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{{Speciesbox |
{{Speciesbox |
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| image = Orchis_pallens_Deutschland_006.jpg |
| image = Orchis_pallens_Deutschland_006.jpg |
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| status = LC |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |last1=Rankou |first1=H. |title=Species: ''Orchis pallens'' |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/175921/7143621 |access-date=26 May 2021 |date=2011}}</ref> |
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| genus = Orchis |
| genus = Orchis |
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| species = pallens |
| species = pallens |
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| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] |
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] |
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| synonyms_ref =<ref name="POWO">{{cite web |title=Orchis pallens L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url= |
| synonyms_ref =<ref name="POWO">{{cite web |title=''Orchis pallens'' L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:648951-1 |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |access-date=24 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="WFO">{{cite web |title=''Orchis pallens'' L. |url=http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000259761 |website=www.worldfloraonline.org |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref> |
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| synonyms = |
| synonyms = |
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* ''Androrchis pallens'' {{small|(L.) D.Tyteca & E.Klein}} |
* ''Androrchis pallens'' {{small|(L.) D.Tyteca & E.Klein}} |
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* ''Orchis sulphurea'' {{small|[[John Sims (taxonomist)|Sims]]}} |
* ''Orchis sulphurea'' {{small|[[John Sims (taxonomist)|Sims]]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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'''''Orchis pallens''''', the '''pale orchid''' or '''pale-flowered orchid''', is a [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[herbaceous plant]] belonging to the genus ''[[Orchis]]'' of the family [[Orchidaceae]]. It is found in Europe ranging from to the [[Caucasus]]. |
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'''''Orchis pallens''''', the '''pale orchid''' or '''pale-flowered orchid''', is a [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[herbaceous plant]] belonging to the genus ''[[Orchis]]'' of the family [[Orchidaceae]]. It is found in most of Europe ranging from Spain across to the [[Caucasus]]. It blooms in spring with pale yellow flowers. |
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== Description == |
== Description == |
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[[File:Orchis pallens flowers.jpg|thumb|Close-up of the flowers of ''O. pallens'']] |
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''Orchis pallens'' is the least variable of the ''Orchis'' genus.<ref name=botany>{{cite web |title=''Orchis Pallens'' L. - Pale Orchid |first=Lubomiŕ |last=Rak |date=7 July 2007 |url=https://botany.cz/cs/orchis-pallens/ |language=Czech |access-date=25 May 2021}}</ref> |
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It has a [[tuber]],<ref name="Pacific">{{cite web |title=Pacific Bulb Society {{!}} ''Orchis pallens'' |url=https://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/Orchis_pallens |website=www.pacificbulbsociety.org |access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref> which is round,<ref name=Londinensis>[[John Wilkes (printer)|John Wilkes]] (editor) {{google books|ZOKZyXwSsZkC|Encyclopaedia Londinensis, Volume 17 (1820)|page=706}}</ref> or oval in shape.<ref name=botany/><ref name="storczyk"/> They are {{convert|3|-|3.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1.5|-|2|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter, underneath the tuber are numerous secondary roots which are {{convert|10|-|20|cm|0|abbr=on}} long.<ref name="storczyk">{{cite web |title=Orchid pale (''Orchis pallens'') |url=http://storczyk-orchidea.eu/en/orchid-pale-orchis-pallens/ |access-date=25 May 2021 |date=31 October 2017}}</ref> |
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Quick Characteristics: |
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Height: {{cvt|30|-|45|cm|ft|1}} |
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Flower Colors: yellow |
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Flower Season: mid spring to late spring |
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Life form: tuber |
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Orchis pallens L. is one of the few yellow-flowered terrestrial Orchids of Europe, flowering mid- to late spring as one of the first orchids in the northern part of it's area, The pale yellow flowers with an unspotted, somewhat darker lip contain no nectar. <ref name="Pacific">{{cite web |title=Pacific Bulb Society {{!}} ''Orchis pallens'' |url=https://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/Orchis_pallens |website=www.pacificbulbsociety.org |access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref> |
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Above the tuber, it has 4-6 leaves,<ref name="storczyk"/><ref name="AOS"/> arranged in [[Rosette (botany)|basal rosette]].<ref name="AOS">{{cite web |title=Orchis pallens Linne 1771 |url=http://www.orchidspecies.com/orcpallens.htm |website=www.orchidspecies.com |access-date=29 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="Journal">{{cite journal |last1=Kovalchuk |first1=Andriy |title=On the occurrence of ''Orchis pallens'' L. in the Ukrainian Carpathians |journal=Journal Europäischer Orchideen |date=2016 |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=29-36}}</ref><ref name="britain">{{cite web |title=''Orchis pallens'' |url=http://www.orchidsofbritainandeurope.co.uk/Orchis%20pallens.html |website=orchidsofbritainandeurope.co.uk |access-date=29 June 2020}}</ref><!-- also <ref name="storczyk"/>--> The leaves are large,<ref name="britain"/> {{convert|6|-|15|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1.5|-|5|cm|0|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name=Londinensis/><ref name="storczyk"/> They are sometimes so long that they cover the flowers.<ref name="AOS"/><ref name="Journal"/> They are unspotted,<ref name="britain"/><ref name="perso">{{cite web |title=Orchis pallens English |url=http://perso.numericable.fr/durbphil/Orchis/OpallensE.htm |website=perso.numericable.fr |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref> and oblong or oblong-ovate,<ref name="storczyk"/> or lanceolate shaped, green,<ref name="AOS"/> shiny,<ref name="britain"/> bright,<ref name="perso"/> and smooth.<ref name="storczyk"/><br> |
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Haller observed that the flower smells like the urine of cats. |
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root leaves 2 inches wide, stem naked, spike thin and few flowered, bracts yellow |
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bulbs are round and unequal, stem 8 inches high,<ref name=Londinensis>[[John Wilkes (printer)|John Wilkes]] (editor) {{google books|ZOKZyXwSsZkC|Encyclopaedia Londinensis, Volume 17 (1820)|page=706}}</ref> |
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In Central Europe, ''O. pallens'' is sometimes confused with yellow-flowering form of orchid, ''[[Dactylorhiza sambucina]]''. They can easily be distinguished from each other by several morphological features, including ''D. sambucina'' has leaves which are distributed along the stem.<ref name="Journal"/> |
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The pale-flowered orchid (Orchis pallens L.; subg. Masculae, sect. Provinciales) is one of the few yellow-flowering species within the genus Orchis (BUTTLER 1986: 120-123). This peculiar feature makes it easily recognisable, at least during the flowering time. It differs from the other yellow-flowering members of the sect. Provinciales (''O. provincialis'', ''O. pauciflora'', and ''O. laeta'') by the absence of any markings on its flower lip, whereas the lip of the latter species is red-dotted (BUTTLER 1986: 244). In Central Europe, O. pallens is sometimes confused with yellow-flowering form of ''Dactylorhiza sambucina'', however, the two species can be readily distinguished by a number of morphological features (KERSCHBAUMSTEINER1994: 10-11). In O. pallens, leaves are arranged in basal rosette, bracts are only as long as ovary, and spur is curved upwards. In D. sambucina, leaves are distributed along the stem, at least the lowest bracts exceed the flowers, and spur is curved downwards.<ref name="Journal">{{cite journal |last1=Kovalchuk |first1=Andriy |title=On the occurrence of ''Orchis pallens'' L. in the Ukrainian Carpathians |journal=Journal Europäischer Orchideen |date=2016 |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=29-36}}</ref> |
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''Orchis pallens'' has a strong, straight, green stem,<ref name="storczyk"/> which is {{cvt|15-45|cm|inch|1}} tall.<ref name=botany/><ref name="Pacific"/><ref name="AOS"/><!-- also 8 inches high,<ref name=Londinensis/> --> |
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Belonging to Orchis mascula group, this mountain orchid shows bright and not spotted leaves. |
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''Orchis pallens'' is one of the first orchids in the northern part of its distribution area to bloom.<ref name="Pacific"/><ref name="Journal"/> As it blooms in the spring,<ref name="AOS"/> or mid spring to late spring,<ref name="Pacific"/> between from late April to late May,<ref name="britain"/><ref name="storczyk"/><ref>{{cite web |title=''Orchis pallens'' |url=https://sloveniahiking.rocks/en/flowers/orchispallens/ |website=sloveniahiking.rocks |access-date=25 May 2021}}</ref><!-- also <ref name=botany/> --> and sometimes in June.<ref name="perso"/> |
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Orchis pallens flowers are yellow, the lip does not bear any spots. The headflower exhale a fragrance similar to elder tree flowers. |
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The blooms give a fragrance that is similar to elder tree flowers.<ref name="perso"/> One source regarded that the flower smells like the urine of cats,<ref name=Londinensis/> and the foul fragrance is mostly nocturnal and foul, notes another source.<ref name="AOS"/> Although another source claims it is pleasantly and delicately fragrant.<ref name="storczyk"/> |
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It has pale yellow,<ref name="Pacific"/><ref name="storczyk"/> or yellow flowers.<ref name="perso"/><ref name=Londinensis/><ref name=botany/> |
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Flowering season from April to May sometimes June.<ref name="perso">{{cite web |title=Orchis pallens English |url=http://perso.numericable.fr/durbphil/Orchis/OpallensE.htm |website=perso.numericable.fr |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref> |
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In terms of identification, it can be readily distinguished from the similarly coloured ''[[Orchis pauciflora]]'' and ''[[Orchis provincialis]]'',<ref name="britain"/> and also ''[[Orchis laeta]]'', by virtue of the total lack of lip markings on the flowers of ''O. pallens''.<ref name="britain"/><ref name="Journal"/> The other mentioned orchid species have red-dots on the flower lips.<ref name="Journal"/> The unspotted,<ref name="perso"/> somewhat darker lip contains no nectar.<ref name="Pacific"/> The [[Labellum (botany)|labellum]] or lip is slightly trilobal, wider, slightly convex and longer than the other petals.<ref name=botany/> It is 6-16 mm long and 7-16 mm wide, slightly arched in the centre, has edges which are rolled up and is yellow-greenish.<ref name="storczyk"/> |
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April to May.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Orchis pallens'' |url=https://sloveniahiking.rocks/en/flowers/orchispallens/ |website=sloveniahiking.rocks |access-date=25 May 2021}}</ref> |
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''Orchis pallens'' can also be easily differentiated from ''Dactylorhiza sambucina'', by the presence of bracts which protrude through the inflorescence.<ref name="britain"/> The bracts of ''O. pallens'' are yellow.<ref name=Londinensis/> |
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In terms of identification, it can be readily distinguished from the similarly coloured ''O. pauciflora'' and ''O. provincialis'' by virtue of the total lack of lip markings. ,dating from the middle of May. A further key characteristic is the unspotted leaves, which are large, shiny and form a low-spreading rosette. Another orchid which often grows alongside O. pallens and bears a close resemblance is the yellow flowered form of ''Dactylorhiza sambucina'' though this can be readily differentiated by the presence of bracts which protrude through the inflorescence. There has been significant study in recent years to establish the relationship between the two species, results to date however suggest that there is no scientific link despite the obvious morphological similarities.<ref name="britain">{{cite web |title=''Orchis pallens'' |url=http://www.orchidsofbritainandeurope.co.uk/Orchis%20pallens.html |website=orchidsofbritainandeurope.co.uk |access-date=29 June 2020}}</ref> |
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The flower of ''O. pallens'' is {{convert|4|-|10|cm|0|abbr=on}} long.<ref name="storczyk"/> The upper outer petals are almost elliptical, blunt, 8-100 mm long and 6-80 mm wide. The lateral outer petals are of a similar size, but asymmetric, blunt and strongly bent back. The oval to lanceolate shaped, lateral inner petals are 6-80 mm long and 40 mm wide.<ref name="storczyk"/> |
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perennial herb with two oval tubers, 15-40cm tall, it blooms yellow, |
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the petals form an incomplete helmet, the lip is slightly trilobal, wider, slightly convex and longer than the other petals. |
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it is the least variable of the genus. It blooms from the end of April.<ref name=botany>{{cite web |title=''Orchis Pallens'' L. - Pale Orchid |first=Lubomiŕ |last=Rak |date=7 July 2007 |url=https://botany.cz/cs/orchis-pallens/ |language=Czech |access-date=25 May 2021}}</ref> |
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The [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]] is 10-15 mm long, narrow, arched, twisted and green.<ref name="storczyk"/> |
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Orchid pale (Orchis pallens) |
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Tubers 3-3,5 cm length, 1,5-2 cm in diameter, jajowate, roots numerous, about 10-20 cm length. |
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Momentum 15-40 cm h., strong, straight, green. |
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Leaves usually 4-6, length. 6-15 cm, 1,5-5 cm times., inverse to lanceolate, blunt, smooth, shimmering, green, 3-4 collected in a rosette at the root, 1 it tearfully covers the inflorescence. |
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Inflorescence 4-10 cm length, gestures, ovoid, multiflorous. |
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Medium-sized flowers, lateral outer petals strongly bent back, pleasantly, delicately fragrant. |
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Hypophysis 15-25 mm length, long-wadded, spicy, slightly longer than the ovary, pale yellow. |
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Ovary 10-15 mm length, narrow, arched, twisted, green. |
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After it has flowered, it produces a seed capsule which is {{convert|15|-|20|mm|0|abbr=on}} long and a bit bloated.<ref name="storczyk"/> |
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Warżka 6-16 mm length, 7-16 mm width, slightly arched in the center, edges rolled up, 3-patch, yellow-greenish, more intensely colored at the entrance to the spur; large middle patch, lingual, blunt or even indented; side patches the size of a middle patch, rhomboid or ovoid, blunt. Ostroga 12-15 mm length, straight or curved upwards, dorsi flattened, slightly expanded towards the top, blunt or slightly indented at the end, yellow-white. |
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Upper outer petal 8-10 mm length, 6-8 mm width, almost elliptical, blunt, pale yellow. |
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==Biochemistry== |
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Lateral outer petals of similar size, slightly narrower, asymmetric, blunt, pale yellow. |
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[[Diploid]] results from the basic [[chromosome]] number of the genus Orchis of x = 20. |
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Lateral inner petals 6-8 mm length, 4 mm width, jajowatolancetowa-te, strongly asymmetrical, spicy, pale yellow. |
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Pale green column. |
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In 1986, the European orchids ''[[Orchis mascula]]'', ''O. pallens'' and their hybrids were analysed by enzyme [[electrophoresis]] on [[Starch gelatinization|starch gels]], this a form of species identification using differing parental [[alleles]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Steinbrück |first1=Günther |last2=Schlegel |first2=Martin |last3=Dahlström |first3=Ilse |last4=Röttger |first4=Bernd |title=Characterization of Interspecific Hybrids Between ''Orchis mascula'' and ''O. pallens'' (Orchidaceae) by Enzyme Electrophoresis |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |date=1986 |volume=153 |issue=3 |pages=229-241}}</ref> |
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Fruit approx. 15-20 mm length, a bit bloated. |
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The pale orchid is known only from the southern part of Poland. Its overall range is also quite limited – it occurs in the mountains and highlands of southern and central Europe and in Asia Minor. |
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Similar to ''Dactylorhiza sambucina'' and ''[[Orchis spitzelii]]'', ''O. pallens'' has a chromosome count of 2n = 42/40.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Karl Peter |last=Buttler |title=Taxonomy of Orchidaceae tribus Orchideae, a traditional approach |journal=Jour. Eur. Orch |volume=33 |issue=1 |
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It grows in beech and pine forests, on their outskirts and in clearings, and also in the bushes, on calcareous soils, quite fertile, about neutral reaction. |
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|pages=7-32 |date=2001}}</ref> |
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It blooms from late April to late May.<ref name="storczyk">{{cite web |title=Orchid pale (''Orchis pallens'') |url=http://storczyk-orchidea.eu/en/orchid-pale-orchis-pallens/ |access-date=25 May 2021 |date=31 October 2017}}</ref> |
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==Taxonomy== |
==Taxonomy== |
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[[File:Orchis pallens (as Orchis sulphurea) - Curtis' 52 pl. 2569 (1825).jpg|thumb|''Orchis pallens'' (described as ''Orchis sulphurea'') in [[Curtis's Botanical Magazine|Curtis]] 52 on plate 2569 (Illustrated in 1825)]] |
[[File:Orchis pallens (as Orchis sulphurea) - Curtis' 52 pl. 2569 (1825).jpg|thumb|''Orchis pallens'' (described as ''Orchis sulphurea'') in [[Curtis's Botanical Magazine|Curtis]] 52 on plate 2569 (Illustrated in 1825)]] |
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It is commonly known as the ''pale orchid'' or the ''pale flowered orchid''.<ref name="rhs">{{cite web |title=Orchis pallens {{!}} pale-flowered orchid/RHS Gardening |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/160123/Orchis-pallens/Details |website=www.rhs.org.uk | |
It is commonly known as the ''pale orchid'',<ref name=botany/> or the ''pale flowered orchid''.<ref name="rhs">{{cite web |title=''Orchis pallens'' {{!}} pale-flowered orchid/RHS Gardening |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/160123/Orchis-pallens/Details |website=www.rhs.org.uk |access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=''Orchis pallens'' L., 1771 - Orchis pâle |url=https://inpn.mnhn.fr/espece/cd_nom/110945?lg=en |website=Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref> |
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The scientific name ''[[Orchis]]'' derives from [[Ancient Greek]] ὄρχις orchis, meaning "testicle", from the appearance of the paired subterranean 'tuberoids', while the Latin name ''pallens'' refers to the pale colour of the [[inflorescence]].<ref>Alberta Native Plant Council {{google books|cCUNmrHbMHsC|Rare Vascular Plants of Alberta (2001)|page=225}}</ref><!-- also page 52--> |
The scientific name ''[[Orchis]]'' derives from [[Ancient Greek]] ὄρχις orchis, meaning "testicle", from the appearance of the paired subterranean 'tuberoids', while the Latin name ''pallens'' refers to the pale colour of the [[inflorescence]].<ref>Alberta Native Plant Council {{google books|cCUNmrHbMHsC|Rare Vascular Plants of Alberta (2001)|page=225}}</ref><!-- also page 52--> |
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It was first described and published by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in his book [[Mantissa Plantarum Altera]] Vol.2 on page 292 in 1771. |
It was first described and published by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in his book [[Mantissa Plantarum Altera]] Vol.2 on page 292 in 1771.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Orchis pallens'' {{!}} International Plant Names Index |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/648951-1 |website=www.ipni.org |access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref> |
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It |
It is an accepted [[Royal Horticultural Society|RHS]] name and was last listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 2011.<ref name="rhs"/> |
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===Hybrids=== |
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In 1986, the European orchids ''[[Orchis mascula]], ''O. pallens'' and their hybrids were analysed by enzyme [[electrophoresis]] on [[Starch gelatinization|starch gels]], this a form of species identification using differing parental [[alleles]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Steinbrück |first1=Günther |last2=Schlegel |first2=Martin |last3=Dahlström |first3=Ilse |last4=Röttger |first4=Bernd |title=Characterization of Interspecific Hybrids Between ''Orchis mascula'' and ''O. pallens'' (Orchidaceae) by Enzyme Electrophoresis |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |date=1986 |volume=153 |issue=3 |pages=229-241}}</ref> |
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It has naturally [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridized]] with other orchids; |
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* ''Orchis × klopfensteiniae'' {{au|P.Delforge}} (''O. pallens'' × ''Orchis spitzelii'') (from SW Europe),<ref>{{cite web |title=''Orchis × klopfensteiniae'' P.Delforge {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:906775-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |access-date=29 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=''Orchis'' × ''klopfensteiniae'' P.Delforge 1985 |url=http://www.orchidspecies.com/orcklopfensteinia.htm |website=www.orchidspecies.com |access-date=29 May 2021}}</ref> |
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* ''Orchis x loreziana'' {{au|Brügger}} (''O. mascula'' × ''O. pallens'') (from Europe),<ref>{{cite web |title=''Orchis x loreziana'' {{!}} Pacific Bulb Society |url=https://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/Orchis_x_loreziana |website=www.pacificbulbsociety.org |access-date=29 May 2021}}</ref> which was published in Beitr. Kennt. Ung. Chur. on page 58 in 1874.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Orchis loreziana'' |url=https://www.mindat.org/taxon-7556171.html |website=www.mindat.org |access-date=29 May 2021}}</ref> |
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** ''Orchis × loreziana'' nothosubsp. ''kisslingii'' ({{au|Beck}}) {{au|Potucek}} (''O. mascula'' subsp. ''speciosa'' × ''O. pallens'') (from Eastern Europe), found in 1976, (Kew accepted),<ref>{{cite web |title=''Orchis loreziana'' |url=https://www.orchidroots.com/detail/ancestrytree/?pid=142793&role=&tab=tree |website=www.orchidroots.com |access-date=26 May 2021}}</ref> |
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** ''Orchis × loreziana'' nothosubsp. ''loreziana'' (''O. mascula'' subsp. ''mascula'' × ''O. pallens'') (from Central Europe),<ref>{{cite web |title=''Orchis × loreziana'' nothosubsp. ''loreziana'' {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77171880-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |access-date=29 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> |
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* ''Orchis × permixta'' {{au|Soó}} (''O. mascula'' subsp. ''signifera'' × ''O. pallens'' × ''O. provincialis'') (from Crimea),<ref>{{cite web |title=''Orchis × permixta'' Soó {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:648988-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |access-date=29 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> |
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* ''Orchis × plessidiaca'' {{au|Renz}} (''O. pallens'' × ''O. provincialis'')<ref>{{cite web |title=''Orchis plessidiaca'' |url=https://www.orchidroots.com/detail/information/?pid=143085&role=pub |website=www.orchidroots.com |access-date=29 May 2021}}</ref> (from SE Europe to Crimea),<ref>{{cite web |title=''Orchis × plessidiaca'' Renz {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:649005-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |access-date=29 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> |
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==Distribution and habitat== |
==Distribution and habitat== |
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[[File:Orchis_x_hausknechtii_250415.jpg|thumb|''Orchis × loreziana'' hybrid orchid (parents ''Orchis mascula'' × ''Orchis pallens'')]] |
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The distribution of ''O. pallens'' is widespread in Europe,<ref name="Pacific"/><ref name=botany/> stretching from northern Spain, heading east across central Europe and the Balkans,<ref name="Pacific"/> to the Middle East and the [[Caucasus region]] (or [[Asia Minor]],<ref name="storczyk"/>) in the east.<ref name="Journal"/> |
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The distribution area of ''O. pallens'' extends from the northern part of Iberian peninsula across Southern and Central Europe to Crimea, Turkey, Caucasus and Talysh (AVERYANOV 2006: 95; BAUMANN & KÜNKELE 1982: 324;BUTTLER 1986: 120; WORLD CHECKLIST OF SELECTED PLANT FAMILIES 2010). It reaches the northern limit of its distribution in Germany and Poland. The species is also known from Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Austria, Hungary and Romania, but it is uncommon and occurs sporadically almost everywhere in Central Europe.<ref name="Journal"/> |
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It is found in Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, France (France (mainland) and Corsica), Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland and Ukraine.<ref name=IUCN/> It is missing in the British Isles and Scandinavia.<ref name=botany/> |
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The northern limit of its distribution in Germany and Poland,<ref name="Journal"/> mainly southern Poland.<ref name="storczyk"/> |
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===Range=== |
===Range=== |
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[[File:Orchis pallens PID1019-1.jpg|thumb|''Orchis pallens'']] |
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In Romania, it is found in the [[Baiu Mountains|Baiului Mountains]].<ref name="Azăr">{{cite journal |last1=Azăr |first1=G. L. |last2=Vasile |first2=D. |last3=Durdu |first3=C. |last4=Jitaru |first4=P. |last5=Algasovschi |first5=M. |title=''Orchis pallens'' L. in Baiului Mountains, a new location for Romania |journal=Revista de Silvicultură și Cinegetică |date=2018 |volume=23 |issue=42 |pages=80-83}}</ref> |
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2 new localities of ''Orchis pallens'' in the Chełm mesoregion (Silesian Upland, southern Poland), were found in 2014 in the vicinity of [[Ligota Dolna, Kluczbork County|Ligota Dolna]] and Oleszka villages in [[Opole Voivodeship|Opole Province]]. <ref name="Folcik">{{cite journal |last1=Folcik |first1=Łukasz |last2=Urbisz |first2=Andrzej |title=New localities of ''Orchis pallens'' (Orchidaceae) in the Silesian Upland |journal=Fragm. Flor. et Geobot. Pol. |date=2020 |volume=XXVII |issue=2 |pages=739–742}}</ref> |
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range - species is widespread almost through out Europe, in southern Europe it grows mainly in mountainous areas. |
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The expansion area extends to Asia Minor. It is missing in Spain, the British Isles and Scandinavia. In Bohemia it is very rare, |
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it grows only in two places (Strakonice and Podkrkonosi). In Moravia, it grows in more places such as (White Carpathians, Vsetin Hills, |
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Beskydy, Chriby and others).<ref name=botany/> |
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In [[Bohemia]], it is very rare and it grows only in two places ([[Strakonice]] and Podkrkonosi). In [[Moravia]], it grows in more places such as (White Carpathians, Vsetin Hills, Beskydy, Chriby and others).<ref name=botany/> |
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In Romania, it is found in the [[Baiu Mountains|Baiului Mountains]].<ref name="Azăr">{{cite journal |last1=Azăr |first1=G. L. |last2=Vasile |first2=D. |last3=Durdu |first3=C. |last4=Jitaru |first4=P. |last5=Algasovschi |first5=M. |title=''Orchis pallens'' L. in Baiului Mountains, a new location for Romania. |journal=Revista de Silvicultură și Cinegetică |date=2018 |volume=23 |issue=42 |pages=80-83}}</ref> |
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It is included on "Carpathian list of endangered species" (Witkowski et al 2003) and in "Red book of vascular plans from Romania" (Dihoru & Negrean 2009).<ref name="Azăr"/> |
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===Habitat=== |
===Habitat=== |
||
''Orchis pallens'' is found from the lowlands to the mountains,<ref name="storczyk"/><ref name=botany/> including most of the significant mountain ranges in Europe.<ref name="britain"/> It can be found within a very wide altitudinal range,<ref name="Journal"/> of between {{convert|1000|to|2500|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level.<ref name="britain"/><ref name="Journal"/> |
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{{convert|2300|to|4300|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level. |
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It grows in damp meadows,<ref name="Pacific"/><ref name="Folcik"/> open meadows,<ref name="Journal"/> on shrubland,<ref name=botany/> in clearings,<ref name="storczyk"/> in wetlands (inland), rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs and mountain peaks),<ref name=IUCN/> and in forests,<ref name="Pacific"/> (either sparse forests or on the edges of forests,<ref name=botany/><ref name="Journal"/>) either deciduous or coniferous.<ref name="britain"/> Including pine forests,<ref name="storczyk"/> beech forests, mixed hornbeam-linden or oak-hornbeam forests. It avoids deep shaded woodland.<ref name="Journal"/> |
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''O. pallens'' is largely, though not quite exclusively, a montane species and may be found growing up to around 2500m on predominantly calcareous soils and more often than not, in the light shade of woodland edges, either deciduous or coniferous.<ref name="britain"/> |
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It is found on [[calcareous]] soils,<ref name="storczyk"/><ref name="britain"/><ref name="Journal"/> (lime rich soils),<ref name="Pacific"/><ref>Christoph Leuschner and Heinz Ellenberg {{google books|dOQ2DwAAQBAJ|Ecology of Central European Forests: Vegetation Ecology of Central Europe, Volume 1 (2017}|page=201}}</ref> and on unfertilized slightly moist and rather [[alkaline]] meadows.<ref name=botany/> |
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Habitat - It grows in sparse forests, on the edges of forests and in shrublands. In some places, it grows even on unfertilized slightly |
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moist and rather alkaline meadows. Its occurrence is from the lowlands to the mountains.<ref name=botany/> |
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==Conservation== |
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Found on lime rich soils.<ref>Christoph Leuschner and Heinz Ellenberg {{google books|dOQ2DwAAQBAJ|Ecology of Central European Forests: Vegetation Ecology of Central Europe, Volume 1 (2017}|page=201}}</ref> |
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[[File:Orchis pallens MichaD.jpg|thumb|''Orchis pallens'']] |
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It prefers open forests or not too dry meadows on shell lime. <ref name="Pacific"/> |
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It is considered nowhere in its wide distribution area, common and in most areas it is deemed extremely rare,<ref name="britain"/><ref name=IUCN/> it is uncommon and occurs sporadically almost everywhere in Central Europe.<ref name="Journal"/> |
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which spreads from northern Spain throughout the Alps, German Mittelgebirge, northern Italy and the Balkans to parts of the Turkish north coast. It prefers open forests or not too dry meadows on shell lime.<ref name="Pacific"/> |
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The main threats to the newly found localities of Orchis pallens are succession processes in xerothermic |
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O. pallens occurs within a broad altitudinal range, from lower montane level to approximately 1700 m asl in Central Europe and to approximately 2400 m asl in Turkey (RENZ & TAUBENHEIM 1984: 530). |
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The populations of the orchid and their habitats are declining, especially in central Europe due to various [[Human impact on the environment|anthropogenic]] threats including: the stopping of the coppicing of woods, this causes a decrease in the amount of light reaching the forest floor.<ref name=IUCN/> Overgrowth of suitable habitats presents one of the greatest threats to the existing populations.<ref name="Journal"/> |
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Other human threats include farming (on the grassland communities,<ref name="Folcik"/> ) [[urbanisation]] and infrastructure expansion, tourism and [[deforestation]] and plant collection.<ref name=IUCN/> |
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Further habitat threats are posed by lack of rain, late frost, damage by wild animals such as badgers and wild boars, (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Giros 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).<ref name=IUCN/> This has meant many population sites have been declining rapidly especially in central Europe.<ref name=IUCN/> |
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The range of O. pallens is sizable and encompasses most significant mountain ranges in Europe, being nowhere common and in most areas extremely rare. The photos are from the Vercors of southern France and the mountains of northern Greece<ref name="britain"/> |
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Owing to the decline of its natural populations, ''O. pallens'' has been protected by law in many European countries (Averyanov 2008: 401-402; Elias et al. 2015; Grulich 2012; Kiraly 2007; Ludwig & Schnittler, 1996; Moser et al. 2002; Protopova 2009: 205; Z & Fiobor 2014: 783-786).<ref name="Journal"/> |
|||
two new localities of ''Orchis pallens'' in the Chełm mesoregion (Silesian Upland, S Poland), found in 2014 in the vicinity of [[Ligota Dolna, Kluczbork County|Ligota Dolna]] and Oleszka villages in [[Opole Voivodeship|Opole Province]]. The species occurs in overgrowing xerothermic grassland communities (with Koelerio-Festucetum rupicolae, Origano-Brachypodietum pinnati, Origano-Vincetoxicetum hirundinariae). The populations consisted of 4 flowering individuals in Oleszka and 49 (34 flowering) in Ligota Dolna, with slight seasonal fluctuation. The main threats to the newly found localities of Orchis pallens are succession processes in xerothermic grassland communities.{{cite journal |last1=Folcik |first1=Łukasz |last2=Urbisz |first2=Andrzej |title=New localities of ''Orchis pallens'' (Orchidaceae) in the Silesian Upland |journal=Fragm. Flor. et Geobot. Pol. |date=2020 |volume=XXVII |issue=2 |pages=739–742}}</ref> |
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It is on the 'Carpathian Red List of Endangered Species'<ref name="Azăr"/> (covering Slovakia and Romania),<ref>{{cite web |title=Carpathian Red List of Endangered Species |url=http://www.nationalredlist.org/files/2012/08/Carpathian-List-of-Endangered-Species-2003.pdf |publisher=WWF |access-date=26 May 2021 |page=29 |date=2003}}</ref> and it is in "Red book of vascular plants from Romania" (Dihoru & Negrean 2009).<ref name="Azăr"/> |
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==Conservation== |
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Due to the decline of its natural populations, ''O. pallens'' has been protected by law in many European countries (AVERYANOV 2008: 401-402; ELIÁŠ et al. 2015; GRULICH 2012; KIRÁLY 2007; LUDWIG &SCHNITTLER, 1996; MOSER et al. 2002; PROTOPOPOVA 2009: 205; Z$-Ą& &FIODOR 2014: 783-786).<ref name="Journal"/> |
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In southern Poland, active nature protection is employing measures such as mowing or shrub removal.<ref name="Folcik"/> |
In southern Poland, active nature protection is employing measures such as mowing or shrub removal.<ref name="Folcik"/> |
||
It is a highly endangered species in Czech, it is protected by law and it is also covered by the protection of the internal [[CITES|CITES convention]].<ref name=botany/> |
It is a highly endangered species in Czech, it is protected by law,<ref name=botany/> and it is also covered by the protection of the internal [[CITES|CITES convention]].<ref name=botany/><ref name=IUCN/> |
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== Ecology == |
== Ecology == |
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| Line 122: | Line 116: | ||
== Culture == |
== Culture == |
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It was named [[Orchid of the Year]] in 2012 by the 'Arbeitskreis Heimische Orchideen' (AHO, Native Orchid Research Group), a German orchid conservation federation. |
It was named [[Orchid of the Year]] in 2012 by the 'Arbeitskreis Heimische Orchideen' (AHO, Native Orchid Research Group), a German orchid conservation federation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pale-flowered Orchid -Orchis pallens-, Orchid of the Year 2012, rare... |url=https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/photo/pale-flowered-orchid-orchis-pallens-orchid-of-the-royalty-free-image/508492221 |website=Getty Images |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=en-gb}}</ref> |
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==Gallery== |
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{| |
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|[[File:Orchis pallens flowers.jpg|thumb|Close-up of the flowers]] |
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||[[File:Orchis pallens PID1019-1.jpg|thumb]] |
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||[[File:Orchis pallens MichaD.jpg|thumb]] |
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|} |
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== References == |
== References == |
||
{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
||
== Other sources == |
|||
* Working groups local orchids (ed.): The orchids of Germany. Working groups of domestic orchids, Uhlstädt-Kirchhasel 2005, ISBN 3-00-014853-1 |
|||
* Helmut Baumann, Siegfried Künkele: The wild growing orchids of Europe. Franckh, Stuttgart 1982, ISBN 3-440-05068-8 |
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* Karl-Peter Buttler : Orchids. The wild growing species and subspecies of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa (= Steinbach's natural guide. 15). Mosaik, Munich 1986, ISBN 3-570-04403-3 |
|||
* Robert L. Dressler: The orchids - biology and systematics of the Orchidaceae (original title: The Orchids. Natural History and Classification. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. Et al. 1981). Translated by Guido J. Braem with the assistance of Marion Zerbst. Bechtermünz, Augsburg 1996, ISBN 3-86047-413-8 |
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* Hans Sundermann : European and Mediterranean orchids. 2nd Edition. Brücke, Hildesheim 1975, ISBN 3-87105-010-5 |
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* John G. Williams, Andrew E. Williams, Norman Arlott: Orchids of Europe with North Africa and Asia Minor (= BLV determination book. 25). Translated, edited and supplemented by Karl-Peter Buttler and Angelika Rommel. BLV, Munich / Bern / Vienna 1979, ISBN 3-405-11901-4 |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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{{Commons-inline|Orchis pallens|''Orchis pallens''}} |
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* { |
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{{OrchidsYearDE}} |
{{OrchidsYearDE}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q159298}} |
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Latest revision as of 06:48, 17 February 2023
| Orchis pallens | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Orchidoideae |
| Genus: | Orchis |
| Species: | O. pallens
|
| Binomial name | |
| Orchis pallens | |
| Synonyms[2][3] | |
Orchis pallens, the pale orchid or pale-flowered orchid, is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the genus Orchis of the family Orchidaceae. It is found in most of Europe ranging from Spain across to the Caucasus. It blooms in spring with pale yellow flowers.
Description
[edit]
Orchis pallens is the least variable of the Orchis genus.[4]
It has a tuber,[5] which is round,[6] or oval in shape.[4][7] They are 3–3.5 cm (1–1 in) long and 1.5–2 cm (1–1 in) in diameter, underneath the tuber are numerous secondary roots which are 10–20 cm (4–8 in) long.[7]
Above the tuber, it has 4-6 leaves,[7][8] arranged in basal rosette.[8][9][10] The leaves are large,[10] 6–15 cm (2–6 in) long and 1.5–5 cm (1–2 in) wide.[6][7] They are sometimes so long that they cover the flowers.[8][9] They are unspotted,[10][11] and oblong or oblong-ovate,[7] or lanceolate shaped, green,[8] shiny,[10] bright,[11] and smooth.[7]
In Central Europe, O. pallens is sometimes confused with yellow-flowering form of orchid, Dactylorhiza sambucina. They can easily be distinguished from each other by several morphological features, including D. sambucina has leaves which are distributed along the stem.[9]
Orchis pallens has a strong, straight, green stem,[7] which is 15–45 cm (5.9–17.7 in) tall.[4][5][8]
Orchis pallens is one of the first orchids in the northern part of its distribution area to bloom.[5][9] As it blooms in the spring,[8] or mid spring to late spring,[5] between from late April to late May,[10][7][12] and sometimes in June.[11] The blooms give a fragrance that is similar to elder tree flowers.[11] One source regarded that the flower smells like the urine of cats,[6] and the foul fragrance is mostly nocturnal and foul, notes another source.[8] Although another source claims it is pleasantly and delicately fragrant.[7]
It has pale yellow,[5][7] or yellow flowers.[11][6][4]
In terms of identification, it can be readily distinguished from the similarly coloured Orchis pauciflora and Orchis provincialis,[10] and also Orchis laeta, by virtue of the total lack of lip markings on the flowers of O. pallens.[10][9] The other mentioned orchid species have red-dots on the flower lips.[9] The unspotted,[11] somewhat darker lip contains no nectar.[5] The labellum or lip is slightly trilobal, wider, slightly convex and longer than the other petals.[4] It is 6-16 mm long and 7-16 mm wide, slightly arched in the centre, has edges which are rolled up and is yellow-greenish.[7]
Orchis pallens can also be easily differentiated from Dactylorhiza sambucina, by the presence of bracts which protrude through the inflorescence.[10] The bracts of O. pallens are yellow.[6]
The flower of O. pallens is 4–10 cm (2–4 in) long.[7] The upper outer petals are almost elliptical, blunt, 8-100 mm long and 6-80 mm wide. The lateral outer petals are of a similar size, but asymmetric, blunt and strongly bent back. The oval to lanceolate shaped, lateral inner petals are 6-80 mm long and 40 mm wide.[7]
The ovary is 10-15 mm long, narrow, arched, twisted and green.[7]
After it has flowered, it produces a seed capsule which is 15–20 mm (1–1 in) long and a bit bloated.[7]
Biochemistry
[edit]Diploid results from the basic chromosome number of the genus Orchis of x = 20.
In 1986, the European orchids Orchis mascula, O. pallens and their hybrids were analysed by enzyme electrophoresis on starch gels, this a form of species identification using differing parental alleles.[13]
Similar to Dactylorhiza sambucina and Orchis spitzelii, O. pallens has a chromosome count of 2n = 42/40.[14]
Taxonomy
[edit]_-_Curtis%27_52_pl._2569_(1825).jpg)
It is commonly known as the pale orchid,[4] or the pale flowered orchid.[15][16]
The scientific name Orchis derives from Ancient Greek ὄρχις orchis, meaning "testicle", from the appearance of the paired subterranean 'tuberoids', while the Latin name pallens refers to the pale colour of the inflorescence.[17]
It was first described and published by Carl Linnaeus in his book Mantissa Plantarum Altera Vol.2 on page 292 in 1771.[18]
It is an accepted RHS name and was last listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 2011.[15]
Hybrids
[edit]It has naturally hybridized with other orchids;
- Orchis × klopfensteiniae P.Delforge (O. pallens × Orchis spitzelii) (from SW Europe),[19][20]
- Orchis x loreziana Brügger (O. mascula × O. pallens) (from Europe),[21] which was published in Beitr. Kennt. Ung. Chur. on page 58 in 1874.[22]
- Orchis × permixta Soó (O. mascula subsp. signifera × O. pallens × O. provincialis) (from Crimea),[25]
- Orchis × plessidiaca Renz (O. pallens × O. provincialis)[26] (from SE Europe to Crimea),[27]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]
The distribution of O. pallens is widespread in Europe,[5][4] stretching from northern Spain, heading east across central Europe and the Balkans,[5] to the Middle East and the Caucasus region (or Asia Minor,[7]) in the east.[9] It is found in Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, France (France (mainland) and Corsica), Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland and Ukraine.[1] It is missing in the British Isles and Scandinavia.[4] The northern limit of its distribution in Germany and Poland,[9] mainly southern Poland.[7]
Range
[edit]
In Romania, it is found in the Baiului Mountains.[28]
2 new localities of Orchis pallens in the Chełm mesoregion (Silesian Upland, southern Poland), were found in 2014 in the vicinity of Ligota Dolna and Oleszka villages in Opole Province. [29]
In Bohemia, it is very rare and it grows only in two places (Strakonice and Podkrkonosi). In Moravia, it grows in more places such as (White Carpathians, Vsetin Hills, Beskydy, Chriby and others).[4]
Habitat
[edit]Orchis pallens is found from the lowlands to the mountains,[7][4] including most of the significant mountain ranges in Europe.[10] It can be found within a very wide altitudinal range,[9] of between 1,000 to 2,500 m (3,300 to 8,200 ft) above sea level.[10][9]
It grows in damp meadows,[5][29] open meadows,[9] on shrubland,[4] in clearings,[7] in wetlands (inland), rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs and mountain peaks),[1] and in forests,[5] (either sparse forests or on the edges of forests,[4][9]) either deciduous or coniferous.[10] Including pine forests,[7] beech forests, mixed hornbeam-linden or oak-hornbeam forests. It avoids deep shaded woodland.[9]
It is found on calcareous soils,[7][10][9] (lime rich soils),[5][30] and on unfertilized slightly moist and rather alkaline meadows.[4]
Conservation
[edit]
It is considered nowhere in its wide distribution area, common and in most areas it is deemed extremely rare,[10][1] it is uncommon and occurs sporadically almost everywhere in Central Europe.[9]
The main threats to the newly found localities of Orchis pallens are succession processes in xerothermic The populations of the orchid and their habitats are declining, especially in central Europe due to various anthropogenic threats including: the stopping of the coppicing of woods, this causes a decrease in the amount of light reaching the forest floor.[1] Overgrowth of suitable habitats presents one of the greatest threats to the existing populations.[9] Other human threats include farming (on the grassland communities,[29] ) urbanisation and infrastructure expansion, tourism and deforestation and plant collection.[1]
Further habitat threats are posed by lack of rain, late frost, damage by wild animals such as badgers and wild boars, (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Giros 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).[1] This has meant many population sites have been declining rapidly especially in central Europe.[1]
Owing to the decline of its natural populations, O. pallens has been protected by law in many European countries (Averyanov 2008: 401-402; Elias et al. 2015; Grulich 2012; Kiraly 2007; Ludwig & Schnittler, 1996; Moser et al. 2002; Protopova 2009: 205; Z & Fiobor 2014: 783-786).[9]
It is on the 'Carpathian Red List of Endangered Species'[28] (covering Slovakia and Romania),[31] and it is in "Red book of vascular plants from Romania" (Dihoru & Negrean 2009).[28]
In southern Poland, active nature protection is employing measures such as mowing or shrub removal.[29]
It is a highly endangered species in Czech, it is protected by law,[4] and it is also covered by the protection of the internal CITES convention.[4][1]
Ecology
[edit]Even though the plant does not produce nectar, the flowers are pollinated by bees, who mistakenly land on the plant when looking for the spring pea (Lathyrus vernus) which does produce nectar.[10]
Culture
[edit]It was named Orchid of the Year in 2012 by the 'Arbeitskreis Heimische Orchideen' (AHO, Native Orchid Research Group), a German orchid conservation federation.[32]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i Rankou, H. (2011). "Species: Orchis pallens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
- ^ "Orchis pallens L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
- ^ "Orchis pallens L." www.worldfloraonline.org. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Rak, Lubomiŕ (7 July 2007). "Orchis Pallens L. - Pale Orchid" (in Czech). Retrieved 25 May 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Pacific Bulb Society | Orchis pallens". www.pacificbulbsociety.org. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
- ^ a b c d e John Wilkes (editor) Encyclopaedia Londinensis, Volume 17 (1820), p. 706, at Google Books
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "Orchid pale (Orchis pallens)". 31 October 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Orchis pallens Linne 1771". www.orchidspecies.com. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Kovalchuk, Andriy (2016). "On the occurrence of Orchis pallens L. in the Ukrainian Carpathians". Journal Europäischer Orchideen. 48 (1): 29–36.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Orchis pallens". orchidsofbritainandeurope.co.uk. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f "Orchis pallens English". perso.numericable.fr. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
- ^ "Orchis pallens". sloveniahiking.rocks. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
- ^ Steinbrück, Günther; Schlegel, Martin; Dahlström, Ilse; Röttger, Bernd (1986). "Characterization of Interspecific Hybrids Between Orchis mascula and O. pallens (Orchidaceae) by Enzyme Electrophoresis". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 153 (3): 229–241.
- ^ Buttler, Karl Peter (2001). "Taxonomy of Orchidaceae tribus Orchideae, a traditional approach". Jour. Eur. Orch. 33 (1): 7–32.
- ^ a b "Orchis pallens | pale-flowered orchid/RHS Gardening". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
- ^ "Orchis pallens L., 1771 - Orchis pâle". Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
- ^ Alberta Native Plant Council Rare Vascular Plants of Alberta (2001), p. 225, at Google Books
- ^ "Orchis pallens | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
- ^ "Orchis × klopfensteiniae P.Delforge | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ "Orchis × klopfensteiniae P.Delforge 1985". www.orchidspecies.com. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ "Orchis x loreziana | Pacific Bulb Society". www.pacificbulbsociety.org. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ "Orchis loreziana". www.mindat.org. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ "Orchis loreziana". www.orchidroots.com. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
- ^ "Orchis × loreziana nothosubsp. loreziana | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ "Orchis × permixta Soó | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ "Orchis plessidiaca". www.orchidroots.com. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ "Orchis × plessidiaca Renz | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ a b c Azăr, G. L.; Vasile, D.; Durdu, C.; Jitaru, P.; Algasovschi, M. (2018). "Orchis pallens L. in Baiului Mountains, a new location for Romania". Revista de Silvicultură și Cinegetică. 23 (42): 80–83.
- ^ a b c d Folcik, Łukasz; Urbisz, Andrzej (2020). "New localities of Orchis pallens (Orchidaceae) in the Silesian Upland". Fragm. Flor. et Geobot. Pol. XXVII (2): 739–742.
- ^ Christoph Leuschner and Heinz Ellenberg Ecology of Central European Forests: Vegetation Ecology of Central Europe, Volume 1 (2017}, p. 201, at Google Books
- ^ "Carpathian Red List of Endangered Species" (PDF). WWF. 2003. p. 29. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
- ^ "Pale-flowered Orchid -Orchis pallens-, Orchid of the Year 2012, rare..." Getty Images. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
Other sources
[edit]- Working groups local orchids (ed.): The orchids of Germany. Working groups of domestic orchids, Uhlstädt-Kirchhasel 2005, ISBN 3-00-014853-1
- Helmut Baumann, Siegfried Künkele: The wild growing orchids of Europe. Franckh, Stuttgart 1982, ISBN 3-440-05068-8
- Karl-Peter Buttler : Orchids. The wild growing species and subspecies of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa (= Steinbach's natural guide. 15). Mosaik, Munich 1986, ISBN 3-570-04403-3
- Robert L. Dressler: The orchids - biology and systematics of the Orchidaceae (original title: The Orchids. Natural History and Classification. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. Et al. 1981). Translated by Guido J. Braem with the assistance of Marion Zerbst. Bechtermünz, Augsburg 1996, ISBN 3-86047-413-8
- Hans Sundermann : European and Mediterranean orchids. 2nd Edition. Brücke, Hildesheim 1975, ISBN 3-87105-010-5
- John G. Williams, Andrew E. Williams, Norman Arlott: Orchids of Europe with North Africa and Asia Minor (= BLV determination book. 25). Translated, edited and supplemented by Karl-Peter Buttler and Angelika Rommel. BLV, Munich / Bern / Vienna 1979, ISBN 3-405-11901-4
External links
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Media related to Orchis pallens at Wikimedia Commons
