Walgalu: Difference between revisions
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JarrahTree (talk | contribs) Adding local short description: "Aboriginal people in New South Wales, Australia", overriding Wikidata description "aboriginal people in New South Wales, Australia" |
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{{Short description|Aboriginal people in New South Wales, Australia}} |
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However '''Walgalu culture''' was one of three [[Aboriginal peoples|Aboriginal cultural groups]] identified by [[Norman Tindale]] to historically inhabit the area now occupied by the [[Australian Capital Territory]]. In his 1974 book ''Aboriginal Tribes of Australia'' Norman Tindale, who described language groups as "tribes",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/|title=Tindale's Catalogue of Australian Aboriginal Tribes|publisher=South Australian Museum Archives|accessdate=14 October 2013}}</ref> had identified that the specific areas where Walgalu speakers lived were the: |
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{{use dmy dates|date=October 2017}} |
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<blockquote> |
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{{Use Australian English|date=March 2018}} |
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Headwaters of the Murrumbidgee, and Tumut rivers; at Kiandra; south to Tintaldra; northeast to near Queanbeyan. Parkes obtained some details from a Wiradjuri man at Brungle under the name Guramal or Gurmal. These notes also apply in part to the Ngarigo. Both tribes were to him ['guarai], or hostile people. The Walgalu spent their summers in the Bogong Mountains ['Bu:ga:?] southeast of Tumut. This tribe was omitted in error from my 1940 work. Mrs. J. M. Flood has drawn my attention to Howitt's note saying that the Walgalu went as far as Kauwambal on the upper Murray River, which she identifies as between Mount Kosciusko and Mount Cobberas. It can perhaps be assumed that they extended their bogong-gathering forays by following the highlands along the eastern border of Djilama-tang territory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/orig/tindale/hdms/tindaletribes/walgalu.htm|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080729063643/http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/orig/tindale/HDMS/tindaletribes/walgalu.htm|archivedate=29 July 2008|publisher=[[South Australian Museum]]|title=Walgalu (NSW)}}</ref> |
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</blockquote> |
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The '''Walgalu''' are an [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal]] people of highland southeast [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]]. The [[Ngambri]] may belong to the Walgalu grouping, but are often treated separately. |
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According to Steven Avery, culture group boundaries in southeastern Australia are disputed, due in part to the inexactitude of linguistically assigned boundaries and the uncertainty of historical records.<ref name=Avery>{{cite web|url=http://www.kunama.com/custlaw/CUSTIND.HTM|author=Steven Avery|year=1994|title=Aboriginal and European Encounter in the Canberra Region|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20111004072522/http://www.kunama.com/custlaw/CUSTIND.HTM|archivedate=4 October 2011}}</ref> In his 1974 book ''Aboriginal Tribes of Australia'' Norman Tindale, who described language groups as "tribes",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/|title=Tindale's Catalogue of Australian Aboriginal Tribes|publisher=South Australian Museum Archives|accessdate=14 October 2013}}</ref>he dispute over the boundaries of the Walgalu people is typical of the problem. |
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==Language== |
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| ⚫ | The [[Cooma]] local government website, based on recent research, differentiates between two Aboriginal groups which resided in their region, stating that "the two main groups on [[Monaro (New South Wales)|Monaro]] were the [[Ngarigo]] people of the [[Monaro, New South Wales|tablelands]] and the Wogul or Wolgalu group in the high country. |
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According to some scholars, the [[Walgalu language]] is a form of [[Ngarigo language|Ngarigo]].{{sfn|Avery|1994}} |
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==Country== |
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According to some scholars, the language of the Walgalu is a form of [[Ngarigo language|Ngarigo]].<ref>http://www.kunama.com/custlaw/BIB.HTM#Dixon1980 Dixon 1980: 241, Dixon, R.M.W (1980). The Languages of Australia. Cambridge University Press, New York.</ref><ref>http://www.kunama.com/custlaw/BIB.HTM#McBryde1986 McBryde 1986: 44, McBryde, I (1986). "Artefacts, language and interaction: a case study from south-eastern Australia." in Bailey, G & Callow, P (eds.), ''Stone Age Prehistory: studies in memory of Charles McBurney''. Oxford University Press, New York: pp 77-93.</ref><ref name=Avery /> |
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According to [[Norman Tindale]], the Walgalu's traditional lands consisted of some {{convert|2600|sqmi}} of territory centering around the headwaters of the [[Murrumbidgee River|Murrumbidgee]] and [[Tumut River|Tumut]] rivers. [[Kiandra, New South Wales|Kiandra]] was located within their boundaries, whose southern extension ran down [[Tintaldra]], and whose northeastern limits were at [[Queanbeyan]].{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=199}} [[Josephine Flood]] argued, on the basis of a note in [[Alfred William Howitt]], that they were attested as far south as the [[Murray River|upper Murray]] site of Kauwambal between [[Mount Kosciuszko]] and [[Cobberas Range|Mount Cobberas]], which would place their summer camping somewhat west of the [[Djilamatang]].{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=199}} |
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According to Steven Avery, culture group boundaries in southeastern Australia are disputed, due in part to the inexactitude of linguistically assigned boundaries and the uncertainty of historical records.{{sfn|Avery|1994}} |
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[[Shane Mortimer]] told the [[National Indigenous Times]] in 2012 that Walgalu is a language, and that Ngambri and Ngurmal speak Walgalu.<ref name=NITAug2012>{{cite web|url=http://www.nit.com.au/component/content/archive.html?year=2012&month=8|title=Shane Mortimer, entrepreneur and traditional owner chats about: My Ngambri mob and looking after country|date=9 August 2012}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The [[Cooma]] local government website, based on recent research, differentiates between two Aboriginal groups which resided in their region, stating that "the two main groups on [[Monaro (New South Wales)|Monaro]] were the [[Ngarigo]] people of the [[Monaro, New South Wales|tablelands]] and the Wogul or Wolgalu group in the high country."{{sfn|Aboriginal People of Monaro}} |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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== |
==Alternative names== |
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* Guramal ([[Wiradjuri language]] = "hostile men") |
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* {{cite web|url=http://ausanthrop.net/resources/ausanthrop_db|title=AusAnthrop Australian Aboriginal tribal database|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130930181857/http://www.ausanthrop.net/resources/ausanthrop_db/|archivedate=30 September 2013}} |
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* Gurmal |
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* {{cite web|url=http://www.monaropioneers.com/aboriginals.htm|title=Aboriginals on the Monaro, transcribed from 'Back to Cooma' by Felix Mitchell, 1926, pp.34–35|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20120323192801/http://www.monaropioneers.com/aboriginals.htm|archivedate=23 March 2012}} |
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* Tumut River people |
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* Tumut tribe |
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* Walgadu |
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* Wolgah |
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* Wolgal |
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* Murrin |
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Source: {{harvnb|Tindale|1974|p=199}} |
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==Notes== |
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{{notelist}} |
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===Citations=== |
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{{Reflist|20em}} |
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==Sources== |
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{{refbegin}} |
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*{{cite web| title = Aboriginal People of Monaro |
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| url = http://www.cooma.nsw.gov.au/culturalmap/aboriginal/aboriginal.htm |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120320234702/http://www.cooma.nsw.gov.au/culturalmap/aboriginal/aboriginal.htm |
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| archive-date = 20 March 2012 |
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| ref = {{harvid|Aboriginal People of Monaro}} |
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}} |
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*{{cite book| title = Aboriginal and European Encounter in the Canberra Region: a question of change and the archaeological record |
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| last = Avery | first = Steven | year = 1994 |
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| publisher = [[Attorney-General's Department (Australia)|Attorney-General's Department, MA thesis]] |
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| url = http://www.kunama.com/custlaw/CUSTIND.HTM |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111004072522/http://www.kunama.com/custlaw/CUSTIND.HTM |
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| archive-date = 4 October 2011 |
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}} |
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*{{cite book| title = Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development |
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| last = Dixon | first = R. M. W. | year = 2002 |
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| author-link = Robert M. W. Dixon |
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| publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |
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| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MSqIBNJtG0AC&pg=PR35 |
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| isbn = 978-0-521-47378-1 |
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}} |
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*{{Cite book| chapter = Artefacts, language and interaction: a case study from south-eastern Australia |
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| last = McBryde | first = Isabel | year = 1986 |
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| title = Stone Age Prehistory: studies in memory of Charles McBurney |
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| editor1-last = Bailey | editor1-first = G. |
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| editor2-last = Callow | editor2-first = P. |
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| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] |
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| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tTs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA77 |
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| pages = 77–93 |
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| isbn = 978-052125773-2 |
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}} |
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*{{Cite book| chapter = Walgalu (NSW) |
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| last = Tindale | first = Norman Barnett | year = 1974 |
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| author-link = Norman Tindale |
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| title = Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names |
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| publisher = [[Australian National University]] |
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| chapter-url = http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/walgalu.htm |
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}} |
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{{refend}} |
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==Further reading== |
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*{{cite web| title = Aboriginals on the Monaro, transcribed from 'Back to Cooma' by Felix Mitchell, 1926, pp.34–35 |
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| url = http://www.monaropioneers.com/aboriginals.htm |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120323192801/http://www.monaropioneers.com/aboriginals.htm |
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| archive-date = 23 March 2012 |
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}} |
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{{Aboriginal peoples in New South Wales}} |
{{Aboriginal peoples in New South Wales}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Aboriginal peoples of New South Wales]] |
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[[Category:Indigenous Australians in the Australian Capital Territory]] |
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| ⚫ | |||
[[Category:Brindabella Ranges]] |
[[Category:Brindabella Ranges]] |
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Latest revision as of 13:20, 20 January 2023
The Walgalu are an Aboriginal people of highland southeast New South Wales, Australia. The Ngambri may belong to the Walgalu grouping, but are often treated separately.
Language
[edit]According to some scholars, the Walgalu language is a form of Ngarigo.[1]
Country
[edit]According to Norman Tindale, the Walgalu's traditional lands consisted of some 2,600 square miles (6,700 km2) of territory centering around the headwaters of the Murrumbidgee and Tumut rivers. Kiandra was located within their boundaries, whose southern extension ran down Tintaldra, and whose northeastern limits were at Queanbeyan.[2] Josephine Flood argued, on the basis of a note in Alfred William Howitt, that they were attested as far south as the upper Murray site of Kauwambal between Mount Kosciuszko and Mount Cobberas, which would place their summer camping somewhat west of the Djilamatang.[2]
According to Steven Avery, culture group boundaries in southeastern Australia are disputed, due in part to the inexactitude of linguistically assigned boundaries and the uncertainty of historical records.[1]
The Cooma local government website, based on recent research, differentiates between two Aboriginal groups which resided in their region, stating that "the two main groups on Monaro were the Ngarigo people of the tablelands and the Wogul or Wolgalu group in the high country."[3]
Alternative names
[edit]- Guramal (Wiradjuri language = "hostile men")
- Gurmal
- Tumut River people
- Tumut tribe
- Walgadu
- Wolgah
- Wolgal
- Murrin
Source: Tindale 1974, p. 199
Notes
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ a b Avery 1994.
- ^ a b Tindale 1974, p. 199.
- ^ Aboriginal People of Monaro.
Sources
[edit]- "Aboriginal People of Monaro". Archived from the original on 20 March 2012.
- Avery, Steven (1994). Aboriginal and European Encounter in the Canberra Region: a question of change and the archaeological record. Attorney-General's Department, MA thesis. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011.
- Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47378-1.
- McBryde, Isabel (1986). "Artefacts, language and interaction: a case study from south-eastern Australia". In Bailey, G.; Callow, P. (eds.). Stone Age Prehistory: studies in memory of Charles McBurney. Oxford University Press. pp. 77–93. ISBN 978-052125773-2.
- Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Walgalu (NSW)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University.
Further reading
[edit]- "Aboriginals on the Monaro, transcribed from 'Back to Cooma' by Felix Mitchell, 1926, pp.34–35". Archived from the original on 23 March 2012.