Jump to content

Sun characteristics: Difference between revisions

Add links
Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m replaced Julian year with year since it is easier to understand and accurate enough
 
(20 intermediate revisions by 8 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
#REDIRECT [[Sun]]
{| class="infobox" style="width: 20em;"
|+ style="font-size:larger;" | '''The Sun''' [[Image:Sun symbol.svg|25px]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background: #000000;" | [[File:The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA's_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg|290px]]
|-
! bgcolor="#FCC857" colspan="2" align=center | '''Observation data'''
|-
| Mean distance<br/><small>from [[Earth]]</small>
| {{val|1.496|e=8|u=km}}<br/><small>8&nbsp;min 19&nbsp;s at [[speed of light|light speed]]</small>
|-
| [[Apparent magnitude|Visual brightness]] (''V'')
| −26.74<ref name=nssdc>
{{cite web
|last=Williams |first=D. R.
|date=1 July 2013
|title=Sun Fact Sheet
|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html
|publisher=[[NASA]]
|accessdate=2013-08-12
}}</ref>
|-
| [[Absolute magnitude]]
| 4.83<ref name=nssdc />
|-
| [[Spectral classification]]
| G2V
|-
| [[Metallicity]]
| ''Z'' = 0.0122<ref>
{{cite journal
|last1=Asplund |first1=M.
|last2=Grevesse |first2=N.
|last3=Sauval |first3=A. J.
|year=2006
|title=The new solar abundances - Part I: the observations
|journal=[[Communications in Asteroseismology]]
|volume=147 |pages=76–79
|bibcode=2006CoAst.147...76A
|doi=10.1553/cia147s76
}}</ref>
|-
| [[Angular size]]
| 31.6′ – 32.7′<ref>
{{cite web
|title=Eclipse 99: Frequently Asked Questions
|url=http://education.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/pages/faq.html
|publisher=[[NASA]]
|accessdate=2010-10-24
}}</ref>
|-
| Adjectives
| Solar
|-
! bgcolor="#FCC857" colspan="2" align=center | '''[[Orbit]]al characteristics'''
|-
| Mean distance<br/><small>from [[Milky Way]] core</small>
| ~{{val|2.7|e=17|u=km}}<br/><small>{{val|27200|u=[[light-year]]s}}</small>
|-
| [[Galaxy|Galactic]] period
| (2.25–2.50){{e|8}} [[julian year (astronomy)|a]] (years)
|-
| [[Velocity]]
| ~{{val|220|u=km/s}} <small>(orbit around the center of the Galaxy)</small> <br />~{{val|20|u=km/s}} <small>(relative to average velocity of other stars in stellar neighborhood)</small> <br />~{{val|370|u=km/s}}<ref>
{{cite journal
|last=Hinshaw |first=G.
|author2=''et al.''
|year=2009
|title=Five-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe observations: data processing, sky maps, and basic results
|journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series]]
|volume=180 |issue=2 |pages=225–245
|arxiv=0803.0732
|bibcode=2009ApJS..180..225H
|doi=10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/225
}}</ref> <small>(relative to the [[Cosmic microwave background radiation#CMBR dipole anisotropy|cosmic microwave background]])</small>
|-
! bgcolor="#FCC857" colspan="2" align=center | '''Physical characteristics'''
|-
| Mean diameter
| {{val|1392684|u=km}}<ref name=arxiv1203_4898>
{{cite journal
|last1=Emilio |first1=M.
|last2=Kuhn |first2=J. R.
|last3=Bush |first3=R. I.
|last4=Scholl |first4=I. F.
|year=2012
|title=Measuring the Solar Radius from Space during the 2003 and 2006 Mercury Transits
|journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]
|volume=750 |issue=2 |page=135
|arxiv=1203.4898
|bibcode=2012ApJ...750..135E
|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/750/2/135
}}</ref>
|-
| Equatorial [[radius]]
| {{val|696342|u=km}}<ref name=arxiv1203_4898 /> <br/><small>109 × Earth<small/><ref name=sse/>
|-
| Equatorial [[circumference]]
| {{val|4.379|e=6|u=km}}<ref name=sse/><br/><small>109 × Earth<small/><ref name=sse>
{{cite web
|title=Solar System Exploration: Planets: Sun: Facts & Figures
|url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sun&Display=Facts&System=Metric
|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080102034758/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sun&Display=Facts&System=Metric
|archivedate=2008-01-02
|publisher=[[NASA]]
}}</ref>
|-
| [[Flattening]]
| {{val|9|e=-6}}
|-
| [[Surface area]]
| {{val|6.0877|e=12|u=km2}}<ref name=sse/><br/><small>{{val|11990}} × Earth</small><ref name=sse/>
|-
| [[Volume]]
| {{val|1.412|e=18|u=km3}}<ref name=sse/><!-- NASA source has "1.412 x 10^18 km^3" which is 1.412 × 10^27 m^3 (basic arithmetic, also verified using the formula for volume of a sphere) --><br/><small>{{val|1300000}} × Earth</small>
|-
| [[Mass]]
| <!-- 1.988&nbsp;435 Someone please cite this before implementing it. -->{{val|1.9891|e=30|u=kg}}<ref name=nssdc/><br/><small>{{val|333000}} × Earth</small><ref name=nssdc/><!-- NASA Sun Fact Sheet states 333,000, a figure coherent with data already present in en.wiki -->
|-
| [[Density|Average density]]
| {{val|1.408|e=3|u=kg/m3}}<ref name=nssdc/><ref name=sse/><ref>
{{cite web
|last=Ko |first=M.
|year=1999
|title=Density of the Sun
|url=http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1999/MayKo.shtml
|editor=Elert, G.
|work=The Physics Factbook
}}</ref>
|-
| [[Density]]
| Center (model): {{val|1.622|e=5|u=kg/m3}}<ref name=nssdc/><br/>Lower photosphere: {{val|2|e=-4|u=kg/m3}}<br/>Lower chromosphere: {{val|5|e=-6|u=kg/m3}}<br/>Corona ({{dabbr|avg|average}}): {{val|1|e=-12|u=kg/m3}}<ref>
{{cite web
|last= |first=
|date=30 August 2007
|title=Principles of Spectroscopy
|url=http://www.astro.lsa.umich.edu/undergrad/Labs/spectro/short_spectro.html
|publisher=[[University of Michigan]], Astronomy Department
}} {{dead link|date=August 2013}}</ref>
|-
| Equatorial [[surface gravity]]
| {{val|274.0|u=m/s2}}<ref name=nssdc/><br/>{{val|27.94|u=[[g-force|''g'']]}}<br/><small>{{val|27542.29|u=[[cgs|''cgs'']]}}<br/>28 × Earth<small/><ref name=sse/>
|-
| [[Escape velocity]]<br/><small>(from the surface)</small>
| {{val|617.7|u=km/s}}<ref name=sse/><br/><small>55 × Earth</small><ref name=sse/>
|-
| [[Temperature]]
| Center (modeled): ~{{val|1.57|e=7|u=K}}<ref name=nssdc/><br>Photosphere (effective): {{val|5778|ul=K}}<ref name=nssdc/><br> [[Corona]]: ~{{val|5|e=6|u=K}}
|-
| [[Luminosity]] (L<sub>sol</sub>)
| {{val|3.846|e=26|ul=W}}<ref name=nssdc/><br/><small>~{{val|3.75|e=28|u=[[lumen (unit)|lm]]}}</small><br/><small>~{{val|98|u=lm/W}} [[Luminous efficacy|efficacy]]</small>
|-
| Mean [[Radiance|intensity]]&nbsp;(I<sub>sol</sub>)
| {{val|2.009|e=7|u=W·m<sup>−2</sup>·sr<sup>−1</sup>}}
|-
| Age
| 4.57 billion years<ref name="Bonanno">
{{Cite journal
|last=Bonanno |first=A.
|last2=Schlattl |first2=H.
|last3=Paternò |first3=L.
|year=2008
|title=The age of the Sun and the relativistic corrections in the EOS
|journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]]
|volume=390 |issue=3 |pages=1115–1118
|arxiv=astro-ph/0204331
|bibcode=2002A&A...390.1115B
|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20020749
|ref=harv
}}</ref>
|-
! bgcolor="#FCC857" colspan="2" align=center |'''[[Rotation]] characteristics'''
|-
| [[Axial tilt|Obliquity]]
| 7.25°<ref name=nssdc/><br/><small>(to the [[ecliptic]])</small><br/>67.23°<br/><small>(to the [[galactic plane]])</small>
|-
| [[Right ascension]]<br/><small>of North pole<ref name="iau-iag">
{{cite web
|last1=Seidelmann |first1=P. K.
|author2=''et al.''
|title=Report Of The IAU/IAG Working Group On Cartographic Coordinates And Rotational Elements Of The Planets And Satellites: 2000
|url=http://www.hnsky.org/iau-iag.htm
|publisher=
|year=2000
|accessdate=2006-03-22
}}</ref></small>
| 286.13°<br/><small>{{nowrap|19 h 4 min 30 s}}</small>
|-
| [[Declination]]<br/><small>of North pole</small>
| +63.87°<br/><small>63° 52' North</small>
|-
| Sidereal [[Solar rotation|rotation period]] <br/><small>(at equator)</small>
| 25.05 days<ref name=nssdc/>
|-
| <small>(at 16° latitude)</small>
| 25.38 days<ref name=nssdc/><br/><small>{{nowrap|25 d 9 h 7 min 12 s}}<ref name="iau-iag"/></small>
|-
| <small>(at poles)</small>
| 34.4 days<ref name=nssdc/><!-- derived from T = ( 14.37 - 2.33 sin^2 L - 1.56 sin^4 L ) deg/day, L = 90 deg -->
|-
| Rotation velocity<br/><small>(at equator)</small>
| {{val|7.189|e=3|u=km/h}}<ref name="sse"/><!-- Derived from NASA source: equatorial circumference of 4,379,000 kilometres divided by sidereal rotation period of 609.12 hours; maybe this kind of basic calculation could be done in some generic template code? -->
|-
! bgcolor="#FCC857" colspan="2" align=center | '''[[photosphere|Photospheric]] composition (by mass)'''
|-
| [[Hydrogen]]
| 73.46%<ref>
{{cite web
|title=The Sun's Vital Statistics
|url=http://solar-center.stanford.edu/vitalstats.html
|publisher=[[Stanford Solar Center]]
|accessdate=2008-07-29
}} Citing {{cite book
|last=Eddy |first=J.
|year=1979
|title=A New Sun: The Solar Results From Skylab
|url=http://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/contents.htm
|page=37
|publisher=[[NASA]]
|id=NASA SP-402
}}</ref>
|-
| [[Helium]]
| 24.85%
|-
| [[Oxygen]]
| 0.77%
|-
| [[Carbon]]
| 0.29%
|-
| [[Iron]]
| 0.16%
|-
| [[Neon]]
| 0.12%
|-
| [[Nitrogen]]
| 0.09%
|-
| [[Silicon]]
| 0.07%
|-
| [[Magnesium]]
| 0.05%
|-
| [[Sulfur]]
| 0.04%
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" | {{navbar|Sun}}
|}<noinclude>


{{Redirect category shell|
{{pp-template}}
{{R from more specific name}}

}}
{{Template reference list}}

[[Category:Astronomy infobox templates]]

</noinclude>

Latest revision as of 16:59, 18 January 2023

Redirect to:

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sun_characteristics&oldid=1134427031"