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Roundabout

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+#REDIRECT [[Roundabout]]
-{{redirect|Rotary (intersection)|other uses of Rotary|Rotary (disambiguation)}}
-{{Distinguish|Roundabout}}
-{{Multiple issues|
-{{Cnfusing|date=February 2015}}
-{{Disputed|date=February 2015}}
-{{Globalize/US|date=February 2015}}
-{{Refimprove|date=March 2018}}}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2011}}
-{{merge to|Roundabout|discuss=Talk:Roundabout#Merger proposal|date=March 2018}}
-[[Image:ColumbusCirclefromTimeWarnerCenterNYC20050807.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Columbus Circle]] in [[New York City]]. Unlike a modern roundabout, the circle is quite large and pedestrians have access to the center island. Access is controlled by [[traffic light]]s.]]
+{{Redirect category shell|
-A '''traffic circle''' is a type of [[junction (road)|intersection]] that directs both turning and through traffic onto a one-way circular roadway, usually built for the purposes of traffic calming or aesthetics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm4.htm|title=Online TDM Encyclopedia - Traffic Calming|website=Vtpi.org|accessdate=17 October 2018}}</ref> Contrary to a [[roundabout]], where entering traffic always yields to traffic already in the circle and merges in directly, the entrances to traffic circles are three-way intersections either controlled by stop signs, traffic signals, or not formally controlled.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/00067/000671.pdf |format=PDF|title=U.S. Department of Transportation: ''Roundabouts: an Informational Guide'' para 1.5|website=Fhwa.dot.gov|accessdate=17 October 2018}}</ref> Colloquially, however, roundabouts are sometimes referred to as circles.<ref>{{cite news |title=Salem Four Corners traffic circle to start rounding into shape |last=Johnson |first=Jeffrey A. |url=http://www.theday.com/article/20120806/NWS01/308069969/1044 |date=6 August 2012 |newspaper=[[The Day (New London)|The Day]]}}</ref>
+{{R from alternative name}}
+{{R from merge}}
-In the [[United States]], traffic engineers typically use the term '''rotary''' for large scale circular junctions between [[Limited-access road|expressways]] or [[controlled-access highway]]s. Rotaries typically feature high speeds inside the circle and on the approaches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903014341/http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/intersection/roundabouts/presentations/safety_aspects/short.cfm|title=Safety Aspects of Roundabouts - FHWA Safety Program|date=3 September 2014|website=Web.archive.org|accessdate=17 October 2018}}</ref>
+{{R mentioned in hatnote}}
+}}
-In [[New England]], traffic circles are generally called rotaries and the traffic that is already driving in the rotary always has the right of way (see [[roundabout]]).  For examples of where this is specified, in [[Massachusetts]] "Any operator of a vehicle entering a rotary intersection shall yield the right-of-way to any vehicle already in the intersection."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleXIV/Chapter89/Section8|title=General Law - Part I, Title XIV, Chapter 89, Section 8|website=malegislature.gov|accessdate=17 October 2018}}</ref>  In [[Rhode Island]] entering vehicles "Yield to vehicles in the roundabout."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dmv.ri.gov/documents/manuals/Driver_Manual_FINAL.pdf|format=PDF|title=Rhode Island Driver’s Manual |website=Dmv.ri.gov|accessdate=17 October 2018}}</ref>
-Distinct from roundabouts, traffic circles and rotaries may also have an interior lane that requires traffic on it to change lanes in order to exit the circle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/intersection/roundabouts/fhwasa10006/|title=Intersection Safety Roundabouts - Safety - Federal Highway Administration|website=Safety.fhwa.dot.gov|accessdate=17 October 2018}}</ref>
-{{toclimit|3}}
-[[File:DeSoto Fountain in Coral Gables 20100321.jpg|thumb|300px|DeSoto Fountain sits in the center of a traffic circle in the [[Coral Gables, Florida|City of Coral Gables]], [[Florida]]. The arterial, DeSoto Boulevard, has unrestricted right of way, while the intersecting streets are controlled by stop signs.]]
-==Design==
-Design criteria include:
-* Right-of-way: Whether entering or circling vehicles have the right of way. The [[New Jersey]] Driver's Manual recommends that, in the absence of flow control signs, traffic yields based on "historically established traffic flow patterns",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.nj.us/mvc/manuals/chap_04_06.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-02-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813235846/http://www.state.nj.us/mvc/manuals/chap_04_06.html |archivedate=13 August 2010 |df= }}</ref> and there are no set rules.<ref>[http://www.state.nj.us/mvc/pdf/Licenses/Driver%20Manual/Chapter_4.pdf] {{dead link|date=October 2018}}</ref> In [[New England]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mass.gov/rmv/dmanual/index.htm |title=Sharing the Road: A User's Manual for Public Ways |author=Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Registry of Motor Vehicles |accessdate=2009-05-13}}</ref> [[Washington, D.C.]] and [[New York State]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703061007/http://safeny.com/rowa-vt.htm#1145|title=Vehicle & Traffic Law - Right of Way|date=3 July 2011|website=Web.archive.org|accessdate=17 October 2018}}</ref> entering traffic yields, as is the norm in virtually all countries outside of the U.S.
-* Angle of entry: Angles range from glancing ([[tangent]]ial) that allow full-speed entry to 90 degree angles ([[perpendicular]]).<ref name="ModernRoundabouts">{{cite web|url=http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/00067/index.cfm|title=Index - Roundabout: An Informational Guide, June 2000 - FHWA-RD-00-067|website=Fhwa.dot.gov|accessdate=17 October 2018}}</ref>
-* Traffic speed: High entry speeds (over {{convert|30|mph|km/h|abbr=on|disp=or}}) require circulating vehicles to yield, often stopping, which lowers capacity and increases crash rates compared to [[modern roundabout]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3734/is_200703/ai_n18755716/pg_1 |title=A Comparative Evaluation of the Safety Performance of Roundabouts and Traditional Intersection Controls |author=Shashi S. Nambisan, Venu Parimi |date=March 2007 |work=Institute of Transportation Engineers |accessdate=2007-11-27}}</ref>
-* Lane changes: Allowed or not
-* Diameter: The greater the traffic, the larger the circle.<ref name="ModernRoundabouts"/>
-* Island function: Parking, parks, fountains, etc.<ref name="ModernRoundabouts"/>
-[[Image:Place Charles-de-Gaulle from the Arc de Triomphe, July 2001.jpg|thumb|300px|Traffic 10-abreast traverses the ''[[Place de l'Étoile]]''.  This traffic circle surrounds the ''[[Arc de Triomphe]]'' at the intersection of ten two-way and two one-way streets.  It has no lane markings.]]
-==History==
-French architect [[Eugène Hénard]] was designing one-way circular intersections as early as 1877.<ref>P. M. Wolf, ''Eugene Henard and the Beginning of Urbanism in Paris, 1900–1914'', International Federation for Housing and Planning, The Hague, 1969, cited by Ben Hamilton-Baillie and Phil Jones, ''Improving traffic behaviour and safety through urban design'', Proceedings of ICE – Civil Engineering, volume 158 Issue 5 May 2005 p. 41 {{cite web|url=http://www.hamilton-baillie.co.uk/papers/ICE_paper_April05.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-10-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070730130826/http://www.hamilton-baillie.co.uk/papers/ICE_paper_April05.pdf |archivedate=30 July 2007 |df= }}</ref> American architect [[William Phelps Eno]] favored small traffic circles. He designed New York City's famous [[Columbus Circle]], which was built in 1905. Other circular intersections were subsequently built in the United States, though many were large diameter 'rotaries' that enabled high speed merge and weave maneuvers. These designs were doomed to failure for two primary reasons:
-* It takes a large diameter circle to provide enough room for merging at speed. Although some of these circles were huge (many were in excess of 100 meters or 300 feet in diameter), they were not large enough for high-speed merging.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}
-* Giving priority to entering traffic means that more vehicles can enter the circulatory roadway than it can handle. The result is congestion within the circle which could not clear without police intervention.
-The experience with traffic circles and rotaries in the US was almost entirely negative,{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} characterized by high accident rates and congestion problems. By the mid 1950s, construction of traffic circles and rotaries had ceased entirely. The experience with traffic circles in other countries was not much better until the development of the modern [[roundabout]] in the United Kingdom during the 1960s.
-Starting in the 1990s the US saw a revival of mostly smaller traffic circles, termed "roundabouts".<ref name="roundaboutsusa.com">[http://www.roundaboutsusa.com/history.html]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref>  The modern roundabout finally arrived in the United States in 1990 in [[Summerlin]], a major [[Las Vegas]] residential subdivision.<ref name="roundaboutsusa.com"/>  As of December 2015 there are about 4800 of these modern roundabouts in the United States.  As an example, [[Washington (state)|Washington State]] contains about 120 roundabouts as of October 2016, all having been built since 1997 with more planned.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011143946/http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/safety/roundabouts/washingtons.htm|title=WSDOT - Washington's Roundabouts|date=11 October 2016|website=Web.archive.org|accessdate=17 October 2018}}</ref>
-==See also==
-{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
-* [[Complete streets]]
-* [[Direction of traffic]]
-* [[History of road transport]]
-* [[History of street lighting in the United States]]
-* [[History of roads in Ireland]]
-* [[Level of service]]
-* [[Roundabout]]
-* [[Traffic congestion]]
-{{div col end}}
-==References==
-{{Reflist}}
-==External links==
-* {{commons category-inline|Traffic circles}}
-{{Road junction types}}
-[[Category:Roundabouts and traffic circles| ]]
-[[Category:Road junction types]]