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{{short description|Egypt at the Olympics}}
{{Short description|Egypt at the Olympics}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{infobox country at games
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Two athletes, both men, competed under the [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egyptian banner]] at the [[1906 Intercalated Games]] in [[Athens]], [[Greece]], and took part in five events across three sports. Arthur Marson, a track and field athlete, did not place within the top six in the 5 mile and failed to finish the marathon. Eugenio Colombani competed in [[cycling]] and [[Greco-Roman wrestling]], but did not reach the finals of either event.<ref name="Colombani" /> Egypt, therefore, did not win any medals at the Games.
Two athletes, both men, competed under the [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egyptian banner]] at the [[1906 Intercalated Games]] in [[Athens]], [[Greece]], and took part in five events across three sports. Arthur Marson, a track and field athlete, did not place within the top six in the 5 mile and failed to finish the marathon. Eugenio Colombani competed in [[cycle sport|cycling]] and [[Greco-Roman wrestling]], but did not reach the finals of either event.<ref name="Colombani" /> Egypt, therefore, did not win any medals at the Games.


==Background==
==Background==
The 1906 Intercalated Games are no longer recognized as Olympic by the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC), but they were considered as such by contemporary sources.<ref name="Dictionary">{{cite book|last = Grasso|first = John|author2 = [[Bill Mallon]]|author3 = Jeroen Heijmans|title = Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement|publisher = [[Rowman & Littlefield]]|edition = 5|date = 14 May 2015|location = [[Lanham, Maryland]]|page = xlvi|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uCN1CQAAQBAJ&q=1906&pg=PA654|isbn = 978-1442248601}}</ref> In 1906, Egypt was ''de jure'' under the control of the [[Ottoman Empire]], but had been ''de facto'' run by the British since 1882.<ref name="EgyptStatus">{{cite book|last = Sicker|first = Martin|title = The Middle East in the Twentieth Century|publisher = [[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|year = 2001|location = [[Santa Barbara, California]]|page = 101|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gHfw0Mv_uFUC&q=Egypt+British+protectorate&pg=PA101|isbn = 0275968936}}</ref> At the [[1896 Summer Olympics]], an athlete by the name of [[Dionysios Kasdaglis]] competed in [[Tennis at the 1896 Summer Olympics|tennis]] and won silver medals in the [[Tennis at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|singles]] and [[Tennis at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|doubles tournaments]]. Kasdaglis is listed as Greek by the IOC for the singles, but in the doubles he and his Greek partner [[Demetrios Petrokokkinos]] are listed as a "mixed team".<ref name="DoublesResults">{{cite web|url = https://www.olympic.org/athens-1896/tennis/doubles-men|title = Doubles Men|year = 2016|publisher = [[International Olympic Committee]]|access-date = 18 October 2016}}</ref> Kasdaglis had British citizenship, but lived in Egypt and was a member of Egyptian clubs, and thus he has been considered by some as an Egyptian Olympian.<ref name="KasdaglisSR">{{cite web|last = Gjerde|first = Arild|author2=Jeroen Heijmans |author3=Bill Mallon |author4=Hilary Evans |title = Dimitrios Kasdaglis Bio, Stats, and Results|work = Olympics|publisher = Sports Reference.com|date = June 2016|url = https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ka/dimitrios-kasdaglis-1.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124637/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ka/dimitrios-kasdaglis-1.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = 9 February 2019|access-date = 18 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="KasdaglisEGY">{{cite book|last = Conner|first = Floyd|title = The Olympic's Most Wanted: The Top 10 Book of the Olympics' Gold Medal Gaffes, Improbable Triumphs, and Other Oddities|publisher = [[University of Nebraska Press|Potomac Books]]|date = 31 October 2001|location = [[Lincoln, Nebraska]]|page = 11|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zQ48Zp5MVCsC&q=Dionysios+Kasdaglis+Egypt&pg=PA11|isbn = 1597973971}}</ref> The [[Egyptian Olympic Committee]], founded in 1910, considers Egypt's first Olympic delegation to have been at the [[Egypt at the 1912 Summer Olympics|1912 Summer Olympics]],<ref name="EOC">{{cite web|url = http://www.egyptianolympic.org/history.html|title = History|year = 2015|publisher = [[Egyptian Olympic Committee]]|access-date = 18 October 2016}}</ref> which is supported by that year's official report,<ref name="1912Report">{{cite journal|title = The Official Report of the Olympic Games of Stockholm 1912|page = 889|publisher = [[Swedish Olympic Committee]]|location = [[Stockholm]]|date = 1913|url = http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1912/1912.pdf|access-date = 18 October 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140207072609/http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1912/1912.pdf|archive-date = 7 February 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref> but there is uncertainty as to whether the fencer they sent actually competed.<ref name="SRFencing">{{cite web|last = Gjerde|first = Arild|author2=Jeroen Heijmans |author3=Bill Mallon |author4=Hilary Evans |title = Fencing at the 1912 Stockholm Summer Games|publisher = Sports Reference.com|date = June 2016|url = https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1912/FEN/|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200417070306/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1912/FEN/|url-status = dead|archive-date = 17 April 2020|access-date = 18 October 2016}}</ref> Egypt took part in the Olympic Games, with athletes of Egyptian descent, in [[Egypt at the 1920 Summer Olympics|1920]].<ref name="Egypt1920">{{cite web|last = Gjerde|first = Arild|author2=Jeroen Heijmans |author3=Bill Mallon |author4=Hilary Evans |title = Egypt at the 1920 Antwerpen Summer Games|publisher = Sports Reference.com|date = June 2016|url = https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/EGY/summer/1920/|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200505055404/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/EGY/summer/1920/|url-status = dead|archive-date = 5 May 2020|access-date = 18 October 2016}}</ref>
The 1906 Intercalated Games are no longer recognized as Olympic by the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC), but they were considered as such by contemporary sources.<ref name="Dictionary">{{cite book|last = Grasso|first = John|author2 = Bill Mallon|author2-link = Bill Mallon|author3 = Jeroen Heijmans|title = Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement|publisher = [[Rowman & Littlefield]]|edition = 5|date = 14 May 2015|location = [[Lanham, Maryland]]|page = xlvi|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uCN1CQAAQBAJ&q=1906&pg=PA654|isbn = 978-1442248601}}</ref> In 1906, Egypt was ''de jure'' under the control of the [[Ottoman Empire]], but had been ''de facto'' run by the British since 1882.<ref name="EgyptStatus">{{cite book|last = Sicker|first = Martin|title = The Middle East in the Twentieth Century|publisher = [[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|year = 2001|location = [[Santa Barbara, California]]|page = 101|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gHfw0Mv_uFUC&q=Egypt+British+protectorate&pg=PA101|isbn = 0275968936}}</ref> At the [[1896 Summer Olympics]], an athlete by the name of [[Dionysios Kasdaglis]] competed in [[Tennis at the 1896 Summer Olympics|tennis]] and won silver medals in the [[Tennis at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|singles]] and [[Tennis at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|doubles tournaments]]. Kasdaglis is listed as Greek by the IOC for the singles, but in the doubles he and his Greek partner [[Demetrios Petrokokkinos]] are listed as a "mixed team".<ref name="DoublesResults">{{cite web|url = https://www.olympic.org/athens-1896/tennis/doubles-men|title = Doubles Men|year = 2016|publisher = [[International Olympic Committee]]|access-date = 18 October 2016}}</ref> Kasdaglis had British citizenship, but lived in Egypt and was a member of Egyptian clubs, and thus he has been considered by some as an Egyptian Olympian.<ref name="KasdaglisSR">{{cite web|last = Gjerde|first = Arild|author2=Jeroen Heijmans |author3=Bill Mallon |author4=Hilary Evans |title = Dimitrios Kasdaglis Bio, Stats, and Results|work = Olympics|publisher = Sports Reference.com|date = June 2016|url = https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ka/dimitrios-kasdaglis-1.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124637/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ka/dimitrios-kasdaglis-1.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = 9 February 2019|access-date = 18 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="KasdaglisEGY">{{cite book|last = Conner|first = Floyd|title = The Olympic's Most Wanted: The Top 10 Book of the Olympics' Gold Medal Gaffes, Improbable Triumphs, and Other Oddities|publisher = [[University of Nebraska Press|Potomac Books]]|date = 31 October 2001|location = [[Lincoln, Nebraska]]|page = 11|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zQ48Zp5MVCsC&q=Dionysios+Kasdaglis+Egypt&pg=PA11|isbn = 1597973971}}</ref> The [[Egyptian Olympic Committee]], founded in 1910, considers Egypt's first Olympic delegation to have been at the [[Egypt at the 1912 Summer Olympics|1912 Summer Olympics]],<ref name="EOC">{{cite web|url = http://www.egyptianolympic.org/history.html|title = History|year = 2015|publisher = [[Egyptian Olympic Committee]]|access-date = 18 October 2016}}</ref> which is supported by that year's official report,<ref name="1912Report">{{cite journal|title = The Official Report of the Olympic Games of Stockholm 1912|page = 889|publisher = [[Swedish Olympic Committee]]|location = [[Stockholm]]|date = 1913|url = http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1912/1912.pdf|access-date = 18 October 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140207072609/http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1912/1912.pdf|archive-date = 7 February 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref> but there is uncertainty as to whether the fencer they sent actually competed.<ref name="SRFencing">{{cite web|last = Gjerde|first = Arild|author2=Jeroen Heijmans |author3=Bill Mallon |author4=Hilary Evans |title = Fencing at the 1912 Stockholm Summer Games|publisher = Sports Reference.com|date = June 2016|url = https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1912/FEN/|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200417070306/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1912/FEN/|url-status = dead|archive-date = 17 April 2020|access-date = 18 October 2016}}</ref> Egypt took part in the Olympic Games, with athletes of Egyptian descent, in [[Egypt at the 1920 Summer Olympics|1920]].<ref name="Egypt1920">{{cite web|last = Gjerde|first = Arild|author2=Jeroen Heijmans |author3=Bill Mallon |author4=Hilary Evans |title = Egypt at the 1920 Antwerpen Summer Games|publisher = Sports Reference.com|date = June 2016|url = https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/EGY/summer/1920/|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200505055404/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/EGY/summer/1920/|url-status = dead|archive-date = 5 May 2020|access-date = 18 October 2016}}</ref>


Two athletes, [[Arthur Marson]] and [[Eugenio Colombani]], marched under the [[List of Egyptian flags|flag]] of the [[Khedivate of Egypt]] (an [[Turkish Olympic Committee|Ottoman Olympic Committee]] would not be formed until 1908),<ref name="OttomanNOC">{{cite web|url = http://olimpiyat.org.tr/Detay/TMOK/Tarihce/46/1|title = Tarihçe|year = 2016|publisher = [[Turkish Olympic Committee]]|access-date = 18 October 2016|language=tr}}</ref> in what was the first full opening ceremony for an event considered Olympic.<ref name="Dictionary"/> Marson, competing in [[Athletics at the 1906 Intercalated Games|track and field athletics]], was a member of the Greek Ifitos Kairou club of [[Cairo]].<ref name="Marson">{{cite web|last = Gjerde|first = Arild|author2=Jeroen Heijmans |author3=Bill Mallon |author4=Hilary Evans |title = Arthur Marson Bio, Stats, and Results|work = Olympics|publisher = Sports Reference.com|date = June 2016|url = https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ma/arthur-marson-1.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170702015823/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ma/arthur-marson-1.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = 2 July 2017|access-date = 18 October 2016}}</ref> Colombani, of the Egyptian<ref name="Palaestra">{{cite web|url = http://www.siteducyclisme.net/ploegfiche.php?id=24031|title = Soc. Palaestra Boccolini 1906|language = fr|publisher = siteducyclisme.net|access-date=19 December 2016}}</ref> cycling club Soc. Palaestra Boccolini, took part in [[Cycling at the 1906 Intercalated Games|cycling]] and [[Wrestling at the 1906 Intercalated Games|Greco-Roman wrestling]].<ref name="Colombani">{{cite web|last = Gjerde|first = Arild|author2=Jeroen Heijmans |author3=Bill Mallon |author4=Hilary Evans |title = Eugenio Colombani Bio, Stats, and Results|work = Olympics|publisher = Sports Reference.com|date = June 2016|url = https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/co/eugenio-colombani-1.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200418101201/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/co/eugenio-colombani-1.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = 18 April 2020|access-date = 18 October 2016}}</ref> Neither athlete won a medal.<ref name="SREvent">{{cite web|last = Gjerde|first = Arild|author2=Jeroen Heijmans |author3=Bill Mallon |author4=Hilary Evans |title = Egypt at the 1906 Intercalated Games|publisher = Sports Reference.com|date = June 2016|url = https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/EGY/summer/1906/|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200417093401/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/EGY/summer/1906/|url-status = dead|archive-date = 17 April 2020|access-date = 18 October 2016}}</ref>
Two athletes, [[Arthur Marson]] and [[Eugenio Colombani]], marched under the [[List of Egyptian flags|flag]] of the [[Khedivate of Egypt]] (an [[Turkish Olympic Committee|Ottoman Olympic Committee]] would not be formed until 1908),<ref name="OttomanNOC">{{cite web|url = http://olimpiyat.org.tr/Detay/TMOK/Tarihce/46/1|title = Tarihçe|year = 2016|publisher = [[Turkish Olympic Committee]]|access-date = 18 October 2016|language=tr}}</ref> in what was the first full opening ceremony for an event considered Olympic.<ref name="Dictionary"/> Marson, competing in [[Athletics at the 1906 Intercalated Games|track and field athletics]], was a member of the Greek Ifitos Kairou club of [[Cairo]].<ref name="Marson">{{cite web|last = Gjerde|first = Arild|author2=Jeroen Heijmans |author3=Bill Mallon |author4=Hilary Evans |title = Arthur Marson Bio, Stats, and Results|work = Olympics|publisher = Sports Reference.com|date = June 2016|url = https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ma/arthur-marson-1.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170702015823/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ma/arthur-marson-1.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = 2 July 2017|access-date = 18 October 2016}}</ref> Colombani, of the Egyptian<ref name="Palaestra">{{cite web|url = http://www.siteducyclisme.net/ploegfiche.php?id=24031|title = Soc. Palaestra Boccolini 1906|language = fr|publisher = siteducyclisme.net|access-date=19 December 2016}}</ref> cycling club Soc. Palaestra Boccolini, took part in [[Cycling at the 1906 Intercalated Games|cycling]] and [[Wrestling at the 1906 Intercalated Games|Greco-Roman wrestling]].<ref name="Colombani">{{cite web|last = Gjerde|first = Arild|author2=Jeroen Heijmans |author3=Bill Mallon |author4=Hilary Evans |title = Eugenio Colombani Bio, Stats, and Results|work = Olympics|publisher = Sports Reference.com|date = June 2016|url = https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/co/eugenio-colombani-1.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200418101201/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/co/eugenio-colombani-1.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = 18 April 2020|access-date = 18 October 2016}}</ref> Neither athlete won a medal.<ref name="SREvent">{{cite web|last = Gjerde|first = Arild|author2=Jeroen Heijmans |author3=Bill Mallon |author4=Hilary Evans |title = Egypt at the 1906 Intercalated Games|publisher = Sports Reference.com|date = June 2016|url = https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/EGY/summer/1906/|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200417093401/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/EGY/summer/1906/|url-status = dead|archive-date = 17 April 2020|access-date = 18 October 2016}}</ref>
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|-
|-
|Marathon
|Marathon
|align="center" colspan=2|Did not finish
|align="center" colspan=2|did not finish
|}
|}


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|align="center"|''Unknown''
|align="center"|''Unknown''
|align="center"|''Unknown''
|align="center"|''Unknown''
|align="center" colspan=2|Did not advance
|align="center" colspan=2|did not advance
|-
|-
|20 Kilometres
|20 Kilometres
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|align="center"|''Unknown''
|align="center"|''Unknown''
|align="center" colspan=2|n/a
|align="center" colspan=2|n/a
|align="center" colspan=2|Did not advance
|align="center" colspan=2|did not advance
|}
|}


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|Lightweight
|Lightweight
|align=center|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Carl Carlsen|Carlsen]]|DEN|1906 Summer}}<br>'''L'''
|align=center|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Carl Carlsen|Carlsen]]|DEN|1906 Summer}}<br>'''L'''
|align=center colspan=5|Did not advance
|align=center colspan=5|did not advance
|}
|}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Nations at the 1906 Intercalated Games}}
{{Nations at the 1906 Intercalated Games}}

Latest revision as of 07:35, 4 February 2023

Egypt at the
1906 Intercalated Olympics
IOC codeEGY
Websitewww.egyptianolympic.org (in Arabic and English)
in Athens
Competitors2 in 3 sports
Medals
Gold
0
Silver
0
Bronze
0
Total
0
Summer appearances
Winter appearances

Two athletes, both men, competed under the Egyptian banner at the 1906 Intercalated Games in Athens, Greece, and took part in five events across three sports. Arthur Marson, a track and field athlete, did not place within the top six in the 5 mile and failed to finish the marathon. Eugenio Colombani competed in cycling and Greco-Roman wrestling, but did not reach the finals of either event.[1] Egypt, therefore, did not win any medals at the Games.

Background

[edit]

The 1906 Intercalated Games are no longer recognized as Olympic by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), but they were considered as such by contemporary sources.[2] In 1906, Egypt was de jure under the control of the Ottoman Empire, but had been de facto run by the British since 1882.[3] At the 1896 Summer Olympics, an athlete by the name of Dionysios Kasdaglis competed in tennis and won silver medals in the singles and doubles tournaments. Kasdaglis is listed as Greek by the IOC for the singles, but in the doubles he and his Greek partner Demetrios Petrokokkinos are listed as a "mixed team".[4] Kasdaglis had British citizenship, but lived in Egypt and was a member of Egyptian clubs, and thus he has been considered by some as an Egyptian Olympian.[5][6] The Egyptian Olympic Committee, founded in 1910, considers Egypt's first Olympic delegation to have been at the 1912 Summer Olympics,[7] which is supported by that year's official report,[8] but there is uncertainty as to whether the fencer they sent actually competed.[9] Egypt took part in the Olympic Games, with athletes of Egyptian descent, in 1920.[10]

Two athletes, Arthur Marson and Eugenio Colombani, marched under the flag of the Khedivate of Egypt (an Ottoman Olympic Committee would not be formed until 1908),[11] in what was the first full opening ceremony for an event considered Olympic.[2] Marson, competing in track and field athletics, was a member of the Greek Ifitos Kairou club of Cairo.[12] Colombani, of the Egyptian[13] cycling club Soc. Palaestra Boccolini, took part in cycling and Greco-Roman wrestling.[1] Neither athlete won a medal.[14]

Athletics

[edit]
Main article: Athletics at the 1906 Intercalated Games

Marson competed in two events in Athens: the marathon and the 5 mile. In the marathon, which was slightly shorter than the distance of the traditional marathon, he was one of the 38 entrants (out of 53 total) who did not finish the race.[15] His placement in the 5 mile is unknown, but he did not finish in the top six.[16]

Athlete Events Final
Result Rank
Arthur Marson 5 miles Unknown Unknown
Marathon did not finish

Cycling

[edit]
Main article: Cycling at the 1906 Intercalated Games

Colombani took part in two cycling events in Athens: the sprint and the 20 kilometers. In the sprint, he lost in both the opening round and repêchage heats and did not advance to the final. In the 20 kilometers, he completed the opening round successfully, but in a time that did not qualify him for the finals.[1]

Athlete Events Heat Repechage Final
Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank
Eugenio Colombani Individual sprint Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown did not advance
20 Kilometres Unknown Unknown n/a did not advance

Wrestling

[edit]
Main article: Wrestling at the 1906 Intercalated Games

Colombani competed in the men's lightweight division of Greco-Roman wrestling in Athens. He was eliminated in Round One by Carl Carlsen of Denmark, who would go on to win the silver medal in the event.[17]

Greco-Roman
Athlete Event Round 1 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Group
Opposition
Result 		Opposition
Result 		Opposition
Result 		Opposition
Result 		Opposition
Result 		Rank
Eugenio Colombani Lightweight  Carlsen (DEN)
L 		did not advance

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Gjerde, Arild; Jeroen Heijmans; Bill Mallon; Hilary Evans (June 2016). "Eugenio Colombani Bio, Stats, and Results". Olympics. Sports Reference.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  2. ^ a b Grasso, John; Bill Mallon; Jeroen Heijmans (14 May 2015). Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement (5 ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. xlvi. ISBN 978-1442248601.
  3. ^ Sicker, Martin (2001). The Middle East in the Twentieth Century. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 101. ISBN 0275968936.
  4. ^ "Doubles Men". International Olympic Committee. 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  5. ^ Gjerde, Arild; Jeroen Heijmans; Bill Mallon; Hilary Evans (June 2016). "Dimitrios Kasdaglis Bio, Stats, and Results". Olympics. Sports Reference.com. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  6. ^ Conner, Floyd (31 October 2001). The Olympic's Most Wanted: The Top 10 Book of the Olympics' Gold Medal Gaffes, Improbable Triumphs, and Other Oddities. Lincoln, Nebraska: Potomac Books. p. 11. ISBN 1597973971.
  7. ^ "History". Egyptian Olympic Committee. 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  8. ^ "The Official Report of the Olympic Games of Stockholm 1912" (PDF). Stockholm: Swedish Olympic Committee. 1913: 889. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ^ Gjerde, Arild; Jeroen Heijmans; Bill Mallon; Hilary Evans (June 2016). "Fencing at the 1912 Stockholm Summer Games". Sports Reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  10. ^ Gjerde, Arild; Jeroen Heijmans; Bill Mallon; Hilary Evans (June 2016). "Egypt at the 1920 Antwerpen Summer Games". Sports Reference.com. Archived from the original on 5 May 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  11. ^ "Tarihçe" (in Turkish). Turkish Olympic Committee. 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  12. ^ Gjerde, Arild; Jeroen Heijmans; Bill Mallon; Hilary Evans (June 2016). "Arthur Marson Bio, Stats, and Results". Olympics. Sports Reference.com. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  13. ^ "Soc. Palaestra Boccolini 1906" (in French). siteducyclisme.net. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  14. ^ Gjerde, Arild; Jeroen Heijmans; Bill Mallon; Hilary Evans (June 2016). "Egypt at the 1906 Intercalated Games". Sports Reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  15. ^ Gjerde, Arild; Jeroen Heijmans; Bill Mallon; Hilary Evans (June 2016). "Athletics at the 1906 Athina Summer Games: Men's Marathon". Sports Reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  16. ^ Gjerde, Arild; Jeroen Heijmans; Bill Mallon; Hilary Evans (June 2016). "Athletics at the 1906 Athina Summer Games: Men's 5 mile". Sports Reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  17. ^ Gjerde, Arild; Jeroen Heijmans; Bill Mallon; Hilary Evans (June 2016). "Wrestling at the 1906 Athina Summer Games: Men's Lightweight, Greco-Roman". Sports Reference.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
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