Ureaplasma urealyticum infection: Difference between revisions
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#REDIRECT [[Ureaplasma urealyticum]] |
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{{short description|Type of urinary tract infection}} |
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'''''Ureaplasma urealyticum'' infection''' is a type of [[urinary tract infection]] that can be [[Sexually transmitted infection|sexually transmitted]]. It can also be passed from [[Vertically transmitted infection|mother to infant]] during birth.<ref name="Sternak2014">{{cite journal|last1=Ljubin-Sternak|first1=Suncanica|last2=Mestrovic|first2=Tomislav|title=Review: Chlamydia trachonmatis and Genital Mycoplasmias: Pathogens with an Impact on Human Reproductive Health|journal=Journal of Pathogens |date=2014|volume=2014|issue=183167|doi=10.1155/2014/183167|pmc=4295611|pmid=25614838|pages=183167}}</ref> It is caused by the bacterium ''[[Ureaplasma urealyticum]],'' which can found in a majority of sexually active people,{{Citation needed|date=April 2019}} most of whom are asymptomatic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.treated.com/blog/mycoplasma-and-ureaplasma-are-they-sexually-transmitted|title=Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma: Are they Sexually Transmitted Infections?|website=Treated.com|language=en|access-date=2019-04-23}}</ref> It can also be found in cultures in cases of [[pelvic inflammatory disease]]. It is not a [[commensal]] of the healthy [[uterine microbiome|uterine or amniotic microbiome]]. Infection with ''U. urealyticum'' can contribute to [[neonatal infection]] and negative birth outcomes. |
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==Presentation== |
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===Men=== |
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It had also been associated with a number of [[diseases]] in humans, including [[non-specific urethritis|nonspecific urethritis]], and [[infertility]].<ref name="pmid26311339"> |
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{{cite journal |author1=C. Huang |author2=H.L. Zhu |author3=K.R. Xu |author4=S.Y. Wang |author5=L.Q. Fan |author6=W.B. Zhu |date=September 2015 |title=Mycoplasma and ureaplasma infection and male infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Andrology |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=809–816 |doi=10.1111/andr.12078 |pmid=26311339|s2cid=39834287 |doi-access=free }} |
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</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Medscape|date=2017-11-17|title=Ureaplasma Infection: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology|url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/231470-overview#a5}}</ref> |
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===Women and infants=== |
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Infection in the newborn is accompanied by a strong immune response and is correlated with the need for prolonged [[mechanical ventilation]].<ref name="Pryhuber2015"/> |
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Infection with ''U. urealyticum'' in pregnancy and birth can be complicated by [[chorioamnionitis]], [[stillbirth]], [[premature birth]],<ref name="Sternak2014" /> and, in the [[perinatal]] period, [[pneumonia]], [[bronchopulmonary dysplasia]]<ref name="pmid15486833">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kafetzis DA, Skevaki CL, Skouteri V, etal |title=Maternal genital colonization with ''Ureaplasma urealyticum'' promotes preterm delivery: association of the respiratory colonization of premature infants with chronic lung disease and increased mortality |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=39 |issue=8 |pages=1113–22 |date=October 2004 |pmid=15486833 |doi=10.1086/424505 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?CID32584|doi-access=free }}</ref> and [[meningitis]].<ref name="Queenan2012">{{cite book|last1=Queena|first1=John T. .|last2=Spong|first2=Catherine Y|author-link2=Catherine Y. Spong|last3=Lockwood|first3=Charles J., editors|title=Queenan's management of high-risk pregnancy : an evidence-based approach|date=2012|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Chichester, West Sussex|isbn=9780470655764|edition=6th}}</ref> ''U. urealyticum'' has been found to be present in [[amniotic fluid]] in women who have had a premature birth with intact fetal membranes.<ref name="PayneBayatibojakhi2014">{{cite journal|last1=Payne|first1=Matthew S.|last2=Bayatibojakhi|first2=Sara|title=Exploring Preterm Birth as a Polymicrobial Disease: An Overview of the Uterine Microbiome|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|volume=5|pages=595|year=2014|issn=1664-3224|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2014.00595|pmid=25505898|pmc=4245917}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://colpotest.co.il/ |title= Genital Wart Guide }} Monday, 15 February 2021 </ref> |
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''U. urealyticum'' has been noted as one of the infectious causes of [[sterile pyuria]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dieter RS |s2cid=11629600 |title=Sterile pyuria: a differential diagnosis |journal=Compr Ther |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=150–2 |year=2000 |pmid=10984817 |doi=10.1007/s12019-000-0001-1 }}</ref> It increases the morbidity as a cause of [[neonatal infection]]s.<ref name="Pryhuber2015">{{cite journal|last1=Pryhuber|first1=Gloria S.|title=Postnatal Infections and Immunology Affecting Chronic Lung Disease of Prematurity|journal=Clinics in Perinatology|volume=42|issue=4|year=2015|pages=697–718|issn=0095-5108|doi=10.1016/j.clp.2015.08.002|postscript=; Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh|pmid=26593074|pmc=4660246}}</ref> It is associated with premature birth, preterm rupture of membranes, preterm labor, [[Caesarean section|cesarean sectio]]<nowiki/>n, placental inflammation, congenital pneumonia, bacteremia, [[meningitis]], fetal lung injury and death of infant.<ref name=":0" /> ''Ureaplasma urealyticum'' is associated with [[miscarriage]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Williams Obstetrics|last=Cunningham|first=F, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Spong CY, Dashe JS, Hoffman BL, Casey BM, Sheffield JS|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=2013|pages=5|chapter=Abortion}}</ref> |
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In addition, this pathogen may latently infect the [[chorionic villi]] tissues of pregnant women, thereby impacting pregnancy outcome.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Contini C, Rotondo JC, Magagnoli F, Maritati M, Seraceni S, Graziano A, Poggi A, Capucci R, Vesce F, Tognon M, Martini F | title = Investigation on silent bacterial infections in specimens from pregnant women affected by spontaneous miscarriage. | journal = J Cell Physiol | volume = 234| issue = 1 | pages = 100–9107 | date = 2018 | pmid = 30078192 | doi =10.1002/jcp.26952| doi-access = free }}</ref> |
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==Diagnosis== |
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{{Empty section|date=March 2019}} |
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==Treatment== |
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[[Doxycycline]] is the drug of choice, but [[azithromycin]] is also used as a five-day course rather than a single dose that would be used to treat ''Chlamydia'' infection;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesticlinic.com/ureaplasma-urealyticum.aspx|title=Ureaplasma Urealyticum and Parvum Test Online|work=thesticlinic.com}}</ref> [[streptomycin]] is an alternative, but is less popular because it must be injected. [[Penicillins]] are ineffective — ''U. urealyticum'' does not have a [[cell wall]],<ref>{{cite journal|title=Modified Real-Time PCR for Detecting, Differentiating, and Quantifying Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum | pmc=3128564 | pmid=21354056 | doi=10.1016/j.jmoldx.2010.10.007 | volume=13 | issue=2 | year=2011 | journal=J Mol Diagn | pages=206–12 | author=Vancutsem E, Soetens O, Breugelmans M, Foulon W, Naessens A}}</ref> which is the drug's main target.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/652penicillin.html|title=Drugs — Pencillin|work=elmhurst.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pignanelli S, Pulcrano G, Iula VD, Zaccherini P, Testa A, Catania MR | year = 2013 | title = In vitro antimicrobial profile of ''Ureaplasma urealyticum'' from genital tract of childbearing-aged women in Northern and Southern Italy | journal = APMIS | volume = 122| issue = 6| pages = 552–5| doi = 10.1111/apm.12184 | pmid = 24106832 | s2cid = 5120886 }}</ref> |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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== External links == |
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{{Medical resources |
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| eMedicineSubj = med |
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| eMedicineTopic = 2340 |
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| MeSH = D016869 |
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}} |
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{{STD/STI}} |
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[[Category:Sexually transmitted diseases and infections]] |
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[[Category:Infectious causes of cancer]] |
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[[Category:Infections with a predominantly sexual mode of transmission]] |
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[[Category:Bacterial vaginosis]] |
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[[Category:Women's health]] |
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[[Category:Bacterial diseases]] |
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[[Category:Pediatrics]] |
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Latest revision as of 16:18, 6 March 2023
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