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Backfeeding is the flow of electric power in the direction reverse to that of the generally understood or typical flow of power. Depending on the source of the power, this reverse flow may be intentional or unintentional. If not prevented (in the case of unintentional backfeeding) or properly performed (in cases of intentional backfeeding), backfeeding may present unanticipated hazards to electrical grid equipment and service personnel.

Types of backfeeding

Intentional backfeeding

Development and economization of consumer power generation equipment such as wind turbines and photovoltaic systems has led to an increase in the number of consumers that may produce more electrical power than they consume during peak generating conditions. If supported by the consumer's electric utility provider, the excess power generated may be fed back into the electrical grid. This process makes the typical consumer a temporary producer while the flow of electrical power remains reversed. When backfeeding is performed this way, electric utility providers will install a specially engineered electrical meter that is capable of net metering.

Unintentional backfeeding

A common source of unintentional backfeeding is an electrical generator (typically a portable generator) that is improperly connected to a building electrical system. A properly installed electrical generator incorporates the use of a transfer switch or generator interlock kit to ensure the incoming electrical service line is disconnected when the generator is providing power to the building. In the absence (or improper usage) of a transfer switch, unintentional backfeeding may occur when the power provided by the electrical generator is able to flow over the electrical service line. Because an electrical transformer is capable of operating in both directions, electrical power generated from equipment on the consumer's premises can backfeed through the transformer and energize the distribution line to which the transformer is connected.^[1]

Intrinsic backfeeding

Backfeeding also exists in other instances where a location that is typically a generator becomes a consumer. This is commonly seen when an electrical generation plant is shut down or operating at such a reduced capacity that its parasitic load becomes greater than its generated power.^[2] The parasitic power load is the result of the usage of: pumps, facility lighting, HVAC equipment, and other control equipment that must remain active regardless of actual electrical power production. Electrical utilities often take steps to decrease their overall parasitic load to minimize this type of backfeeding and improve efficiency.^[3]

Grid design considerations

For manufacturing cost and operational simplicity reasons, most circuit (overcurrent) protection and power quality control (voltage regulation) devices used by electric utility companies are designed with the assumption that power always flows in one direction. An interconnection agreement can be arranged for equipment designed to backfeed from the consumer's equipment to the electrical utility provider's distribution system. This type of interconnection can involve nontrivial engineering and usage of costly specialized equipment designed to keep distribution circuits and equipment properly protected. Such costs may be minimized by limiting distributed generation capacity to less than that which is consumed locally, and guaranteeing this condition by installing a reverse-power cutoff relay that opens if backfeeding occurs.^[4]

Safety and operational hazards

Because it involves transfer of significant amounts of energy, backfeeding must be carefully controlled and monitored. Personnel working on equipment subject to backfeeding must be aware of all possible power sources, and follow systematic protocols to ensure that equipment is fully de-energized before commencing work, or use special equipment and techniques suitable for working on live equipment.

When working on de-energized power conductors, lineworkers attach temporary protective grounding assemblies or "protective ground sets", which short all conductors to each other and to an earth ground. This ensures that no wires can become energized, whether by accidental switching or by unintentional backfeeding.

Because of the hazards presented by unintentional backfeeding, the usage of equipment that defeats engineered or standardized safety mechanisms such as double-ended power cords (an electrical cord that has a male electrical plug on both ends) is illegal and against the United States National Electrical Code.

References

^ J.W. "What is Backfeeding". Electrician's Library. Archived from the original on 2020-07-26.
^ J.W. "What is Backfeeding". Electrician's Library. Archived from the original on 2020-07-26.
^ Vesel, Richard. "Utilities Can Improve Power Plant Efficiency, Become Emission-Compliant in Short Term". Power Grid International.
^ Ram, Badri; Vishwakarma, D.N. (April 2001). Power system protection and switchgear. Tata McGraw-Hill. p. 456. ISBN 0074623508.

[1] J.W. "What is Backfeeding". Electrician's Library. Archived from the original on 2020-07-26.

[2] J.W. "What is Backfeeding". Electrician's Library. Archived from the original on 2020-07-26.

[3] Vesel, Richard. "Utilities Can Improve Power Plant Efficiency, Become Emission-Compliant in Short Term". Power Grid International.

[4] Ram, Badri; Vishwakarma, D.N. (April 2001). Power system protection and switchgear. Tata McGraw-Hill. p. 456. ISBN 0074623508.

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+{{Short description|Reversed flow of electricity}}
-{{multiple issues|
-{{refimprove|date=December 2009}}
+{{More citations needed|date=November 2021}}
+'''Backfeeding''' is the flow of [[electric power]] in the direction reverse to that of the generally understood or typical flow of power. Depending on the source of the power, this reverse flow may be intentional or unintentional. If not prevented (in the case of unintentional backfeeding) or properly performed (in cases of intentional backfeeding), backfeeding may present unanticipated hazards to electrical grid equipment and service personnel.
-{{expert|reason=Needs expansion, with reliable references|date=March 2017}}
-}}
+== Types of backfeeding ==
-'''Backfeeding''' is flow of electrical energy in the reverse direction from its normal flow. For example, backfeeding may occur when [[electrical power]] is injected into the local power grid from a source other than a utility company generator.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.electricianslibrary.com/what-is-backfeeding/|title=What is Backfeeding? – Electricians Library|website=www.electricianslibrary.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-04}}</ref>
+=== Intentional backfeeding ===
-==Description==
+Development and economization of consumer power generation equipment such as [[wind turbine]]s and [[photovoltaic systems]] has led to an increase in the number of consumers that may produce more electrical power than they consume during peak generating conditions. If supported by the consumer's [[electric utility]] provider, the excess power generated may be fed back into the electrical grid. This process makes the typical consumer a temporary producer while the flow of electrical power remains reversed. When backfeeding is performed this way, electric utility providers will install a specially engineered [[electrical meter]] that is capable of [[net metering]].
-By definition, backfeeding causes [[electrical power]] to flow in the opposite direction from its usual flow. When studying backfeeding, engineers must understand the ''transfer of electrical power'', and not confuse this with momentary AC voltages or current flows viewed in isolation from the overall situation.
-<!-- Following is technically misleading and confusing, because normal AC voltage always alternates positive and negative. What matters is the flow of *power*, not the momentary flow of current.  -->
-<!-- An alternating current (AC) [[power station]] typically delivers power to the [[power grid]] by inducing a [[current (electricity)|current]] to flow into the power grid when the voltage is positive, and inducing it to flow out of the power grid when the voltage is negative, and a typical power grid load (e.g. factory or home) induces current to flow out of the power grid when the voltage is positive and into the power grid when the voltage is negative.  If either of these types of facilities starts inducing current like the other, then backfeeding is occurring. -->
+=== Unintentional backfeeding ===
-Power grid ''generators'' normally pump energy into the grid, making it available for others to use. A power station will typically backfeed (and thus ''consume'' power) when it is shut down, due to its own local loads (e.g. lights or repair equipment).
+A common source of unintentional backfeeding is an electrical generator (typically a [[portable generator]]) that is improperly connected to a building electrical system. A properly installed electrical generator incorporates the use of a [[transfer switch]] or [[generator interlock kit]] to ensure the incoming electrical service line is disconnected when the generator is providing power to the building. In the absence (or improper usage) of a transfer switch, unintentional backfeeding may occur when the power provided by the electrical generator is able to flow over the electrical service line. Because an electrical [[transformer]] is capable of operating in both directions, electrical power generated from equipment on the consumer's premises can backfeed through the transformer and energize the distribution line to which the transformer is connected.<ref>{{cite web |last1=J.W. |title=What is Backfeeding |url=https://www.electricianslibrary.com/what-is-backfeeding/ |website=Electrician's Library|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726134522/https://www.electricianslibrary.com/what-is-backfeeding/ |archive-date=2020-07-26 }}</ref>
+=== Intrinsic backfeeding ===
-Power grid ''loads'' may backfeed if they also have [[distributed generation]] installed, such as a grid-connected [[photovoltaic]] [[solar power]] system or a [[microturbine]]-based power generator.  It is also possible for an electric motor to temporarily backfeed if it is mechanically driven (see [[regenerative braking]]).
+Backfeeding also exists in other instances where a location that is typically a generator becomes a consumer. This is commonly seen when an electrical generation plant is shut down or operating at such a reduced capacity that its [[Losses in electrical systems#Parasitic_loss|parasitic load]] becomes greater than its generated power.<ref>{{cite web |last1=J.W. |title=What is Backfeeding |url=https://www.electricianslibrary.com/what-is-backfeeding/ |website=Electrician's Library|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726134522/https://www.electricianslibrary.com/what-is-backfeeding/ |archive-date=2020-07-26 }}</ref> The parasitic power load is the result of the usage of: pumps, facility lighting, HVAC equipment, and other control equipment that must remain active regardless of actual electrical power production. Electrical utilities often take steps to decrease their overall parasitic load to minimize this type of backfeeding and improve efficiency.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vesel |first1=Richard |title=Utilities Can Improve Power Plant Efficiency, Become Emission-Compliant in Short Term |url=https://www.power-grid.com/2012/11/01/utilities-can-improve-power-plant-efficiency-become-emission-compliant-in-short-term/#gref |website=Power Grid International}}</ref>
-==Design considerations==
+== Grid design considerations ==
-For cost reasons, many of the circuit (overcurrent) protection and power quality control (voltage regulation) devices used by electric utility companies are designed with the assumption that power always flows in one direction. An interconnection agreement can be arranged for equipment designed to backfeed between an electric utility customer with distributed generation and their power company.  This type of interconnection can involve nontrivial engineering, and possibly equipment upgrade costs to keep the distribution circuit properly protected.  Such costs may be minimized by limiting distributed generation capacity to less than is locally consumed, and guaranteeing this condition by installing a reverse-power cutoff relay that opens if backfeeding occurs.
+For manufacturing cost and operational simplicity reasons, most circuit (overcurrent) protection and power quality control (voltage regulation) devices used by electric utility companies are designed with the assumption that power always flows in one direction. An interconnection agreement can be arranged for equipment designed to backfeed from the consumer's equipment to the electrical utility provider's distribution system. This type of interconnection can involve nontrivial engineering and usage of costly specialized equipment designed to keep distribution circuits and equipment properly protected. Such costs may be minimized by limiting distributed generation capacity to less than that which is consumed locally, and guaranteeing this condition by installing a reverse-power cutoff relay that opens if backfeeding occurs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ram |first1=Badri |last2=Vishwakarma |first2=D.N. |title=Power system protection and switchgear |date=April 2001 |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill |isbn=0074623508 |pages=456}}</ref>
+== Safety and operational hazards ==
-==Hazards==
+{{unreferenced section|date=June 2022}}
 Because it involves transfer of significant amounts of energy, backfeeding must be carefully controlled and monitored. Personnel working on equipment subject to backfeeding must be aware of all possible power sources, and follow systematic protocols to ensure that equipment is fully de-energized before commencing work, or use special equipment and techniques suitable for working on live equipment.
+When working on de-energized power conductors, [[lineworker]]s attach temporary protective grounding assemblies or "protective ground sets", which short all conductors to each other and to an earth ground. This ensures that no wires can become energized, whether by accidental switching or by unintentional backfeeding.
-<!--  Following personal observations might have useful ideas, but needs complete rewrite
-There are also hazards created by backfeeding. When the grid goes down, like in a storm, and you are STILL generating into the grid, now you have created a dangerous situation. Because when the grid goes down and the linemen need to work on it, they disconnect the SOURCE of the voltage potential from the nearest substation. But of you are still pumping potential INTO the grid when they think it is going to be dead, you can kill them. Or if not that and they detect live voltage potential on the line after they have opened the substation connection, how are they going to know where the voltage is coming from? They can find it, EVENTUALLY, but it takes time to trace it back and isolate it. In the mean time thousands of people are screaming at them to get their power back.
--->
+Because of the hazards presented by unintentional backfeeding, the usage of equipment that defeats engineered or standardized safety mechanisms such as double-ended power cords (an electrical cord that has a male electrical plug on both ends) is illegal and against the United States [[National Electrical Code]].
-== See also ==
-[[Islanding]]
+==See also==
+*[[Islanding]], a similar phenomenon involving local generators.
+*[[Transfer switch]]
 ==References==
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist}}
-==External links==
-*[http://spar-lotse.de/strompreisvergleich/ Electricity Price Comparison]
 {{Electricity delivery}}
 [[Category:Electric power distribution]]
-{{Electric-power-stub}}