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/advice/heritage-at-risk/search-register/list-entry/47178|title=Rockingham Kiln (Swinton Pottery)|publisher=Historic England|access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2022/nov/10/victorian-pumping-station-among-175-heritage-sites-deemed-at-risk-in-england|title=Victorian pumping station among 175 heritage sites deemed at risk in England|first=Harriet|last=Sherwood|date=10 November 2022|work=The Guardian|access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref>{{efn|The [[Heritage at Risk Register]] entry describes the condition of the kiln as “fair” and notes that a plan for restoration and conservation has been agreed with the [[local authority]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/advice/heritage-at-risk/search-register/list-entry/47178|title=Rockingham Kiln (Swinton Pottery)|publisher=Historic England|access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref>}} Recent interest in the Rockingham Works has seen the erection of a commemorative sculpture in [[Swinton, South Yorkshire|Swinton]] in 2003,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://public-art.shu.ac.uk/pmsa/rotherham/00000042.htm|title=Monument to Rockingham Pottery|publisher=PMSA National Recording Project|access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref> and a community heritage project at the site in 2021, directed by the artist Carlos Cortes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/UKRMBC/bulletins/2e623a0|title=Swinton Rockingham Ward: News from your Neighbourhood - Waterloo Kiln Collaborative Connections Project|publisher=Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council|access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref> |
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==Architecture and description== |
==Architecture and description== |
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The Rockingham Kiln is believed to be the only surviving such pottery kiln in Yorkshire, and one of the few remaining in England.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rotherhammuseums.co.uk/heritage-sites|title=Heritage Sites - Waterloo Kiln and Pottery Ponds|publisher=Rotherham Museums|access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref> The {{convert| |
The Rockingham Kiln is believed to be the only surviving such pottery kiln in Yorkshire, and one of the few remaining in England.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rotherhammuseums.co.uk/heritage-sites|title=Heritage Sites - Waterloo Kiln and Pottery Ponds|publisher=Rotherham Museums|access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref> The {{convert|17|m}} high kiln is [[Bottle oven|bottle-shaped]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.raconservation.co.uk/a-visit-to-rockingham-potteries/|title=A visit to Rockingham Potteries|first=Rachel|last=Arnold|publisher=RA Conservation|date=1 September 2015|access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref> and is constructed in [[Brickwork#English bond|English Bond]] [[Brick|red brick]].<ref name="auto1"/> Harman records that the structure is more accurately described as a "bottle-shaped brick oven [containing] a kiln".{{sfn|Harman|Pevsner|2017|p=653}} The kiln is a [[Listed building|Grade II* listed building]] and forms part of the Rockingham Works [[Scheduled monument]].<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto1"/> |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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[[Category:English pottery]] |
[[Category:English pottery]] |
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[[Category:Ceramics manufacturers of England]] |
[[Category:Ceramics manufacturers of England]] |
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[[Category:Structures on the Heritage at Risk register]] |
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[[Category:Kilns]] |
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Latest revision as of 19:42, 21 December 2022
| Rockingham Kiln | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Type | Kiln |
| Location | Swinton, South Yorkshire |
| Coordinates | 53°29′03″N 1°20′15″W / 53.4842°N 1.3376°W |
| Built | 1815 |
| Architectural style(s) | Industrial |
| Governing body | Rotherham Museums |
Listed Building – Grade II* | |
| Official name | Rockingham Kiln |
| Designated | 11 December 1953 |
| Reference no. | 1314614 |
| Official name | Swinton Pottery (The Rockingham Works) |
| Designated | 10 January 2000 |
| Reference no. | 1020067 |
  Location of Rockingham Kiln in South Yorkshire | |
The Rockingham, or Waterloo, Kiln in Swinton, South Yorkshire, England, is a pottery kiln dating from 1815. It formed part of the production centre for the Rockingham Pottery which, in the early 19th century, produced highly-decorative Rococo porcelain. The pottery failed in the mid-19th century, and the kiln is one of the few remaining elements of the Rockingham manufactory. It is a Grade II* listed building and forms part of the Rockingham Works Scheduled monument. The kiln is currently on the Historic England Heritage at Risk Register.
History
[edit]The original factory on the Swinton site produced simple earthenware pottery. The first recorded operator was a Joseph Flint, who in the 1740s was renting the site from the Marquess of Rockingham.[1] A partnership with the Leeds Pottery failed and was dissolved by 1806. The subsequent owners, the Brameld family, built the Rockingham Kiln, and other structures on the site, in 1815. The date, the year of the Battle of Waterloo, led to the kiln's alternative name, the Waterloo Kiln. Despite the Brameld's investigations into the production of high-quality porcelain, the venture continued to be unsuccessful and the firm was extricated from a further bankruptcy in 1826 only by the intervention of William Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl Fitzwilliam, who had inherited the Wentworth Woodhouse estate from his uncle, the second Marquess of Rockingham.[2]
The Earl's patronage, permitting the use of the Rockingham name and family crest, together with providing direct financial support, saw the Rockingham Pottery develop into a major producer of elaborate rococo-style porcelain, which enjoyed royal endorsement at home and considerable sales abroad.[3][4] The factory produced major pieces including a full desert service for William IV which took eight years to complete.[4][a][b] Ruth Harman, in her 2017 revised volume, Yorkshire West Riding: Sheffield and the South, of the Pevsner Buildings of England series, notes that "perfection was their undoing" and by 1842 the Rockingham firm was again bankrupt and the site was closed.[6]
The Pottery Ponds site is administered by Rotherham Museums. As at November 2022, the kiln is on Historic England's Heritage at Risk Register.[7][8][c] Recent interest in the Rockingham Works has seen the erection of a commemorative sculpture in Swinton in 2003,[10] and a community heritage project at the site in 2021, directed by the artist Carlos Cortes.[11]
Architecture and description
[edit]The Rockingham Kiln is believed to be the only surviving such pottery kiln in Yorkshire, and one of the few remaining in England.[12] The 17 metres (56 ft) high kiln is bottle-shaped[13] and is constructed in English Bond red brick.[2] Harman records that the structure is more accurately described as a "bottle-shaped brick oven [containing] a kiln".[6] The kiln is a Grade II* listed building and forms part of the Rockingham Works Scheduled monument.[1][2]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Perhaps the Rockingham Pottery's most famous piece was the Rhinoceros Vase; at its completion, the largest single piece of porcelain ever made. Two were created, of which one is now in the Victoria and Albert Museum and the other is held by the local Clifton Park Museum.[4]
- ^ The V&A notes that the Rhinoceros Vase was greatly admired by contemporaries, despite what its modern conservators consider “its bizarre combination of ill-matched elements.”[5]
- ^ The Heritage at Risk Register entry describes the condition of the kiln as “fair” and notes that a plan for restoration and conservation has been agreed with the local authority.[9]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Historic England. "Swinton Pottery (The Rockingham Works) (1020067)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
- ^ a b c Historic England. "Rockingham Kiln (Grade II*) (1314614)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
- ^ "Waterloo Kiln, Rockingham Pottery". Dearne Valley Landscape Partnership. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
- ^ a b c "Collaborative Connections - Waterloo Kiln". Around Town Magazine. 29 April 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
- ^ "Rhinoceros Vase and Cover, c.1826". V&A. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
- ^ a b Harman & Pevsner 2017, p. 653.
- ^ "Rockingham Kiln (Swinton Pottery)". Historic England. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
- ^ Sherwood, Harriet (10 November 2022). "Victorian pumping station among 175 heritage sites deemed at risk in England". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
- ^ "Rockingham Kiln (Swinton Pottery)". Historic England. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
- ^ "Monument to Rockingham Pottery". PMSA National Recording Project. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
- ^ "Swinton Rockingham Ward: News from your Neighbourhood - Waterloo Kiln Collaborative Connections Project". Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
- ^ "Heritage Sites - Waterloo Kiln and Pottery Ponds". Rotherham Museums. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
- ^ Arnold, Rachel (1 September 2015). "A visit to Rockingham Potteries". RA Conservation. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
Sources
[edit]- Harman, Ruth; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2017). Yorkshire West Riding: Sheffield and the South. The Buildings of England. New Haven, US and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-22468-9.