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===Plutchik's wheel of emotions===
'''Stereotypes of Canadians''' are found in several cultures, notably American culture. Although many of these stereotypes are exaggerated, some have some truth to them.
{{multiple image
|align=right
|direction=vertical
|width=250
|image1=Plutchik-wheel.svg
|caption1={{Legend|#FF7D00|Anticipation}}{{Legend|#FFE854|Joy}}{{Legend|#00B400|Trust}}{{Legend|#008000|Fear}}{{Legend|#0089E0|Surprise}}{{Legend|#0000C8|Sadness}}{{Legend|#DE00DE|Disgust}}{{Legend|#D40000|Anger}}
|image2=Plutchik Dyads.png
|caption2=The primary, secondary and tertiary dyads.
}}
In 1980, [[Robert Plutchik]] diagrammed a wheel of eight emotions: joy, trust, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger and anticipation, inspired by his ''Ten Postulates''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.personalityresearch.org/basicemotions/plutchik.html|title=Basic Emotions—Plutchik|website=Personalityresearch.org|accessdate=1 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://americanscientist.org/articles/01articles/Plutchik.html
|title=The Nature of Emotions
|publisher=American Scientist
|last=Plutchik
|first=R
|authorlink=Robert Plutchik
|accessdate=14 April 2011
|url-status=unfit
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010716082847/http://americanscientist.org/articles/01articles/Plutchik.html
|archivedate=July 16, 2001
}}
</ref> Plutchik also theorized twenty-four "Primary", "Secondary", and "Tertiary" dyads (feelings composed of two emotions).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adliterate.com/archives/Plutchik.emotion.theorie.POSTER.pdf |title=Robert Plutchik's Psychoevolutionary Theory of Basic Emotions |website=Adliterate.com |accessdate=2017-06-05}}</ref><ref name="Turner2000">{{cite book|author=Jonathan Turner|title=On the Origins of Human Emotions: A Sociological Inquiry Into the Evolution of Human Affect|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aEeSmDRsXkcC&pg=PA76|date=1 June 2000|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-6436-0|page=76}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=A Fuzzy Inference System for Synergy Estimation of Simultaneous Emotion Dynamics in Agents|journal=International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research|volume=2|issue=6|date=June 2011|url=http://www.ijser.org/paper/A_Fuzzy_Inference_System_for_Synergy_Estimation_of_Simultaneous_Emotion_Dynamics_in_Agents.html|author1=Atifa Athar|author2=M. Saleem Khan|author3=Khalil Ahmed|author4=Aiesha Ahmed|author5=Nida Anwar}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=yUAlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67&dq=plutchik+dyads#v=onepage&q=plutchik+dyads&f=false|title=Alienation and Affect|first=Warren D.|last=TenHouten|date=1 December 2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|accessdate=25 June 2019|via=Google Books|isbn=9781317678533}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=vBWcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47&dq=plutchik+dyads#v=onepage&q=plutchik&f=false|title=Entertainment Computing - ICEC 2015: 14th International Conference, ICEC 2015, Trondheim, Norway, September 29 - October 2, 2015, Proceedings|first1=Konstantinos|last1=Chorianopoulos|first2=Monica|last2=Divitini|first3=Jannicke Baalsrud|last3=Hauge|first4=Letizia|last4=Jaccheri|first5=Rainer|last5=Malaka|date=24 September 2015|publisher=Springer|accessdate=25 June 2019|via=Google Books|isbn=9783319245898}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=JaQauznPoiEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=emotion+intensity+plutchik+wheel#v=onepage&q=emotion+intensity+plutchik+wheel&f=false|title=The Emotions|first=Robert|last=Plutchik|date=25 June 1991|publisher=University Press of America|accessdate=25 June 2019|via=Google Books|isbn=9780819182869}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=CDGICgAAQBAJ&pg=PT481&dq=plutchik+adoration#v=onepage&q=plutchik&f=false|title=Consumer Behaviour: Perspectives, Findings and Explanations|first=John|last=O'Shaughnessy|date=4 December 2012|publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education|accessdate=25 June 2019|via=Google Books|isbn=9781137003782}}</ref> The wheel emotions can be paired in four groups:
: Primary dyad = one petal apart = '''Love''' = ''Joy'' + ''Trust''
: Secondary dyad = two petals apart = '''Envy''' = ''Sadness'' + ''Anger''
: Tertiary dyad = three petals apart = '''Shame''' = ''Fear'' + ''Disgust''
: Opposite emotions = four petals apart = ''Anticipation'' ∉ ''Surprise''
There are also triads, emotions formed from 3 primary emotions.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=JaQauznPoiEC&pg=PA115&dq=triad+plutchik+the+emotions#v=onepage&q=triad+plutchik+the+emotions&f=false|title=The Emotions|first=Robert|last=Plutchik|date=31 December 1991|publisher=University Press of America|accessdate=31 December 2018|via=Google Books|isbn=9780819182869}}</ref> This leads to a combination of 24 dyads and 32 triads, making 56 emotions at 1 intensity level.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/?id=7DQNAQAAMAAJ&q=24+dyads+and+32+triads&dq=24+dyads+and+32+triads|title=The face of emotion|first=Carroll Ellis|last=Izard|date=31 December 1971|publisher=Appleton-Century-Crofts|accessdate=31 December 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> Emotions can be mild or intense;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emotionalcompetency.com/papers/plutchiknatureofemotions%202001.pdf|title=The Nature of Emotions|website=Emotionalcompetency.com|accessdate=2017-09-16}}</ref> for example, distraction is a mild form of surprise, and rage is an intense form of anger. The kinds of relation between each pair of emotions are:


{|class="wikitable"
==Stereotypes==
|+ Emotions and opposites
|-
! Mild emotion
! Mild opposite
! Basic emotion
! Basic opposite
! Intense emotion
! Intense opposite
|-
| [[Wiktionary:serenity|Serenity]] || ''[[Melancholia|Pensiveness]]''<br><small>''[[Gloominess]]''</small> || [[Joy]]<br><small>[[Cheerfulness]]</small> || ''[[Sadness]]''<br><small>''[[Dejection]]''</small> || [[Ecstasy (emotion)|Ecstasy]]<br><small>Elation</small> || ''[[Grief]]''<br><small>''[[Sorrow (emotion)|Sorrow]]''</small>
|-
| [[Acceptance]]<br><small>Tolerance</small> || ''[[Boredom]]''<br><small>''[[Dislike]]''</small> || [[Trust (emotion)|Trust]] || ''[[Disgust]]''<br><small>''Aversion''</small> || [[Admiration]]<br><small>[[Adoration]]</small> || ''[[Wiktionary:loathing|Loathing]]''<br><small>''[[Revulsion]]''</small>
|-
| [[Wiktionary:apprehension|Apprehension]]<br><small>[[Dismay]]</small> || ''[[Annoyance]]''<br><small>''[[Irritation]]''</small> || [[Fear]]<br><small>Fright</small> || ''[[Anger]]''<br><small>''[[Hostility]]''</small> || [[wikt:terror|Terror]]<br><small>[[Panic]]</small> || ''[[Rage (emotion)|Rage]]''<br><small>''[[wikt:fury|Fury]]''</small>
|-
| [[Distraction]]<br><small>[[Uncertainty]]</small> || ''[[Interest (emotion)|Interest]]''<br><small>''[[Attentiveness]]''</small> || [[Surprise (emotion)|Surprise]] || ''[[Anticipation (emotion)|Anticipation]]''<br><small>''[[Expectancy]]''</small> || [[Wiktionary:amazement|Amazement]]<br><small>[[Astonishment]]</small> || ''[[Vigilance (psychology)|Vigilance]]''
|}


{|class="wikitable"
===Politeness===
|+ Dyads (Combinations)
Many Canadians are viewed as overly polite,<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qsBehThigR0C&pg=PA119&dq=canada+polite+stereotype&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjd67ffr6ziAhWIMBQKHYVNCbEQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=canada%20polite%20stereotype&f=false</ref> saying "eh"<ref>https://livelearn.ca/article/living-in-manitoba/why-do-canadians-say-eh-and-what-does-it-mean/</ref> and "sorry"<ref>https://www.cbc.ca/2017/sorry-can-we-talk-about-why-canadians-apologize-so-much-1.3939997</ref> a lot.
|-
! Human feelings
! Emotions
! Opposite feelings
! Emotions
|-
| [[Optimism]]<br><small>[[Courage]]</small> || Anticipation + Joy || ''[[Disappointment|Disapproval]]''<br><small>''[[Disappointment]]''</small> || Surprise + Sadness
|-
| [[Hope]]<br><small>[[Fatalism]]</small> || Anticipation + Trust || ''[[Wiktionary:unbelief|Unbelief]]''<br><small>''[[wikt:shock|Shock]]''</small> || Surprise + Disgust
|-
| [[Anxiety]]<br><small>[[wikt:dread|Dread]]</small> || Anticipation + Fear || ''[[Outrage (emotion)|Outrage]]''<br><small>''[[Hate]]''</small> || Surprise + Anger
|-
| [[Love]]<br><small>[[Friendliness]]</small> || Joy + Trust || ''[[Remorse]]''<br><small>''[[wikt:misery|Misery]]''</small> || Sadness + Disgust
|-
| [[Guilt (emotion)|Guilt]]<br><small>[[wikt:excitement|Excitement]]</small> || Joy + Fear || ''[[Envy]]''<br><small>''[[Sullenness]]''</small> || Sadness + Anger
|-
| [[Pleasure|Delight]]<br><small>[[wikt:doom|Doom]]</small> || Joy + Surprise || ''[[Pessimism]]'' || Sadness + Anticipation
|-
| [[Deference|Submission]]<br><small>[[Modesty]]</small> || Trust + Fear || ''[[Contempt]]''<br><small>''[[wikt:scorn|Scorn]]''</small> || Disgust + Anger
|-
| [[Curiosity]] || Trust + Surprise || ''[[Cynicism (contemporary)|Cynicism]]'' || Disgust + Anticipation
|-
| [[Sentimentality]]<br><small>[[Resignation]]</small> || Trust + Sadness || ''[[wikt:morbidness|Morbidness]]''<br><small>''[[Derisiveness]]''</small> || Disgust + Joy
|-
| [[Awe]]<br><small>[[Alarm]]</small> || Fear + Surprise || ''[[Aggressiveness]]''<br><small>''[[Revenge|Vengeance]]''</small> || Anger + Anticipation
|-
| [[Despair]] || Fear + Sadness || ''[[Pride]]''<br><small>''[[Victory]]''</small> || Anger + Joy
|-
| [[Shame]]<br><small>[[Prudishness]]</small> || Fear + Disgust || ''[[Expressions of dominance|Dominance]]'' || Anger + Trust
|}


{|class="wikitable"
===Hockey===
|+ Opposite combinations<ref name="auto"/>
Hockey is very popular in Canada, with some Canadians even assumed to be hockey fans.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/16/hockey-weed-and-taxes-canadian-stereotypes-debunked</ref>
|-
! Human feelings
! Emotions
|-
| <small>[[Conflict (process)|Conflict]]</small><br>[[Bittersweetness]] || Joy + Sadness
|-
| <small>[[Conflict (process)|Conflict]]</small><br>[[Ambivalence]] || Trust + Disgust
|-
| <small>[[Conflict (process)|Conflict]]</small><br>[[Frozenness]] || Fear + Anger
|-
| <small>[[Conflict (process)|Conflict]]</small><br>[[Confusion]] || Surprise + Anticipation
|}


Similar emotions in the wheel are adjacent to each other.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=JaQauznPoiEC&pg=PA34&dq=robert+plutchik's+the+nature+of+emotions#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Emotions|first=Robert|last=Plutchik|date=16 September 1991|publisher=University Press of America|accessdate=16 September 2017|via=Google Books|page=110|isbn=9780819182869}}</ref> Anger, Anticipation, Joy, and Trust are positive in valence, while Fear, Surprise, Sadness, and Disgust are negative in valence. Anger is classified as a "positive" emotion because it involves "moving toward" a goal<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=luHgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15&dq=plutchik+loneliness&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwic3OSDytrlAhVFK1AKHUcFCeQQ6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=plutchik+loneliness&f=false|title=Emotion and Reason: Mind, Brain, and the Social Domains of Work and Love|first=Warren D.|last=TenHouten|date=23 June 2014|publisher=Routledge|accessdate=10 December 2019|via=Google Books}}</ref>, while surprise is negative because it is a violation of someone's territory.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fLZ_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT83&dq=plutchik+%22unhappy+surprise%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZ2Y-6gdvlAhULa8AKHbqKC5AQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=plutchik+%22unhappy+surprise%22&f=false|title=A General Theory of Emotions and Social Life|first=Warren D.|last=TenHouten|date=22 November 2006|publisher=Routledge|accessdate=10 December 2019|via=Google Books}}</ref> The emotion dyads each have half-opposites and exact opposites:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4Iugww7z9JIC&pg=PA73&dq=plutchik+dyad+half-opposites&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjaw4W7hdvlAhWNTsAKHdN3DmwQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=plutchik+dyad+half-opposites&f=false|title=A General Theory of Emotions and Social Life|first=Warren D.|last=TenHouten|date=22 November 2006|publisher=Routledge|accessdate=10 December 2019|via=Google Books}}</ref>
===Winter===
Winters in Canada are notoriously cold,<ref>https://www.gapyear.com/articles/travel-ideas/how-to-survive-the-winter-in-canada</ref> although a common misconception is that it is cold all year round.<ref>https://www.thetravel.com/10-canada-stereotypes-that-are-hilariously-inaccurate-10-that-are-100-true/</ref>


{|class="wikitable"
===Food===
|+ Anticipation, Joy, Surprise, Sadness
Maple syrup<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/03/climate/climate-change-maple-syrup.html</ref> and poutine<ref>https://recipes.howstuffworks.com/poutine-canada.htm</ref> are stereotypical Canadian foods. Tim Hortons is stereotypical in Canada, although it is not completely dominant.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/09/tim-hortons-canada-coffee-brand-popularity-downfall</ref>
|-

! +
==References==
! Sadness
{{Reflist}}
! Joy
|-
!Anticipation
| [[Pessimism]] || [[Optimism]]
|-
!Surprise
| [[Disappointment|Disapproval]] || [[Pleasure|Delight]]
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Joy, Trust, Sadness, Disgust
|-
! +
! Disgust
! Trust
|-
!Joy
| [[wikt:morbidness|Morbidness]] || [[Love]]
|-
!Sadness
| [[Remorse]] || [[Sentimentality]]
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Trust, Fear, Disgust, Anger
|-
! +
! Fear
! Anger
|-
!Trust
| [[Submission]] || [[Expressions of dominance|Dominance]]
|-
!Disgust
| [[Shame]] || [[Contempt]]
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Fear, Surprise, Anger, Anticipation
|-
! +
! Surprise
! Anticipation
|-
!Anger
| [[Outrage]] || [[Aggressiveness]]
|-
!Fear
| [[Awe]] || [[Anxiety]]
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Trust, Surprise, Disgust, Anticipation
|-
! +
! Surprise
! Anticipation
|-
!Trust
| [[Curiosity]] || [[Hope]]
|-
!Disgust
| [[Unbelief]] || [[Cynicism (contemporary)|Cynicism]]
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Joy, Fear, Sadness, Anger
|-
! +
! Fear
! Anger
|-
!Joy
| [[Guilt (emotion)|Guilt]] || [[Pride]]
|-
!Sadness
| [[Depression (mood)|Despair]] || [[Envy]]
|}

Latest revision as of 19:36, 9 March 2023

Plutchik's wheel of emotions

[edit]
  Anticipation
  Joy
  Trust
  Fear
  Surprise
  Sadness
  Disgust
  Anger
The primary, secondary and tertiary dyads.

In 1980, Robert Plutchik diagrammed a wheel of eight emotions: joy, trust, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger and anticipation, inspired by his Ten Postulates.[1][2] Plutchik also theorized twenty-four "Primary", "Secondary", and "Tertiary" dyads (feelings composed of two emotions).[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] The wheel emotions can be paired in four groups:

Primary dyad = one petal apart = Love = Joy + Trust
Secondary dyad = two petals apart = Envy = Sadness + Anger
Tertiary dyad = three petals apart = Shame = Fear + Disgust
Opposite emotions = four petals apart = Anticipation ∉ Surprise

There are also triads, emotions formed from 3 primary emotions.[10] This leads to a combination of 24 dyads and 32 triads, making 56 emotions at 1 intensity level.[11] Emotions can be mild or intense;[12] for example, distraction is a mild form of surprise, and rage is an intense form of anger. The kinds of relation between each pair of emotions are:

Emotions and opposites
Mild emotion Mild opposite Basic emotion Basic opposite Intense emotion Intense opposite
Serenity Pensiveness
Gloominess		 Joy
Cheerfulness		 Sadness
Dejection		 Ecstasy
Elation		 Grief
Sorrow
Acceptance
Tolerance		 Boredom
Dislike		 Trust Disgust
Aversion		 Admiration
Adoration		 Loathing
Revulsion
Apprehension
Dismay		 Annoyance
Irritation		 Fear
Fright		 Anger
Hostility		 Terror
Panic		 Rage
Fury
Distraction
Uncertainty		 Interest
Attentiveness		 Surprise Anticipation
Expectancy		 Amazement
Astonishment		 Vigilance
Dyads (Combinations)
Human feelings Emotions Opposite feelings Emotions
Optimism
Courage		 Anticipation + Joy Disapproval
Disappointment		 Surprise + Sadness
Hope
Fatalism		 Anticipation + Trust Unbelief
Shock		 Surprise + Disgust
Anxiety
Dread		 Anticipation + Fear Outrage
Hate		 Surprise + Anger
Love
Friendliness		 Joy + Trust Remorse
Misery		 Sadness + Disgust
Guilt
Excitement		 Joy + Fear Envy
Sullenness		 Sadness + Anger
Delight
Doom		 Joy + Surprise Pessimism Sadness + Anticipation
Submission
Modesty		 Trust + Fear Contempt
Scorn		 Disgust + Anger
Curiosity Trust + Surprise Cynicism Disgust + Anticipation
Sentimentality
Resignation		 Trust + Sadness Morbidness
Derisiveness		 Disgust + Joy
Awe
Alarm		 Fear + Surprise Aggressiveness
Vengeance		 Anger + Anticipation
Despair Fear + Sadness Pride
Victory		 Anger + Joy
Shame
Prudishness		 Fear + Disgust Dominance Anger + Trust
Opposite combinations[6]
Human feelings Emotions
Conflict
Bittersweetness		 Joy + Sadness
Conflict
Ambivalence		 Trust + Disgust
Conflict
Frozenness		 Fear + Anger
Conflict
Confusion		 Surprise + Anticipation

Similar emotions in the wheel are adjacent to each other.[13] Anger, Anticipation, Joy, and Trust are positive in valence, while Fear, Surprise, Sadness, and Disgust are negative in valence. Anger is classified as a "positive" emotion because it involves "moving toward" a goal[14], while surprise is negative because it is a violation of someone's territory.[15] The emotion dyads each have half-opposites and exact opposites:[16]

Anticipation, Joy, Surprise, Sadness
+ Sadness Joy
Anticipation Pessimism Optimism
Surprise Disapproval Delight
Joy, Trust, Sadness, Disgust
+ Disgust Trust
Joy Morbidness Love
Sadness Remorse Sentimentality
Trust, Fear, Disgust, Anger
+ Fear Anger
Trust Submission Dominance
Disgust Shame Contempt
Fear, Surprise, Anger, Anticipation
+ Surprise Anticipation
Anger Outrage Aggressiveness
Fear Awe Anxiety
Trust, Surprise, Disgust, Anticipation
+ Surprise Anticipation
Trust Curiosity Hope
Disgust Unbelief Cynicism
Joy, Fear, Sadness, Anger
+ Fear Anger
Joy Guilt Pride
Sadness Despair Envy
  1. ^ "Basic Emotions—Plutchik". Personalityresearch.org. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  2. ^ Plutchik, R. "The Nature of Emotions". American Scientist. Archived from the original on July 16, 2001. Retrieved 14 April 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  3. ^ "Robert Plutchik's Psychoevolutionary Theory of Basic Emotions" (PDF). Adliterate.com. Retrieved 2017-06-05.
  4. ^ Jonathan Turner (1 June 2000). On the Origins of Human Emotions: A Sociological Inquiry Into the Evolution of Human Affect. Stanford University Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-8047-6436-0.
  5. ^ Atifa Athar; M. Saleem Khan; Khalil Ahmed; Aiesha Ahmed; Nida Anwar (June 2011). "A Fuzzy Inference System for Synergy Estimation of Simultaneous Emotion Dynamics in Agents". International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. 2 (6).
  6. ^ a b TenHouten, Warren D. (1 December 2016). Alienation and Affect. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317678533. Retrieved 25 June 2019 – via Google Books.
  7. ^ Chorianopoulos, Konstantinos; Divitini, Monica; Hauge, Jannicke Baalsrud; Jaccheri, Letizia; Malaka, Rainer (24 September 2015). Entertainment Computing - ICEC 2015: 14th International Conference, ICEC 2015, Trondheim, Norway, September 29 - October 2, 2015, Proceedings. Springer. ISBN 9783319245898. Retrieved 25 June 2019 – via Google Books.
  8. ^ Plutchik, Robert (25 June 1991). The Emotions. University Press of America. ISBN 9780819182869. Retrieved 25 June 2019 – via Google Books.
  9. ^ O'Shaughnessy, John (4 December 2012). Consumer Behaviour: Perspectives, Findings and Explanations. Macmillan International Higher Education. ISBN 9781137003782. Retrieved 25 June 2019 – via Google Books.
  10. ^ Plutchik, Robert (31 December 1991). The Emotions. University Press of America. ISBN 9780819182869. Retrieved 31 December 2018 – via Google Books.
  11. ^ Izard, Carroll Ellis (31 December 1971). "The face of emotion". Appleton-Century-Crofts. Retrieved 31 December 2018 – via Google Books.
  12. ^ "The Nature of Emotions" (PDF). Emotionalcompetency.com. Retrieved 2017-09-16.
  13. ^ Plutchik, Robert (16 September 1991). The Emotions. University Press of America. p. 110. ISBN 9780819182869. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via Google Books.
  14. ^ TenHouten, Warren D. (23 June 2014). "Emotion and Reason: Mind, Brain, and the Social Domains of Work and Love". Routledge. Retrieved 10 December 2019 – via Google Books.
  15. ^ TenHouten, Warren D. (22 November 2006). "A General Theory of Emotions and Social Life". Routledge. Retrieved 10 December 2019 – via Google Books.
  16. ^ TenHouten, Warren D. (22 November 2006). "A General Theory of Emotions and Social Life". Routledge. Retrieved 10 December 2019 – via Google Books.
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