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{{Short description|1920s American amphibious airliner}} |
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{|{{Infobox |
{|{{Infobox aircraft begin |
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| name=C-2 Air Yacht |
| name=C-2 Air Yacht |
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| image= |
| image=Loening XHL-1.jpg |
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| caption= |
| caption=One of the XHL-1s |
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}}{{Infobox |
}}{{Infobox aircraft type |
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| type=Amphibious airliner |
| type=Amphibious airliner |
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| national origin=United States |
| national origin=United States |
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| manufacturer=[[Loening]] |
| manufacturer=[[Loening]] |
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| designer= |
| designer=Grover Loening |
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| first flight=1928 |
| first flight=1928 |
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| introduced= |
| introduced= |
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The '''Loening C-2 Air Yacht''' was an amphibious airliner produced in the United States at the end of the 1920s, developed from the [[Loening OL|OL]] observation aircraft the firm was producing for the US military.<ref name="Flight 1928">"The Loening Cabin Amphibian", 415</ref> |
The '''Loening C-2 Air Yacht''' was an amphibious airliner produced in the United States at the end of the 1920s, developed from the [[Loening OL|OL]] observation aircraft the firm was producing for the US military.<ref name="Flight 1928">"The Loening Cabin Amphibian", 415</ref> |
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==Design and development== |
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The C-2 was a two-bay biplane of unconventional design, with a tall, narrow fuselage that nearly filled the interplane gap. The pilot (and sometimes one passenger) sat in an open cockpit at the top of the fuselage, with the engine mounted in front of them. Underneath the fuselage was a long "shoehorn"-style float, that extended forward underneath the engine and propeller. Four to six passengers could be accommodated in a fully enclosed cabin within the fuselage. The main units of the undercarriage retracted into wells in the sides of the fuselage. Stabilising floats were fitted against the undersides of the lower wing.<ref name="Flight 1928" /> |
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The C-2 was produced in two versions, the '''C-2C''' with a [[Wright Cyclone]] engine and the '''C-2H''' with a [[Pratt & Whitney Hornet]].<ref name="Aerofiles">Aerofiles</ref> Two examples of this latter version were evaluated by the [[USMC]] as air ambulances under the designation '''XHL-1'''.<ref name="Aerofiles"/> |
The C-2 was produced in two versions, the '''C-2C''' with a [[Wright Cyclone]] engine and the '''C-2H''' with a [[Pratt & Whitney Hornet]].<ref name="Aerofiles">Aerofiles</ref> Two examples of this latter version were evaluated by the [[USMC]] as air ambulances under the designation '''XHL-1'''.<ref name="Aerofiles"/> |
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==Operational history== |
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One C-2C, modified from an OL, was flown from [[New York]] to [[Bergen]] by [[Thor Solberg]] in 1935, the first flight from the United States to Norway.<ref name="NTM">"Highlights from the exhibitions in The Norwegian Museum of Science and Technology, Oslo"</ref> Solberg christened the aircraft ''[[Leiv Eiriksson]]'' and used it to roughly re-trace its namesake's journey across the Atlantic (albeit from West-to-East, and by air) via Greenland, Iceland, and the [[Faroe Islands]]. This aircraft is now preserved in the [[Norsk Teknisk Museum]] in [[Oslo]].<ref name="NTM" /> |
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One C-2C, modified from an OL, was flown from [[New York City]] to [[Bergen]] by [[Thor Solberg]] in 1935, the first flight from the United States to Norway.<ref name="NTM">"Highlights from the exhibitions in The Norwegian Museum of Science and Technology, Oslo"</ref> Solberg christened the aircraft ''[[Leiv Eiriksson]]'' and used it to roughly re-trace its namesake's journey across the Atlantic (albeit from West-to-East, and by air) via Greenland, Iceland, and the [[Faroe Islands]]. This aircraft is now preserved in the [[Norsk Teknisk Museum]] in [[Oslo]].<ref name="NTM" /> |
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Two C-2Hs were also used by the firm ''Air Ferries'' in the 1930s before the [[Oakland Bay Bridge|San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge]] was completed to transport passengers between Oakland and San Francisco, cutting a normal forty-minute ferry boat ride to just six minutes.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=T-QDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Science+1930+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics%22&pg=-PA105 "Special Pier for Air Ferry Speeds Bay Traffic" ''Popular Mechanics Monthly'', July 1930]</ref> |
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The [[Queen_Beatrix_International_Airport#History|first commercial flights]] in [[Aruba]] were made in 1934 using a C-2H which had been purchased from [[Standard Oil of New Jersey|Standard Oil]] in [[Venezuela]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.airportaruba.com/airport-history|title=Airport History|accessdate=16 September 2017}}</ref> |
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<!-- ==Development== --> |
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<!-- ==Operational history== --> |
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==Variants== |
==Variants== |
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* '''C-2C''' - [[Wright Cyclone]]-powered version (23 built) |
* '''C-2C''' - [[Wright Cyclone]]-powered version (23 built) |
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* '''C-2H''' - (USN designation '''XHL''') [[Pratt & |
* '''C-2H''' - (USN designation '''XHL''') [[Pratt & Whitney Hornet]]-powered version (13 built, plus one converted from C-2C. |
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==Operators== |
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===Civilian operators=== |
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==Specifications (C-2H) == |
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*Kohler Aviation Corporation <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wisconsinaviationhalloffame.org/blog/?p=733|title=Flying the Bridge Across Lake Michigan|accessdate=21 December 2020}}</ref> |
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{{aerospecs |
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*Air Ferries Ltd <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=T-QDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Science+1930+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics%22&pg=-PA105 "Special Pier for Air Ferry Speeds Bay Traffic" ''Popular Mechanics Monthly'', July 1930]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/history-seaplane-air-ferry-San-Francisco-Oakland-10331533.php|title=The short history of San Francisco's coolest commute|accessdate=21 December 2020}}</ref> |
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|ref=<!-- reference --> |
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|met or eng?=<!-- eng for US/UK aircraft, met for all others. You MUST include one or the other here, or no specifications will show -->eng |
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===Military operators=== |
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;{{USA}} |
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*[[United States Marine Corps]] |
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==Specifications (C-2H)== |
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[[File:Loening_C-1W_Amphibian_3-view_Aero_Digest_April_1928.png|thumb|Loening C-1W Amphibian 3-view drawing from Aero Digest April 1928]] |
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{{Aircraft specs |
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|prime units? = imp |
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|crew=One pilot |
|crew=One pilot |
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|capacity=7 passengers |
|capacity=7 passengers |
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| Line 48: | Line 60: | ||
|span ft=45 |
|span ft=45 |
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|span in=0 |
|span in=0 |
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|swept m=<!-- swing-wings --> |
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|swept ft=<!-- swing-wings --> |
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|swept in=<!-- swing-wings --> |
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|rot number=<!-- helicopters --> |
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|rot dia m=<!-- helicopters --> |
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|rot dia ft=<!-- helicopters --> |
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|rot dia in=<!-- helicopters --> |
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|dia m=<!-- airships etc --> |
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|dia ft=<!-- airships etc --> |
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|dia in=<!-- airships etc --> |
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|width m=<!-- if applicable --> |
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|width ft=<!-- if applicable --> |
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|width in=<!-- if applicable --> |
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|height m= |
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|height ft= |
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|height in= |
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|wing area sqm=46.8 |
|wing area sqm=46.8 |
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|wing area sqft=504 |
|wing area sqft=504 |
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|swept area sqm=<!-- swing-wings --> |
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|swept area sqft=<!-- swing-wings --> |
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|rot area sqm=<!-- helicopters --> |
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|rot area sqft=<!-- helicopters --> |
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|volume m3=<!-- lighter-than-air --> |
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|volume ft3=<!-- lighter-than-air --> |
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|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes --> |
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|wing profile=<!-- sailplanes --> |
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|empty weight kg= |
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|empty weight lb= |
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|gross weight kg=2,640 |
|gross weight kg=2,640 |
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|gross weight lb=5,800 |
|gross weight lb=5,800 |
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|lift kg=<!-- lighter-than-air --> |
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|lift lb=<!-- lighter-than-air --> |
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|eng1 number=1 |
|eng1 number=1 |
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|eng1 |
|eng1 name=[[Pratt & Whitney Hornet]] |
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|eng1 kw=<!-- prop engines -->390 |
|eng1 kw=<!-- prop engines -->390 |
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|eng1 hp=<!-- prop engines -->525 |
|eng1 hp=<!-- prop engines -->525 |
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|eng1 kn=<!-- jet/rocket engines --> |
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|eng1 lbf=<!-- jet/rocket engines --> |
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|eng1 kn-ab=<!-- afterburners --> |
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|eng1 lbf-ab=<!-- afterburners --> |
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|eng2 number= |
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|eng2 type= |
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|eng2 kw=<!-- prop engines --> |
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|eng2 hp=<!-- prop engines --> |
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|eng2 kn=<!-- jet/rocket engines --> |
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|eng2 lbf=<!-- jet/rocket engines --> |
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|eng2 kn-ab=<!-- afterburners --> |
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|eng2 lbf-ab=<!-- afterburners --> |
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|max speed kmh=190 |
|max speed kmh=190 |
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|max speed mph=120 |
|max speed mph=120 |
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|max speed mach=<!-- supersonic aircraft --> |
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|cruise speed kmh=<!-- if max speed unknown --> |
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|cruise speed mph=<!-- if max speed unknown --> |
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|stall speed kmh=<!-- aerobatic and STOL aircraft --> |
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|stall speed mph=<!-- aerobatic and STOL aircraft --> |
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|range km= |
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|range miles= |
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|endurance h=<!-- if range unknown --> |
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|endurance min=<!-- if range unknown --> |
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|ceiling m=4,300 |
|ceiling m=4,300 |
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|ceiling ft=14,000 |
|ceiling ft=14,000 |
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|g limits=<!-- aerobatic aircraft --> |
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|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic aircraft --> |
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|glide ratio=<!-- sailplanes --> |
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|climb rate ms= |
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|climb rate ftmin= |
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|sink rate ms=<!-- sailplanes --> |
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|sink rate ftmin=<!-- sailplanes --> |
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|armament1= |
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|armament2= |
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|armament3= |
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|armament4= |
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|armament5= |
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|armament6= |
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}} |
}} |
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<!-- ==See also== --> |
<!-- ==See also== --> |
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== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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== |
==External links== |
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{{commons category|Loening C-2}} |
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* {{cite web |title=Loening |work=Aerofiles |url=http://aerofiles.com/_loening.html |accessdate=2008-10-15}} |
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<!-- ==External links== --> |
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* {{cite web |title=Highlights from the exhibitions in The Norwegian Museum of Science and Technology, Oslo |work=Norsk Teknisk Museum website |url=http://biblioteknett.no/alias/HJEMMESIDE/ntm/eng/exhibitions/highlights.htm |accessdate=2008-10-15 }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
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* {{cite journal |title=The Loening Cabin Amphibian |journal=[[Flight International|Flight]] |date=7 June 1928 |pages=415–17 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1928/1928%20-%200459.html |accessdate=2008-10-15}} (This article actually describes the C-2's immediate predecessor, the Wasp-engined [[Loening C-1]].) |
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{{Loening aircraft}} |
{{Loening aircraft}} |
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{{USN hospital aircraft}} |
{{USN hospital aircraft}} |
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{{Aviation lists}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Loening aircraft|C-2]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:1920s United States airliners]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Floatplanes]] |
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[[Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft]] |
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[[Category:Biplanes]] |
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[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1928]] |
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Latest revision as of 20:50, 17 March 2023
| C-2 Air Yacht | |
|---|---|
| |
| One of the XHL-1s | |
| Role | Amphibious airliner |
| National origin | United States |
| Manufacturer | Loening |
| Designer | Grover Loening |
| First flight | 1928 |
| Number built | 36 |
The Loening C-2 Air Yacht was an amphibious airliner produced in the United States at the end of the 1920s, developed from the OL observation aircraft the firm was producing for the US military.[1]
Design and development
[edit]The C-2 was a two-bay biplane of unconventional design, with a tall, narrow fuselage that nearly filled the interplane gap. The pilot (and sometimes one passenger) sat in an open cockpit at the top of the fuselage, with the engine mounted in front of them. Underneath the fuselage was a long "shoehorn"-style float, that extended forward underneath the engine and propeller. Four to six passengers could be accommodated in a fully enclosed cabin within the fuselage. The main units of the undercarriage retracted into wells in the sides of the fuselage. Stabilising floats were fitted against the undersides of the lower wing.[1]
The C-2 was produced in two versions, the C-2C with a Wright Cyclone engine and the C-2H with a Pratt & Whitney Hornet.[2] Two examples of this latter version were evaluated by the USMC as air ambulances under the designation XHL-1.[2]
Operational history
[edit]One C-2C, modified from an OL, was flown from New York City to Bergen by Thor Solberg in 1935, the first flight from the United States to Norway.[3] Solberg christened the aircraft Leiv Eiriksson and used it to roughly re-trace its namesake's journey across the Atlantic (albeit from West-to-East, and by air) via Greenland, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands. This aircraft is now preserved in the Norsk Teknisk Museum in Oslo.[3]
Two C-2Hs were also used by the firm Air Ferries in the 1930s before the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge was completed to transport passengers between Oakland and San Francisco, cutting a normal forty-minute ferry boat ride to just six minutes.[4]
The first commercial flights in Aruba were made in 1934 using a C-2H which had been purchased from Standard Oil in Venezuela.[5]
Variants
[edit]- C-2C - Wright Cyclone-powered version (23 built)
- C-2H - (USN designation XHL) Pratt & Whitney Hornet-powered version (13 built, plus one converted from C-2C.
Operators
[edit]Civilian operators
[edit]Military operators
[edit]
Specifications (C-2H)
[edit]
General characteristics
- Crew: One pilot
- Capacity: 7 passengers
- Length: 34 ft 8 in (10.57 m)
- Wingspan: 45 ft 0 in (13.72 m)
- Wing area: 504 sq ft (46.8 m2)
- Gross weight: 5,800 lb (2,640 kg)
- Powerplant: 1 × Pratt & Whitney Hornet , 525 hp (390 kW)
Performance
- Maximum speed: 120 mph (190 km/h, 100 kn)
- Service ceiling: 14,000 ft (4,300 m)
References
[edit]- ^ a b "The Loening Cabin Amphibian", 415
- ^ a b Aerofiles
- ^ a b "Highlights from the exhibitions in The Norwegian Museum of Science and Technology, Oslo"
- ^ "Special Pier for Air Ferry Speeds Bay Traffic" Popular Mechanics Monthly, July 1930
- ^ "Airport History". Retrieved 16 September 2017.
- ^ "Flying the Bridge Across Lake Michigan". Retrieved 21 December 2020.
- ^ "Special Pier for Air Ferry Speeds Bay Traffic" Popular Mechanics Monthly, July 1930
- ^ "The short history of San Francisco's coolest commute". Retrieved 21 December 2020.
External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Loening C-2.
- "Loening". Aerofiles. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
- "Highlights from the exhibitions in The Norwegian Museum of Science and Technology, Oslo". Norsk Teknisk Museum website. Retrieved 2008-10-15.[permanent dead link]
- "The Loening Cabin Amphibian". Flight: 415–17. 7 June 1928. Retrieved 2008-10-15. (This article actually describes the C-2's immediate predecessor, the Wasp-engined Loening C-1.)