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===Plutchik's wheel of emotions===
==Plot==
{{multiple image
<!-- Per WP:FILMPLOT, plot summaries for featured film articles should be between 400 and 700 words. -->
|align=right
Three years after the destruction of the [[Death Star]], the [[Rebel Alliance]], led by [[Princess Leia]], has set up a new base on the ice planet of [[Hoth]]. The [[Galactic Empire (Star Wars)|Imperial]] fleet, led by [[Darth Vader]], continues to hunt for the new Rebel base by dispatching [[Droid (Star Wars)|probe droids]] across the galaxy. [[Luke Skywalker]] is captured by a [[wampa]] while investigating one such probe, but manages to escape from the wampa's lair with his [[lightsaber]]. Before Luke succumbs to [[Hypothermia|hypothermic]] sleep, the Force ghost of his late mentor, [[Obi-Wan Kenobi]], instructs him to go to [[Dagobah]] to train under [[Jedi Master]] [[Yoda]]. [[Han Solo]] locates Luke and cuts open the [[tauntaun]] he rode there on to keep his friend warm; they wait there until being rescued by a search party the next morning.
|direction=vertical
|width=250
|image1=Plutchik-wheel.svg
|caption1={{Legend|#FF7D00|Anticipation}}{{Legend|#FFE854|Joy}}{{Legend|#00B400|Trust}}{{Legend|#008000|Fear}}{{Legend|#0089E0|Surprise}}{{Legend|#0000C8|Sadness}}{{Legend|#DE00DE|Disgust}}{{Legend|#D40000|Anger}}
|image2=Plutchik Dyads.png
|caption2=The primary, secondary and tertiary dyads.
}}
In 1980, [[Robert Plutchik]] diagrammed a wheel of eight emotions: joy, trust, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger and anticipation, inspired by his ''Ten Postulates''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.personalityresearch.org/basicemotions/plutchik.html|title=Basic Emotions—Plutchik|website=Personalityresearch.org|accessdate=1 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://americanscientist.org/articles/01articles/Plutchik.html
|title=The Nature of Emotions
|publisher=American Scientist
|last=Plutchik
|first=R
|authorlink=Robert Plutchik
|accessdate=14 April 2011
|url-status=unfit
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010716082847/http://americanscientist.org/articles/01articles/Plutchik.html
|archivedate=July 16, 2001
}}
</ref> Plutchik also theorized twenty-four "Primary", "Secondary", and "Tertiary" dyads (feelings composed of two emotions).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adliterate.com/archives/Plutchik.emotion.theorie.POSTER.pdf |title=Robert Plutchik's Psychoevolutionary Theory of Basic Emotions |website=Adliterate.com |accessdate=2017-06-05}}</ref><ref name="Turner2000">{{cite book|author=Jonathan Turner|title=On the Origins of Human Emotions: A Sociological Inquiry Into the Evolution of Human Affect|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aEeSmDRsXkcC&pg=PA76|date=1 June 2000|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-6436-0|page=76}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=A Fuzzy Inference System for Synergy Estimation of Simultaneous Emotion Dynamics in Agents|journal=International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research|volume=2|issue=6|date=June 2011|url=http://www.ijser.org/paper/A_Fuzzy_Inference_System_for_Synergy_Estimation_of_Simultaneous_Emotion_Dynamics_in_Agents.html|author1=Atifa Athar|author2=M. Saleem Khan|author3=Khalil Ahmed|author4=Aiesha Ahmed|author5=Nida Anwar}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=yUAlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67&dq=plutchik+dyads#v=onepage&q=plutchik+dyads&f=false|title=Alienation and Affect|first=Warren D.|last=TenHouten|date=1 December 2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|accessdate=25 June 2019|via=Google Books|isbn=9781317678533}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=vBWcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47&dq=plutchik+dyads#v=onepage&q=plutchik&f=false|title=Entertainment Computing - ICEC 2015: 14th International Conference, ICEC 2015, Trondheim, Norway, September 29 - October 2, 2015, Proceedings|first1=Konstantinos|last1=Chorianopoulos|first2=Monica|last2=Divitini|first3=Jannicke Baalsrud|last3=Hauge|first4=Letizia|last4=Jaccheri|first5=Rainer|last5=Malaka|date=24 September 2015|publisher=Springer|accessdate=25 June 2019|via=Google Books|isbn=9783319245898}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=JaQauznPoiEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=emotion+intensity+plutchik+wheel#v=onepage&q=emotion+intensity+plutchik+wheel&f=false|title=The Emotions|first=Robert|last=Plutchik|date=25 June 1991|publisher=University Press of America|accessdate=25 June 2019|via=Google Books|isbn=9780819182869}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=CDGICgAAQBAJ&pg=PT481&dq=plutchik+adoration#v=onepage&q=plutchik&f=false|title=Consumer Behaviour: Perspectives, Findings and Explanations|first=John|last=O'Shaughnessy|date=4 December 2012|publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education|accessdate=25 June 2019|via=Google Books|isbn=9781137003782}}</ref> The wheel emotions can be paired in four groups:
: Primary dyad = one petal apart = '''Love''' = ''Joy'' + ''Trust''
: Secondary dyad = two petals apart = '''Envy''' = ''Sadness'' + ''Anger''
: Tertiary dyad = three petals apart = '''Shame''' = ''Fear'' + ''Disgust''
: Opposite emotions = four petals apart = ''Anticipation'' ∉ ''Surprise''
There are also triads, emotions formed from 3 primary emotions.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=JaQauznPoiEC&pg=PA115&dq=triad+plutchik+the+emotions#v=onepage&q=triad+plutchik+the+emotions&f=false|title=The Emotions|first=Robert|last=Plutchik|date=31 December 1991|publisher=University Press of America|accessdate=31 December 2018|via=Google Books|isbn=9780819182869}}</ref> This leads to a combination of 24 dyads and 32 triads, making 56 emotions at 1 intensity level.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/?id=7DQNAQAAMAAJ&q=24+dyads+and+32+triads&dq=24+dyads+and+32+triads|title=The face of emotion|first=Carroll Ellis|last=Izard|date=31 December 1971|publisher=Appleton-Century-Crofts|accessdate=31 December 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> Emotions can be mild or intense;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emotionalcompetency.com/papers/plutchiknatureofemotions%202001.pdf|title=The Nature of Emotions|website=Emotionalcompetency.com|accessdate=2017-09-16}}</ref> for example, distraction is a mild form of surprise, and rage is an intense form of anger. The kinds of relation between each pair of emotions are:


{|class="wikitable"
Meanwhile, the probe alerts the Imperial fleet to the Rebels' location. The Empire launches a large-scale attack using [[Walker (Star Wars)|AT-AT walkers]] to capture the base, which forces the Rebels to retreat. Han and Leia escape with {{nowrap|[[C-3PO]]}} and [[Chewbacca]] on the ''[[Millennium Falcon]]'', but the ship's [[hyperspace (science fiction)|hyperdrive]] malfunctions. They hide in an [[Asteroid belt|asteroid field]], where Han and Leia grow closer amidst tension and briefly kiss. Vader summons [[bounty hunter]]s to assist in finding the ''Falcon''. Luke, meanwhile, escapes with {{nowrap|[[R2-D2]]}} in his [[X-wing fighter]] and crash-lands on the swamp planet of [[Dagobah]]. He meets a diminutive creature who reveals himself to be Yoda; after conferring with Obi-Wan's spirit, Yoda reluctantly accepts Luke as his student.
|+ Emotions and opposites
|-
! Mild emotion
! Mild opposite
! Basic emotion
! Basic opposite
! Intense emotion
! Intense opposite
|-
| [[Wiktionary:serenity|Serenity]] || ''[[Melancholia|Pensiveness]]''<br><small>''[[Gloominess]]''</small> || [[Joy]]<br><small>[[Cheerfulness]]</small> || ''[[Sadness]]''<br><small>''[[Dejection]]''</small> || [[Ecstasy (emotion)|Ecstasy]]<br><small>Elation</small> || ''[[Grief]]''<br><small>''[[Sorrow (emotion)|Sorrow]]''</small>
|-
| [[Acceptance]]<br><small>Tolerance</small> || ''[[Boredom]]''<br><small>''[[Dislike]]''</small> || [[Trust (emotion)|Trust]] || ''[[Disgust]]''<br><small>''Aversion''</small> || [[Admiration]]<br><small>[[Adoration]]</small> || ''[[Wiktionary:loathing|Loathing]]''<br><small>''[[Revulsion]]''</small>
|-
| [[Wiktionary:apprehension|Apprehension]]<br><small>[[Dismay]]</small> || ''[[Annoyance]]''<br><small>''[[Irritation]]''</small> || [[Fear]]<br><small>Fright</small> || ''[[Anger]]''<br><small>''[[Hostility]]''</small> || [[wikt:terror|Terror]]<br><small>[[Panic]]</small> || ''[[Rage (emotion)|Rage]]''<br><small>''[[wikt:fury|Fury]]''</small>
|-
| [[Distraction]]<br><small>[[Uncertainty]]</small> || ''[[Interest (emotion)|Interest]]''<br><small>''[[Attentiveness]]''</small> || [[Surprise (emotion)|Surprise]] || ''[[Anticipation (emotion)|Anticipation]]''<br><small>''[[Expectancy]]''</small> || [[Wiktionary:amazement|Amazement]]<br><small>[[Astonishment]]</small> || ''[[Vigilance (psychology)|Vigilance]]''
|}


{|class="wikitable"
After evading the Imperial fleet, Han's group travels to the floating Cloud City on the gas planet of [[Bespin]], which is run by Han's old friend, [[Lando Calrissian]]. Unbeknownst to the group, the bounty hunter [[Boba Fett]] has tracked the ''Falcon''; shortly after their arrival, Lando hands the group over to Darth Vader. Vader plans to use the group as bait to lure out Luke, intending to capture him and take him to Emperor [[Palpatine]]. Luke experiences a premonition of Han and Leia in pain and, against the wishes of Yoda and Obi-Wan, abandons his training to rescue them, promising to return and complete his training.
|+ Dyads (Combinations)
|-
! Human feelings
! Emotions
! Opposite feelings
! Emotions
|-
| [[Optimism]]<br><small>[[Courage]]</small> || Anticipation + Joy || ''[[Disappointment|Disapproval]]''<br><small>''[[Disappointment]]''</small> || Surprise + Sadness
|-
| [[Hope]]<br><small>[[Fatalism]]</small> || Anticipation + Trust || ''[[Wiktionary:unbelief|Unbelief]]''<br><small>''[[wikt:shock|Shock]]''</small> || Surprise + Disgust
|-
| [[Anxiety]]<br><small>[[wikt:dread|Dread]]</small> || Anticipation + Fear || ''[[Outrage (emotion)|Outrage]]''<br><small>''[[Hate]]''</small> || Surprise + Anger
|-
| [[Love]]<br><small>[[Friendliness]]</small> || Joy + Trust || ''[[Remorse]]''<br><small>''[[wikt:misery|Misery]]''</small> || Sadness + Disgust
|-
| [[Guilt (emotion)|Guilt]]<br><small>[[wikt:excitement|Excitement]]</small> || Joy + Fear || ''[[Envy]]''<br><small>''[[Sullenness]]''</small> || Sadness + Anger
|-
| [[Pleasure|Delight]]<br><small>[[wikt:doom|Doom]]</small> || Joy + Surprise || ''[[Pessimism]]'' || Sadness + Anticipation
|-
| [[Deference|Submission]]<br><small>[[Modesty]]</small> || Trust + Fear || ''[[Contempt]]''<br><small>''[[wikt:scorn|Scorn]]''</small> || Disgust + Anger
|-
| [[Curiosity]] || Trust + Surprise || ''[[Cynicism (contemporary)|Cynicism]]'' || Disgust + Anticipation
|-
| [[Sentimentality]]<br><small>[[Resignation]]</small> || Trust + Sadness || ''[[wikt:morbidness|Morbidness]]''<br><small>''[[Derisiveness]]''</small> || Disgust + Joy
|-
| [[Awe]]<br><small>[[Alarm]]</small> || Fear + Surprise || ''[[Aggressiveness]]''<br><small>''[[Revenge|Vengeance]]''</small> || Anger + Anticipation
|-
| [[Despair]] || Fear + Sadness || ''[[Pride]]''<br><small>''[[Victory]]''</small> || Anger + Joy
|-
| [[Shame]]<br><small>[[Prudishness]]</small> || Fear + Disgust || ''[[Expressions of dominance|Dominance]]'' || Anger + Trust
|}


{|class="wikitable"
Intending to hold Luke in [[suspended animation]] via carbon freezing, Vader selects Han to be frozen as a test subject. Han survives the process and is given to Fett, who plans to collect the bounty on Han from [[Jabba the Hutt]]. Lando frees Leia and Chewbacca, but they are too late to stop Fett from departing with Han. They fight their way back to the ''Falcon'' and flee the city. Meanwhile, Luke arrives and engages Vader in a lightsaber duel that leads them over the city's central air shaft. Vader severs Luke's right hand, disarming him, and tempts him to join forces. Luke accuses Vader of murdering his father, but Vader reveals that ''he'' is Luke's father.<ref>{{cite|quote='''Darth Vader''': No. I am your father.|title=Star Wars}}</ref> Horrified, Luke drops into the air shaft and is ejected beneath the floating city, where he hangs on an antenna. He reaches out [[Telepathy |telepathically]] to Leia, who senses him and persuades Lando to turn back. After Luke is brought aboard, they are chased by [[TIE fighter]]s and Vader on his [[Star Destroyer]], but {{nowrap|R2-D2}} reactivates the ''Falcon''{{'}}s hyperdrive, allowing them to escape.
|+ Opposite combinations<ref name="auto"/>
|-
! Human feelings
! Emotions
|-
| <small>[[Conflict (process)|Conflict]]</small><br>[[Bittersweetness]] || Joy + Sadness
|-
| <small>[[Conflict (process)|Conflict]]</small><br>[[Ambivalence]] || Trust + Disgust
|-
| <small>[[Conflict (process)|Conflict]]</small><br>[[Frozenness]] || Fear + Anger
|-
| <small>[[Conflict (process)|Conflict]]</small><br>[[Confusion]] || Surprise + Anticipation
|}


Similar emotions in the wheel are adjacent to each other.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=JaQauznPoiEC&pg=PA34&dq=robert+plutchik's+the+nature+of+emotions#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Emotions|first=Robert|last=Plutchik|date=16 September 1991|publisher=University Press of America|accessdate=16 September 2017|via=Google Books|page=110|isbn=9780819182869}}</ref> Anger, Anticipation, Joy, and Trust are positive in valence, while Fear, Surprise, Sadness, and Disgust are negative in valence. Anger is classified as a "positive" emotion because it involves "moving toward" a goal<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=luHgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15&dq=plutchik+loneliness&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwic3OSDytrlAhVFK1AKHUcFCeQQ6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=plutchik+loneliness&f=false|title=Emotion and Reason: Mind, Brain, and the Social Domains of Work and Love|first=Warren D.|last=TenHouten|date=23 June 2014|publisher=Routledge|accessdate=10 December 2019|via=Google Books}}</ref>, while surprise is negative because it is a violation of someone's territory.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fLZ_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT83&dq=plutchik+%22unhappy+surprise%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZ2Y-6gdvlAhULa8AKHbqKC5AQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=plutchik+%22unhappy+surprise%22&f=false|title=A General Theory of Emotions and Social Life|first=Warren D.|last=TenHouten|date=22 November 2006|publisher=Routledge|accessdate=10 December 2019|via=Google Books}}</ref> The emotion dyads each have half-opposites and exact opposites:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4Iugww7z9JIC&pg=PA73&dq=plutchik+dyad+half-opposites&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjaw4W7hdvlAhWNTsAKHdN3DmwQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=plutchik+dyad+half-opposites&f=false|title=A General Theory of Emotions and Social Life|first=Warren D.|last=TenHouten|date=22 November 2006|publisher=Routledge|accessdate=10 December 2019|via=Google Books}}</ref>
Rejoined with the Rebel fleet, Luke's severed hand is replaced with a [[Prosthesis|robotic hand]]. Lando and Chewbacca depart in the ''Falcon'' with hopes of saving Han.


{|class="wikitable"
== Plot summary citations idea ==
|+ Anticipation, Joy, Surprise, Sadness
|-
! +
! Sadness
! Joy
|-
!Anticipation
| [[Pessimism]] || [[Optimism]]
|-
!Surprise
| [[Disappointment|Disapproval]] || [[Pleasure|Delight]]
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Joy, Trust, Sadness, Disgust
|-
! +
! Disgust
! Trust
|-
!Joy
| [[wikt:morbidness|Morbidness]] || [[Love]]
|-
!Sadness
| [[Remorse]] || [[Sentimentality]]
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Trust, Fear, Disgust, Anger
|-
! +
! Fear
! Anger
|-
!Trust
| [[Submission]] || [[Expressions of dominance|Dominance]]
|-
!Disgust
| [[Shame]] || [[Contempt]]
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Fear, Surprise, Anger, Anticipation
|-
! +
! Surprise
! Anticipation
|-
!Anger
| [[Outrage]] || [[Aggressiveness]]
|-
!Fear
| [[Awe]] || [[Anxiety]]
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Trust, Surprise, Disgust, Anticipation
|-
! +
! Surprise
! Anticipation
|-
!Trust
| [[Curiosity]] || [[Hope]]
|-
!Disgust
| [[Unbelief]] || [[Cynicism (contemporary)|Cynicism]]
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Joy, Fear, Sadness, Anger
|-
! +
! Fear
! Anger
|-
!Joy
| [[Guilt (emotion)|Guilt]] || [[Pride]]
|-
!Sadness
| [[Depression (mood)|Despair]] || [[Envy]]
|}

Latest revision as of 19:36, 9 March 2023

Plutchik's wheel of emotions

[edit]
  Anticipation
  Joy
  Trust
  Fear
  Surprise
  Sadness
  Disgust
  Anger
The primary, secondary and tertiary dyads.

In 1980, Robert Plutchik diagrammed a wheel of eight emotions: joy, trust, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger and anticipation, inspired by his Ten Postulates.[1][2] Plutchik also theorized twenty-four "Primary", "Secondary", and "Tertiary" dyads (feelings composed of two emotions).[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] The wheel emotions can be paired in four groups:

Primary dyad = one petal apart = Love = Joy + Trust
Secondary dyad = two petals apart = Envy = Sadness + Anger
Tertiary dyad = three petals apart = Shame = Fear + Disgust
Opposite emotions = four petals apart = Anticipation ∉ Surprise

There are also triads, emotions formed from 3 primary emotions.[10] This leads to a combination of 24 dyads and 32 triads, making 56 emotions at 1 intensity level.[11] Emotions can be mild or intense;[12] for example, distraction is a mild form of surprise, and rage is an intense form of anger. The kinds of relation between each pair of emotions are:

Emotions and opposites
Mild emotion Mild opposite Basic emotion Basic opposite Intense emotion Intense opposite
Serenity Pensiveness
Gloominess		 Joy
Cheerfulness		 Sadness
Dejection		 Ecstasy
Elation		 Grief
Sorrow
Acceptance
Tolerance		 Boredom
Dislike		 Trust Disgust
Aversion		 Admiration
Adoration		 Loathing
Revulsion
Apprehension
Dismay		 Annoyance
Irritation		 Fear
Fright		 Anger
Hostility		 Terror
Panic		 Rage
Fury
Distraction
Uncertainty		 Interest
Attentiveness		 Surprise Anticipation
Expectancy		 Amazement
Astonishment		 Vigilance
Dyads (Combinations)
Human feelings Emotions Opposite feelings Emotions
Optimism
Courage		 Anticipation + Joy Disapproval
Disappointment		 Surprise + Sadness
Hope
Fatalism		 Anticipation + Trust Unbelief
Shock		 Surprise + Disgust
Anxiety
Dread		 Anticipation + Fear Outrage
Hate		 Surprise + Anger
Love
Friendliness		 Joy + Trust Remorse
Misery		 Sadness + Disgust
Guilt
Excitement		 Joy + Fear Envy
Sullenness		 Sadness + Anger
Delight
Doom		 Joy + Surprise Pessimism Sadness + Anticipation
Submission
Modesty		 Trust + Fear Contempt
Scorn		 Disgust + Anger
Curiosity Trust + Surprise Cynicism Disgust + Anticipation
Sentimentality
Resignation		 Trust + Sadness Morbidness
Derisiveness		 Disgust + Joy
Awe
Alarm		 Fear + Surprise Aggressiveness
Vengeance		 Anger + Anticipation
Despair Fear + Sadness Pride
Victory		 Anger + Joy
Shame
Prudishness		 Fear + Disgust Dominance Anger + Trust
Opposite combinations[6]
Human feelings Emotions
Conflict
Bittersweetness		 Joy + Sadness
Conflict
Ambivalence		 Trust + Disgust
Conflict
Frozenness		 Fear + Anger
Conflict
Confusion		 Surprise + Anticipation

Similar emotions in the wheel are adjacent to each other.[13] Anger, Anticipation, Joy, and Trust are positive in valence, while Fear, Surprise, Sadness, and Disgust are negative in valence. Anger is classified as a "positive" emotion because it involves "moving toward" a goal[14], while surprise is negative because it is a violation of someone's territory.[15] The emotion dyads each have half-opposites and exact opposites:[16]

Anticipation, Joy, Surprise, Sadness
+ Sadness Joy
Anticipation Pessimism Optimism
Surprise Disapproval Delight
Joy, Trust, Sadness, Disgust
+ Disgust Trust
Joy Morbidness Love
Sadness Remorse Sentimentality
Trust, Fear, Disgust, Anger
+ Fear Anger
Trust Submission Dominance
Disgust Shame Contempt
Fear, Surprise, Anger, Anticipation
+ Surprise Anticipation
Anger Outrage Aggressiveness
Fear Awe Anxiety
Trust, Surprise, Disgust, Anticipation
+ Surprise Anticipation
Trust Curiosity Hope
Disgust Unbelief Cynicism
Joy, Fear, Sadness, Anger
+ Fear Anger
Joy Guilt Pride
Sadness Despair Envy
  1. ^ "Basic Emotions—Plutchik". Personalityresearch.org. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  2. ^ Plutchik, R. "The Nature of Emotions". American Scientist. Archived from the original on July 16, 2001. Retrieved 14 April 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  3. ^ "Robert Plutchik's Psychoevolutionary Theory of Basic Emotions" (PDF). Adliterate.com. Retrieved 2017-06-05.
  4. ^ Jonathan Turner (1 June 2000). On the Origins of Human Emotions: A Sociological Inquiry Into the Evolution of Human Affect. Stanford University Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-8047-6436-0.
  5. ^ Atifa Athar; M. Saleem Khan; Khalil Ahmed; Aiesha Ahmed; Nida Anwar (June 2011). "A Fuzzy Inference System for Synergy Estimation of Simultaneous Emotion Dynamics in Agents". International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. 2 (6).
  6. ^ a b TenHouten, Warren D. (1 December 2016). Alienation and Affect. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317678533. Retrieved 25 June 2019 – via Google Books.
  7. ^ Chorianopoulos, Konstantinos; Divitini, Monica; Hauge, Jannicke Baalsrud; Jaccheri, Letizia; Malaka, Rainer (24 September 2015). Entertainment Computing - ICEC 2015: 14th International Conference, ICEC 2015, Trondheim, Norway, September 29 - October 2, 2015, Proceedings. Springer. ISBN 9783319245898. Retrieved 25 June 2019 – via Google Books.
  8. ^ Plutchik, Robert (25 June 1991). The Emotions. University Press of America. ISBN 9780819182869. Retrieved 25 June 2019 – via Google Books.
  9. ^ O'Shaughnessy, John (4 December 2012). Consumer Behaviour: Perspectives, Findings and Explanations. Macmillan International Higher Education. ISBN 9781137003782. Retrieved 25 June 2019 – via Google Books.
  10. ^ Plutchik, Robert (31 December 1991). The Emotions. University Press of America. ISBN 9780819182869. Retrieved 31 December 2018 – via Google Books.
  11. ^ Izard, Carroll Ellis (31 December 1971). "The face of emotion". Appleton-Century-Crofts. Retrieved 31 December 2018 – via Google Books.
  12. ^ "The Nature of Emotions" (PDF). Emotionalcompetency.com. Retrieved 2017-09-16.
  13. ^ Plutchik, Robert (16 September 1991). The Emotions. University Press of America. p. 110. ISBN 9780819182869. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via Google Books.
  14. ^ TenHouten, Warren D. (23 June 2014). "Emotion and Reason: Mind, Brain, and the Social Domains of Work and Love". Routledge. Retrieved 10 December 2019 – via Google Books.
  15. ^ TenHouten, Warren D. (22 November 2006). "A General Theory of Emotions and Social Life". Routledge. Retrieved 10 December 2019 – via Google Books.
  16. ^ TenHouten, Warren D. (22 November 2006). "A General Theory of Emotions and Social Life". Routledge. Retrieved 10 December 2019 – via Google Books.
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