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Casus foederis (or casus fœderis) is derived from the Latin for "case for the alliance". In diplomatic terms, it describes a situation in which the terms of an alliance come into play, such as one nation being attacked by another.

Historical examples

War of the Pacific

In the War of the Pacific, Bolivia invoked casus foederis to bring Peru into the war after Chile reinvaded Bolivia's coast. In 1879, Chilean armed forces occupied the port city of Antofagasta after Bolivia threatened to confiscate the Chilean Antofagasta Nitrate Company's property. Peru attempted to mediate, but when Bolivia announced that a state of war existed, the situation deteriorated. Bolivia called on Peru to activate their secret mutual defense pact, and Chile demanded for Peru to declare its neutrality immediately. On April 5, Chile declared war on both nations. The following day, Peru responded by acknowledging the casus foederis.

World War I

In World War I, the treaties between Italy and Austria-Hungary, and Romania, which purportedly required Italy and Romania to come to Austria's aid if Austria was attacked by another nation, were ignored by both Italy and Romania because, as Winston Churchill wrote, "the casus fœderis had not arisen" since the attacks on Austria had not been "unprovoked."^[1]

NATO

Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty governs mutual defense in the event of an attack on a member nation. It has been invoked only once, on September 12, 2001, in response to the September 11 attacks in the United States.^[2]

Exceptions

Where a political-military alliance pact is lacking, there is no obligation to intervene militarily alongside those asking for help, as the decision depends exclusively on the discretionary choices of foreign policy of the requested State.^[3]

References

^ Winston Churchill, The World Crisis at 572 (Abridged -- Free Press 2005).
^ Invoking Article 5 NATO Review.
^ For example, on 18 December 2021 the UK's defence secretary Ben Wallace told the Spectator magazine that Ukraine was "not a member of Nato, so it is highly unlikely that anyone is going to send troops into Ukraine to challenge Russia": UK troops will not be deployed to Ukraine to defend against Russia, BBC news, 18 December 2021.

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[1] Winston Churchill, The World Crisis at 572 (Abridged -- Free Press 2005).

[2] Invoking Article 5 NATO Review.

[3] For example, on 18 December 2021 the UK's defence secretary Ben Wallace told the Spectator magazine that Ukraine was "not a member of Nato, so it is highly unlikely that anyone is going to send troops into Ukraine to challenge Russia": UK troops will not be deployed to Ukraine to defend against Russia, BBC news, 18 December 2021.

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+{{Short description|Situation where the terms of an alliance come into play}}
-'''''Casus foederis''''' is derived from the [[Latin]] for "case of the alliance". In [[diplomatic]] terms, it describes a situation in which the terms of an alliance come into play, such as one nation being attacked by another.
+{{Italic title}}
+{{more citations needed|date=May 2014}}
+'''''Casus foederis''''' (or '''''casus fœderis''''')  is derived from the [[Latin]] for "case for the alliance". In [[Diplomacy|diplomatic]] terms, it describes a situation in which the terms of an alliance come into play, such as one nation being attacked by another.
+== Historical examples ==
-Thus, in [[World War I]], the treaties between [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] and [[Austria-Hungary]], and [[Romania]], which purported to require Italy and Romania to come to Austria’s aid if Austria was attacked by another nation, were not honored by either Italy or Romania because, as [[Winston Churchill]] wrote, “the casus fœderis had not arisen” because the attacks on Austria had not been “unprovoked.”<ref>Winston Churchill, The World Crisis at 572 (Abridged -- Free Press 2005).</ref>
+=== War of the Pacific ===
+{{See also|Treaty of Defensive Alliance (Bolivia–Peru)}}
+In the [[War of the Pacific]], [[Bolivia]] invoked ''casus foederis'' to bring [[Peru]] into the war after [[Chile]] reinvaded Bolivia's coast. In 1879, Chilean armed forces occupied the port city of [[Antofagasta]] after Bolivia threatened to confiscate the Chilean Antofagasta Nitrate Company's property. Peru attempted to mediate, but when Bolivia announced that a state of war existed, the situation deteriorated. Bolivia called on Peru to activate their secret mutual defense pact, and Chile demanded for Peru to declare its neutrality immediately. On April 5, Chile declared war on both nations. The following day, Peru responded by acknowledging the ''casus foederis''.
+===World War I===
-Also the [[Ottoman-German Alliance]] involving the Ottoman Empire and German Reich in World War I[http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/turcogermanalliance.htm] worked on this basis, as the Ottomans attacked Russian Black Sea ports [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/ottoww1.html] on 28 October, 1914.
+In [[World War I]], the treaties between [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]] and [[Austria-Hungary]], and [[Romania]], which purportedly required Italy and Romania to come to Austria's aid if Austria was attacked by another nation, were ignored by both Italy and Romania because, as [[Winston Churchill]] wrote, "the casus fœderis had not arisen" since the attacks on Austria had not been "unprovoked."<ref>Winston Churchill, The World Crisis at 572 (Abridged -- Free Press 2005).</ref>
+===NATO===
+[[North Atlantic Treaty#Article 5|Article 5]] of the [[North Atlantic Treaty]] governs mutual defense in the event of an attack on a member nation. It has been invoked only once, on September 12, 2001, in response to the [[September 11 attacks]] in the [[United States]].<ref>[http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2006/issue2/english/art2.html Invoking Article 5] ''NATO Review.''</ref>
+== Exceptions ==
+Where a political-military alliance pact is lacking, there is no obligation to intervene militarily alongside those asking for help, as the decision depends exclusively on the discretionary choices of foreign policy of the requested State.<ref>For example, on 18 December 2021 the UK's defence secretary [[Ben Wallace (politician)|Ben Wallace]] told the [[The Spectator|Spectator]] magazine that Ukraine was "not a member of [[Nato]], so it is highly unlikely that anyone is going to send troops into [[Ukraine]] to challenge Russia": [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-59712020 ''UK troops will not be deployed to Ukraine to defend against Russia'', BBC news, 18 December 2021].</ref>
+== See also ==
+* ''[[Casus belli]]''
+* [[List of Latin phrases]]
 ==References==
+{{Reflist}}
-<references />
+{{Authority control}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Casus Foederis}}
 [[Category:Causes of war]]
-[[Category:Latin legal phrases]]
+[[Category:Latin legal terminology]]
-[[Category:Laws of war]]
+[[Category:Law of war]]
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+{{poli-term-stub}}
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-[[ru:Коллективная самооборона]]