Jump to content

Salomon Schweigger: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Bluelink 1 book for verifiability (goog)) #IABot (v2.0) (GreenC bot
This has to be moved out of the template as I need the wikilink (and so cant include a url), and yet this parameter requires the URL
 
(6 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown)
Line 9: Line 9:
Schweigger was born in [[Sulz am Neckar]]. His father was Henry Schweigger, [[notarius]] (court and town clerk) and [[Prefect|praefectus pupillorum]] ([[Superior (hierarchy)|superior]] of the [[orphanage]] children in [[Sulz am Neckar|Sulz]]).<ref>{{NDB|24|44|45|Heinrich Schweickher|Irene Annette Bergs|118612123}}</ref> Salomon first attended the convent school in [[Bad Herrenalb]]-[[Alpirsbach]], and from 1572, studied theology and classical [[philology]] at the [[University of Tübingen]].<ref name="NDB" />
Schweigger was born in [[Sulz am Neckar]]. His father was Henry Schweigger, [[notarius]] (court and town clerk) and [[Prefect|praefectus pupillorum]] ([[Superior (hierarchy)|superior]] of the [[orphanage]] children in [[Sulz am Neckar|Sulz]]).<ref>{{NDB|24|44|45|Heinrich Schweickher|Irene Annette Bergs|118612123}}</ref> Salomon first attended the convent school in [[Bad Herrenalb]]-[[Alpirsbach]], and from 1572, studied theology and classical [[philology]] at the [[University of Tübingen]].<ref name="NDB" />


In 1576, having completed his studies and being in search of employment, he was hired as embassy chaplain by Joachim von Sintzendorff, Habsburg ambassador to Istanbul (1578–81).<ref name="Faroqhi1999">{{cite book|last=Faroqhi|first=Suraiya|title=Approaching Ottoman History: An Introduction to the Sources|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pjfZ8CxxMyoC&pg=PA113|accessdate=7 April 2012|date=9 December 1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-66648-0|pages=113–}}</ref> He traveled as a Habsburgian envoy to [[Constantinople]]<ref name="Ben-Zaken2010">{{cite book|last=Ben-Zaken|first=Avner|title=Cross-Cultural Scientific Exchanges in the Eastern Mediterranean, 1560–1660|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oMUXKoIJYDUC&pg=PA24|accessdate=7 April 2012|date=3 June 2010|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-9476-3|pages=24–}}</ref> with an Austrian delegation from [[Vienna]] on a diplomatic mission of [[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Rudolf II]] to [[Sultan]] [[Murad III]].<ref name="Todorova2009">{{cite book|last=Todorova|first=Marii︠a︡ Nikolaeva|title=Imagining the Balkans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WZweAIJI0ZwC&pg=PA23|accessdate=7 April 2012|date=15 April 2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-538786-5|pages=23–}}</ref> He spent several years attached the [[Habsburg]] embassy,<ref name="BoyarFleet2010">{{cite book|last1=Boyar|first1=Ebru|last2=Fleet|first2=Kate|title=A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hHd2OizxNCcC&pg=PA132|accessdate=7 April 2012|date=15 April 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-13623-5|pages=132–}}</ref> in the role of ''Hofprediger'' (court preacher)<ref name="HodkinsonMorrison2009">{{cite book|last1=Hodkinson|first1=James R.|last2=Morrison|first2=Jeffrey|title=Encounters With Islam in German Literature and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfkNf5fxLoMC&pg=PA62|accessdate=7 April 2012|date=1 December 2009|publisher=Camden House|isbn=978-1-57113-419-6|pages=62–}}</ref> successor to [[Stefan Gerlach]].<ref name="Michalski1993">{{cite book|last=Michalski|first=Sergiusz|title=The Reformation and the Visual Arts: The Protestant Image Question in Western and Eastern Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FDQ89Ml52d4C&pg=PA113|accessdate=7 April 2012|date=10 May 1993|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-06512-2|pages=113–}}</ref> In this travel diary, he vividly describes his personal experiences and also provides an interesting insight into life in the former [[Ottoman Empire]]. He deduced that "[[Serbians]], [[Bulgarians]], [[Rascians]], have their origins in the ancient German tribes of [[Dacia|Daci]]",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=2094|title=Balkan Slavs in the Early Modern Period: Different Perspectives, Different Approaches|publisher=H-net.org|accessdate=4 April 2012}}</ref> and also wrote about Bulgarian jewelry, curious at the nose rings he saw worn by the women and the "exoticism" he witnessed.<ref name="jstor">{{Cite journal|jstor=40109017|author=Wolff, Larry|title=The International History Review Vol. 21, No. 2 (Jun., 1999), |pages=461–463|publisher=Taylor & Francis, Ltd., accessed via [[JSTOR]]}}</ref> He also commented on jugglers, fires, the "clumsy" music of the Turks, their food, customs, and buildings.
In 1576, having completed his studies and being in search of employment, he was hired as embassy chaplain by Joachim von Sintzendorff, Habsburg ambassador to Istanbul (1578–81).<ref name="Faroqhi1999">{{cite book|last=Faroqhi|first=Suraiya|title=Approaching Ottoman History: An Introduction to the Sources|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pjfZ8CxxMyoC&pg=PA113|accessdate=7 April 2012|date=9 December 1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-66648-0|pages=113–}}</ref> He traveled as a Habsburgian envoy to [[Constantinople]]<ref name="Ben-Zaken2010">{{cite book|last=Ben-Zaken|first=Avner|title=Cross-Cultural Scientific Exchanges in the Eastern Mediterranean, 1560–1660|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oMUXKoIJYDUC&pg=PA24|accessdate=7 April 2012|date=3 June 2010|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-9476-3|pages=24–}}</ref> with an Austrian delegation from [[Vienna]] on a diplomatic mission of [[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Rudolf II]] to [[Sultan]] [[Murad III]].<ref name="Todorova2009">{{cite book|last=Todorova|first=Marii︠a︡ Nikolaeva|title=Imagining the Balkans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WZweAIJI0ZwC&pg=PA23|accessdate=7 April 2012|date=15 April 2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-538786-5|pages=23–}}</ref> He spent several years attached the [[Habsburg]] embassy,<ref name="BoyarFleet2010">{{cite book|last1=Boyar|first1=Ebru|last2=Fleet|first2=Kate|title=[[A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul]]|date=15 April 2010|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-13623-5|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hHd2OizxNCcC&pg=PA132 132]–}} - Access date : 7 April 2012.</ref> in the role of ''Hofprediger'' (court preacher)<ref name="HodkinsonMorrison2009">{{cite book|last1=Hodkinson|first1=James R.|last2=Morrison|first2=Jeffrey|title=Encounters With Islam in German Literature and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfkNf5fxLoMC&pg=PA62|accessdate=7 April 2012|date=1 December 2009|publisher=Camden House|isbn=978-1-57113-419-6|pages=62–}}</ref> successor to [[Stephan Gerlach]].<ref name="Michalski1993">{{cite book|last=Michalski|first=Sergiusz|title=The Reformation and the Visual Arts: The Protestant Image Question in Western and Eastern Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FDQ89Ml52d4C&pg=PA113|accessdate=7 April 2012|date=10 May 1993|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-06512-2|pages=113–}}</ref> In this travel diary, he vividly describes his personal experiences and also provides an interesting insight into life in the former [[Ottoman Empire]]. He deduced that "[[Serbians]], [[Bulgarians]], [[Rascians]], have their origins in the ancient German tribes of [[Dacia|Daci]]",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=2094|title=Balkan Slavs in the Early Modern Period: Different Perspectives, Different Approaches|date=June 1998 |publisher=H-net.org|accessdate=4 April 2012}}</ref> and also wrote about Bulgarian jewelry, curious at the nose rings he saw worn by the women and the "exoticism" he witnessed.<ref name="jstor">{{Cite journal|jstor=40109017|author=Wolff, Larry|title=The International History Review Vol. 21, No. 2 (Jun., 1999) |pages=461–463|publisher=Taylor & Francis, Ltd., accessed via [[JSTOR]]}}</ref> He also commented on jugglers, fires, the "clumsy" music of the Turks, their food, customs, and buildings.


He left Constantinople in 1581 and traveled to [[Egypt]] and [[Jerusalem]],<ref name="Al-WerJong2009">{{cite book|last1=Al-Wer|first1=Enam|last2=Jong|first2=Rudolf Erik de|last3=Holes|first3=Clive|title=Arabic Dialectology: In Honour of Clive Holes on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZ93Usv6ni4C&pg=PA51|accessdate=7 April 2012|date=31 May 2009|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-17212-8|pages=51–}}</ref> where he quoted [[Adam Reusner]].<ref name="Velde1854">{{cite book|last=Velde|first=Charles William Meredith van de|title=Narrative of a journey through Syria and Palestine in 1851 and 1852|url=https://archive.org/details/narrativeajourn01veldgoog|accessdate=4 April 2012|year=1854|publisher=W. Blackwood and sons|page=[https://archive.org/details/narrativeajourn01veldgoog/page/n530 512]}}</ref><ref name="Vilnay1963">{{cite book|last=Vilnay|first=Zev|title=The Holy Land in old prints and maps|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4KxtAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=4 April 2012|year=1963|publisher=R. Mass|page=112}}</ref> Visiting [[Ramla]], he commented on the Jewish populations in the city.<ref name="DavidOrdan2010">{{cite book|last1=David|first1=Abraham|last2=Ordan|first2=Dena|title=To Come to the Land: Immigration and Settlement in 16th-Century Eretz-Israel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqy4wqVbSUkC&pg=PA26|accessdate=4 April 2012|date=24 May 2010|publisher=University of Alabama Press|isbn=978-0-8173-5643-9|page=26}}</ref> In Egypt, he traveled with Gerlach and [[David Chytraeus]]. He also visited [[Damascus]] before returning to Germany via [[Crete]] and [[Venice]].<ref name="Iorga2000">{{cite book|last=Iorga|first=Nicolae|title=Byzantium after Byzantium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FEJoAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=4 April 2012|year=2000|publisher=Center for Romanian Studies|isbn=978-973-9432-09-2|page=68}}</ref> On returning to Germany, Schweigger served as pastor in the town of [[Grötzingen]] from 1581–1589. In 1589, Heinrich Hermann Baron Schutzbar von Milchling, appointed Schweigger to be patron of the parish of [[Wilhermsdorf]] in [[Middle Franconia]]. The City of Nuremberg called him in 1605 to serve at the [[Frauenkirche, Nuremberg|Frauenkirche]] where he worked for 17&nbsp;years.
He left Constantinople in 1581 and traveled to [[Egypt]] and [[Jerusalem]],<ref name="Al-WerJong2009">{{cite book|last1=Al-Wer|first1=Enam|last2=Jong|first2=Rudolf Erik de|last3=Holes|first3=Clive|title=Arabic Dialectology: In Honour of Clive Holes on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZ93Usv6ni4C&pg=PA51|accessdate=7 April 2012|date=31 May 2009|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-17212-8|pages=51–}}</ref> where he quoted [[Adam Reusner]].<ref name="Velde1854">{{cite book|last=Velde|first=Charles William Meredith van de|title=Narrative of a journey through Syria and Palestine in 1851 and 1852|url=https://archive.org/details/narrativeajourn01veldgoog|accessdate=4 April 2012|year=1854|publisher=W. Blackwood and sons|page=[https://archive.org/details/narrativeajourn01veldgoog/page/n530 512]}}</ref><ref name="Vilnay1963">{{cite book|last=Vilnay|first=Zev|title=The Holy Land in old prints and maps|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4KxtAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=4 April 2012|year=1963|publisher=R. Mass|page=112}}</ref> Visiting [[Ramla]], he commented on the Jewish populations in the city.<ref name="DavidOrdan2010">{{cite book|last1=David|first1=Abraham|last2=Ordan|first2=Dena|title=To Come to the Land: Immigration and Settlement in 16th-Century Eretz-Israel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqy4wqVbSUkC&pg=PA26|accessdate=4 April 2012|date=24 May 2010|publisher=University of Alabama Press|isbn=978-0-8173-5643-9|page=26}}</ref> In Egypt, he traveled with Gerlach and [[David Chytraeus]]. He also visited [[Damascus]] before returning to Germany via [[Crete]] and [[Venice]].<ref name="Iorga2000">{{cite book|last=Iorga|first=Nicolae|title=Byzantium after Byzantium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FEJoAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=4 April 2012|year=2000|publisher=Center for Romanian Studies|isbn=978-973-9432-09-2|page=68}}</ref> On returning to Germany, Schweigger served as pastor in the town of [[Grötzingen]] from 1581–1589. In 1589, Heinrich Hermann Baron Schutzbar von Milchling, appointed Schweigger to be patron of the parish of [[Wilhermsdorf]] in [[Middle Franconia]]. The City of Nuremberg called him in 1605 to serve at the [[Frauenkirche, Nuremberg|Frauenkirche]] where he worked for 17&nbsp;years.


His account of his years spent in the Balkans, Turkey and the Middle East would later gain fame in his "''Ein newe Reiss Beschreibung a Deutschland Nach Constantinopel und Jerusalem''", published in 1608. Several of his sketches appeared centuries later in [[Kiril Petkov]]'s 1997 book ''[[Infidels, Turks, and Women: The South Slavs in the German Mind, ca. 1400-1600]]''.<ref name="jstor"/> In 1616, he published "The Turkish Alcoran, religion, and superstition". Solomon is also the author of the first German version of the ''Qur'an''.<ref name="Islamic studies">{{cite book|title=Islamic studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlbrAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2012|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Islamic Research Institute|page=88}}</ref> In the Ottoman Empire, Schweigger found an Italian translation of the Qur'an, which was known among Christians living there to a certain extent. Schweigger translated from the Italian but published it only after his return to Nuremberg (1616, 2nd edition 1623, further editions without naming 1659; 1664). He translated from a first Italian version of 1547 by [[Andrea Arrivabene]], itself based on translation from Latin by [[Robert of Ketton]] in the 12th century.<ref name="Jaffer2009">{{cite book|author=Abbas Jaffer & Masuma Jaffer|title=Quranic Sciences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M374UgkATXkC&pg=PA264|accessdate=8 April 2012|year=2009|publisher=ICAS Press|isbn=978-1-904063-30-8|page=264}}</ref> It is surprising that Schweigger did not resort to the Latin text. Schweigger's German translation of the Italian translation of the Latin translation of the Arabic Koran was in turn translated into Dutch in 1641 and printed in [[Hamburg]].
His account of his years spent in the Balkans, Turkey and the Middle East would later gain fame in his "''Ein newe Reiss Beschreibung aus Teutschland Nach Constantinopel und Jerusalem''", published in 1608. Several of his sketches appeared centuries later in [[Kiril Petkov]]'s 1997 book ''[[Infidels, Turks, and Women: The South Slavs in the German Mind, ca. 1400-1600]]''.<ref name="jstor"/> In 1616, he published "The Turkish Alcoran, religion, and superstition". Solomon is also the author of the first German version of the ''Qur'an''.<ref name="Islamic studies">{{cite book|title=Islamic studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlbrAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2012|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Islamic Research Institute|page=88}}</ref> In the Ottoman Empire, Schweigger found an Italian translation of the Qur'an, which was known among Christians living there to a certain extent. Schweigger translated from the Italian but published it only after his return to Nuremberg (1616, 2nd edition 1623, further editions without naming 1659; 1664). He translated from a first Italian version of 1547 by [[Andrea Arrivabene]], itself based on translation from Latin by [[Robert of Ketton]] in the 12th century.<ref name="Jaffer2009">{{cite book|author=Abbas Jaffer & Masuma Jaffer|title=Quranic Sciences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M374UgkATXkC&pg=PA264|accessdate=8 April 2012|year=2009|publisher=ICAS Press|isbn=978-1-904063-30-8|page=264}}</ref> It is surprising that Schweigger did not resort to the Latin text. Schweigger's German translation of the Italian translation of the Latin translation of the Arabic Koran was in turn translated into Dutch in 1641 and printed in [[Hamburg]].


==Personal life==
==Personal life==
Line 35: Line 35:
{{DEFAULTSORT:Schweiger, Salomon}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Schweiger, Salomon}}
[[Category:German anthropologists]]
[[Category:German anthropologists]]
[[Category:16th-century German people]]
[[Category:16th-century German Lutheran clergy]]
[[Category:Pilgrimage accounts]]
[[Category:Pilgrimage accounts]]
[[Category:German orientalists]]
[[Category:German orientalists]]
Line 43: Line 43:
[[Category:People from Sulz am Neckar]]
[[Category:People from Sulz am Neckar]]
[[Category:University of Tübingen alumni]]
[[Category:University of Tübingen alumni]]
[[Category:German Lutheran clergy]]
[[Category:17th-century German Lutheran clergy]]
[[Category:German male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:German male non-fiction writers]]

Latest revision as of 00:35, 24 January 2023

Salomon Schweigger
Schweigger's illustration of Constantinople c. 1578
Ein newe Reiss Beschreibung auss Teutschland nach Constantinopel und Jerusalem (1608) title page

Salomon Schweigger (also spelled Solomon Schweiger) (30 March 1551 – 21 June 1622) was a German Lutheran theologian, minister, anthropologist and orientalist of the 16th century. He provided a valuable insight during his travels in the Balkans, Constantinople and the Middle East, and published a famous travel book of his exploits. He also published the first German language translation of the Qur'an.

Biography

[edit]

Schweigger was born in Sulz am Neckar. His father was Henry Schweigger, notarius (court and town clerk) and praefectus pupillorum (superior of the orphanage children in Sulz).[1] Salomon first attended the convent school in Bad Herrenalb-Alpirsbach, and from 1572, studied theology and classical philology at the University of Tübingen.[2]

In 1576, having completed his studies and being in search of employment, he was hired as embassy chaplain by Joachim von Sintzendorff, Habsburg ambassador to Istanbul (1578–81).[3] He traveled as a Habsburgian envoy to Constantinople[4] with an Austrian delegation from Vienna on a diplomatic mission of Emperor Rudolf II to Sultan Murad III.[5] He spent several years attached the Habsburg embassy,[6] in the role of Hofprediger (court preacher)[7] successor to Stephan Gerlach.[8] In this travel diary, he vividly describes his personal experiences and also provides an interesting insight into life in the former Ottoman Empire. He deduced that "Serbians, Bulgarians, Rascians, have their origins in the ancient German tribes of Daci",[9] and also wrote about Bulgarian jewelry, curious at the nose rings he saw worn by the women and the "exoticism" he witnessed.[10] He also commented on jugglers, fires, the "clumsy" music of the Turks, their food, customs, and buildings.

He left Constantinople in 1581 and traveled to Egypt and Jerusalem,[11] where he quoted Adam Reusner.[12][13] Visiting Ramla, he commented on the Jewish populations in the city.[14] In Egypt, he traveled with Gerlach and David Chytraeus. He also visited Damascus before returning to Germany via Crete and Venice.[15] On returning to Germany, Schweigger served as pastor in the town of Grötzingen from 1581–1589. In 1589, Heinrich Hermann Baron Schutzbar von Milchling, appointed Schweigger to be patron of the parish of Wilhermsdorf in Middle Franconia. The City of Nuremberg called him in 1605 to serve at the Frauenkirche where he worked for 17 years.

His account of his years spent in the Balkans, Turkey and the Middle East would later gain fame in his "Ein newe Reiss Beschreibung aus Teutschland Nach Constantinopel und Jerusalem", published in 1608. Several of his sketches appeared centuries later in Kiril Petkov's 1997 book Infidels, Turks, and Women: The South Slavs in the German Mind, ca. 1400-1600.[10] In 1616, he published "The Turkish Alcoran, religion, and superstition". Solomon is also the author of the first German version of the Qur'an.[16] In the Ottoman Empire, Schweigger found an Italian translation of the Qur'an, which was known among Christians living there to a certain extent. Schweigger translated from the Italian but published it only after his return to Nuremberg (1616, 2nd edition 1623, further editions without naming 1659; 1664). He translated from a first Italian version of 1547 by Andrea Arrivabene, itself based on translation from Latin by Robert of Ketton in the 12th century.[17] It is surprising that Schweigger did not resort to the Latin text. Schweigger's German translation of the Italian translation of the Latin translation of the Arabic Koran was in turn translated into Dutch in 1641 and printed in Hamburg.

Personal life

[edit]

He was first married to Susanna Michael (d. 1585 in Grötzingen) from Memmingen, who in 1583 gave birth to his first son, Immanuel,[2] who became the father of the Nuremberg sculptor, Georg Schweigger.[18] Salomon married Elisabetha Vischer on 13 September 1585.[2] On 16 September 1588, their son Solomon was born, whose descendants lived in Nuremberg.[citation needed] He died, aged 71, in Nürnberg, and was buried at St. Rochus Cemetery.[2]

Literature

[edit]
  • Heyd, Wilhelm von, Schweigger, Salomon. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Band 33, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1891, S. 339 f.
  • Schweigger, S., & Stein, H. (1986). Zum Hofe des türkischen Sultans. Leipzig: F.A. Brockhaus.
  • Schweigger, Valentin (1879). Genealogie der Familie Schweigger. Handschrift Nürnberg.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Irene Annette Bergs (2010), "Heinrich Schweickher", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 24, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 44–45; (full text online)
  2. ^ a b c d Bernhard Ebneth (2010), "Salomo(n) S. (Schweicker, Schweigker, Schweucker, Sweicker)", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 24, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 45–46; (full text online)
  3. ^ Faroqhi, Suraiya (9 December 1999). Approaching Ottoman History: An Introduction to the Sources. Cambridge University Press. pp. 113–. ISBN 978-0-521-66648-0. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
  4. ^ Ben-Zaken, Avner (3 June 2010). Cross-Cultural Scientific Exchanges in the Eastern Mediterranean, 1560–1660. JHU Press. pp. 24–. ISBN 978-0-8018-9476-3. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
  5. ^ Todorova, Marii︠a︡ Nikolaeva (15 April 2009). Imagining the Balkans. Oxford University Press. pp. 23–. ISBN 978-0-19-538786-5. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
  6. ^ Boyar, Ebru; Fleet, Kate (15 April 2010). A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul. Cambridge University Press. pp. 132–. ISBN 978-0-521-13623-5. - Access date : 7 April 2012.
  7. ^ Hodkinson, James R.; Morrison, Jeffrey (1 December 2009). Encounters With Islam in German Literature and Culture. Camden House. pp. 62–. ISBN 978-1-57113-419-6. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
  8. ^ Michalski, Sergiusz (10 May 1993). The Reformation and the Visual Arts: The Protestant Image Question in Western and Eastern Europe. Psychology Press. pp. 113–. ISBN 978-0-415-06512-2. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
  9. ^ "Balkan Slavs in the Early Modern Period: Different Perspectives, Different Approaches". H-net.org. June 1998. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  10. ^ a b Wolff, Larry. "The International History Review Vol. 21, No. 2 (Jun., 1999)". Taylor & Francis, Ltd., accessed via JSTOR: 461–463. JSTOR 40109017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. ^ Al-Wer, Enam; Jong, Rudolf Erik de; Holes, Clive (31 May 2009). Arabic Dialectology: In Honour of Clive Holes on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday. BRILL. pp. 51–. ISBN 978-90-04-17212-8. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
  12. ^ Velde, Charles William Meredith van de (1854). Narrative of a journey through Syria and Palestine in 1851 and 1852. W. Blackwood and sons. p. 512. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  13. ^ Vilnay, Zev (1963). The Holy Land in old prints and maps. R. Mass. p. 112. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  14. ^ David, Abraham; Ordan, Dena (24 May 2010). To Come to the Land: Immigration and Settlement in 16th-Century Eretz-Israel. University of Alabama Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-8173-5643-9. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  15. ^ Iorga, Nicolae (2000). Byzantium after Byzantium. Center for Romanian Studies. p. 68. ISBN 978-973-9432-09-2. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  16. ^ Islamic studies. Islamic Research Institute. 1 January 2002. p. 88. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  17. ^ Abbas Jaffer & Masuma Jaffer (2009). Quranic Sciences. ICAS Press. p. 264. ISBN 978-1-904063-30-8. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  18. ^ Paul Johannes Rée (1891), "Schweigger, Georg", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 33, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 333–335
[edit]

Media related to Salomon Schweigger at Wikimedia Commons

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Salomon_Schweigger&oldid=1135328756"