Heavener Runestone: Difference between revisions
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#REDIRECT [[Oklahoma runestones]] |
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{{Infobox runestone |
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| picture = [[Image:Heavener-runestenen.jpg|300px]] |
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| caption = Heavener runestone with the runes copied above. |
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| name = Heavener Runestone |
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| rundataid = |
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| country = {{USA}} |
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| region = [[Poteau Mountain]] |
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| city = [[Heavener, Oklahoma]] |
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| produced = |
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| artist = |
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| style = |
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| text_native = Elder Futhark |
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| text_english = |
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}} |
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The '''Heavener Runestone''' is an inscribed stone located in [[Heavener, Oklahoma]]. The land on which it sits is now a [[Heavener Runestone State Park|state park]] on Poteau Mountain, just outside the town limits. The origin of the stone's [[runic alphabet|runic]] carvings is disputed.<ref>http://www.sunnyway.com/runes/americanstones.html</ref> |
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{{Coord|34|53|55|N|94|34|45|W|format=dms|display=title|type:landmark_region:US-OK}} |
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==News== |
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The Oklahoma Tourism and Recreation Department announced in March 2011 that it would close the Heavener Runestone State Park on August 15 due to budget cuts.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.poteaudailynews.com/content/breaking-news-heavener-runestone-state-park-closing-due-budget-cuts |title=Heavener Runestone State Park Closing Due To Budget Cuts |date=March 5, 2011 |author=Regina Smith |work=Poteau Daily News}}</ref> However, the City of Heavener agreed to assume ownership and operation of the 55-acre park beginning July 1, 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.swtimes.com/week-in-review/news/article_2b263e18-943c-11e0-82ca-001cc4c03286.html |title=Brushy Lake State Park Transfers To Sallisaw |author=Mary L. Crider |date=June 11, 2011 |work=The Times Record}}</ref> |
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==Inscription== |
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The inscription has been rejected by [[Scandinavia]]n [[philology|philologists]] and [[runology|runologists]], who consider it most likely modern (19th or early 20th century). The reading of the "[[Elder Futhark]]" style runes is probably "'''GNOMEDAL'''" (meaning "Gnome Valley", or perhaps a personal name "G. Nomedal"). |
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The difficulty of using the Heavener Runestone to demonstrate [[Viking]] exploration of the area is that the [[Elder Futhark]] had become obsolete by the 8th century, long before the Viking expeditions to [[Greenland]] and [[Vinland]]. Also, only six of the eight characters are correct [[Elder Futhark]] runes. A transliteration would read "'''G [rough backwards N] O M E D A [backwards L]'''". |
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== Alternative hypotheses == |
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Amateur researcher [[Richard Nielsen]] proposed that a Viking explorer hastily reversed the last letter and substituted a letter from the then-extinct [[Gothic alphabet]] in the second position. According to this interpretation, the inscription reads "'''GLOME DAL'''" -- the "Valley of Glome".<ref>Richard Nielsen, article in ''Epigraphic Society Occasional Publications'', Vol. 15, 1986, page 133</ref> Unfortunately, this explanation would require the Norse explorer to have known two extinct alphabets.{{Cn|date=January 2011}} |
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Author Gloria Farley also attributes the inscription to wandering [[Norse colonization of the Americas|pre-Columbian Norsemen]].<ref>{{cite book |title= In plain sight : Old World records in ancient America |last= Farley |first= Gloria |year= 1994 |publisher= ISAC Press |location= Columbus, GA USA |isbn= 1880820080 |page= 481 }}</ref> |
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==Cultural significance== |
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* In 1991, [[Carl Albert State College]] in nearby Poteau changed its mascot to a [[Viking]] in the stone's honor. |
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* [[Don Coldsmith|Don Coldsmith's]] 1995 novel ''Runestone'', offers a speculative theory about how an 11th century [[Viking]] could have made his way to the area of Heavener. |
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==Other local stones== |
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Two other, much smaller inscribed stones have been found near Heavener. In the 1970s scholars translated these stones. |
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Heavener stone #2 is said to show the letter "R" and a "[[bind rune]]". This would be in the [[Anglo-Saxon]] character set since in the [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] this might be an "M" and a small cross. |
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Heavener stone #3 is said to show the letters "G", "R" and "T". This could be in the Anglo-Saxon character set since in the Norwegian set this might be an "M", a "T" and the small cross COULD be an "N". |
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== See also == |
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* [[Poteau Runestone]] |
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* [[Shawnee Runestone]] |
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* [[Turkey Mountain inscriptions]] |
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* [[Kensington Runestone]] |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www.sunnyway.com/runes/americanstones.html North American Rune Stones] |
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*[http://privatei.com/~bartjean/chap9.htm The Oklahoma Runestones] |
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*[http://www.heavener.k12.ok.us/community/runestone/rune.htm The Heavener Runestone] |
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*[http://www.travelok.com/listings/view.profile/id.3398 Heavener Runestone State Park] |
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{{coord missing|Oklahoma}} |
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[[Category:Geography of Le Flore County, Oklahoma]] |
[[Category:Geography of Le Flore County, Oklahoma]] |
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[[Category:Out-of-place artifacts]] |
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[[Category:Pseudoarchaeology]] |
[[Category:Pseudoarchaeology]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Le Flore County, Oklahoma]] |
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[[Category:Visitor attractions in Le Flore County, Oklahoma]] |
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[[Category:American runestones]] |
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[[da:Heavener-runestenen]] |
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[[nl:Heavener runensteen]] |
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[[pl:Kamień runiczny z Heavener]] |
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