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Paul Erlich (born 1972) is a guitarist and music theorist living near Boston, Massachusetts. He is known for his seminal role in developing the theory of regular temperaments, including being the first to define pajara temperament^[1]^[2] and its decatonic scales in 22-ET.^[3] He holds a Bachelor of Science degree in physics from Yale University.

His definition of harmonic entropy, a refinement of a model by van Eck influenced by Ernst Terhardt^[4] has received attention from music theorists such as William Sethares.^[5] It is intended to model one of the components of dissonance as a measure of the uncertainty of the virtual pitch ("missing fundamental") evoked by a set of two or more pitches. This measures how easy or difficult it is to fit the pitches into a single harmonic series. For example, most listeners rank a ${4:5:6:7}$ harmonic seventh chord as far more consonant than a ${\tfrac {1}{4:5:6:7}}$ chord. Both have exactly the same set of intervals between the notes, under inversion, but the first one is easy to fit into a single harmonic series (overtones rather than undertones). In the harmonic series, the integers are much lower for the harmonic seventh chord, ${4:5:6:7}$ , versus its inverse, ${105:120:140:168}$ . Components of dissonance not modeled by this theory include critical band roughness as well as tonal context (e.g. an augmented second is more dissonant than a minor third even though both can be tuned to the same size, as in 12-ET).

For the $n$ th iteration of the Farey diagram, the mediant between the $j$ th element, $f_{j}=a_{j}/b_{j}$ , and the next highest element:

{\frac {a_{j}+a_{j+1}}{b_{j}+b_{j+1}}}

^[a]

is subtracted by the mediant between the element and the next lowest element:

{\frac {a_{j-1}+a_{j}}{b_{j-1}+b_{j}}}

From here, the process to compute harmonic entropy is as follows:
(a) compute the areas defined by the normal (Gaussian) bell curve on top, and the mediants on the sides
(b) normalize the sum of the areas to add to 1, such that each represents a probability
(c) calculate the entropy of that set of probabilities
See external links for a detailed description of the model of harmonic entropy.

Notes

^ The mediant of two ratios, ${\tfrac {a}{b}}$ and ${\tfrac {c}{d}}$ , is ${\tfrac {a+c}{b+d}}$ .

References

^ "Pajara", on Xenharmonic Wiki. Accessed 2013-10-29.
^ ""Alternate Tunings Mailing List", Yahoo! Groups". Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link).
^ Erlich, Paul (1998). "Tuning, Tonality, and Twenty-Two-Tone Temperament" (PDF). Xenharmonikôn. 17.
^ Sethares, William A. (2004). Tuning, Timbre, Spectrum, Scale (PDF). pp. 355–357.
^ Sethares, William (2005). Tuning, Timbre, Spectrum, Scale, p.371. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781852337971. "Harmonic entropy is a measure of the uncertainty in pitch perception, and it provides a physical correlate of tonalness ["the closeness of the partials of a complex sound to a harmonic series"], one aspect of the psychoacoustic concept of dissonance....high tonalness corresponds to low entropy and low tonalness corresponds to high entropy."

External links

"Some music theory from Paul Erlich", Lumma.org.
"A Middle Path: Between Just Intonation and the Equal Temperaments", DKeenan.com.
"Harmonic Entropy on the Xenharmonic Wiki", en.xen.wiki

[6] The mediant of two ratios, ${\tfrac {a}{b}}$ and ${\tfrac {c}{d}}$ , is ${\tfrac {a+c}{b+d}}$ .

[xenwiki-1] "Pajara", on Xenharmonic Wiki. Accessed 2013-10-29.

[tuning-2] ""Alternate Tunings Mailing List", Yahoo! Groups". Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link).

[twentytwo-3] Erlich, Paul (1998). "Tuning, Tonality, and Twenty-Two-Tone Temperament" (PDF). Xenharmonikôn. 17.

[harmonicentropy-4] Sethares, William A. (2004). Tuning, Timbre, Spectrum, Scale (PDF). pp. 355–357.

[5] Sethares, William (2005). Tuning, Timbre, Spectrum, Scale, p.371. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781852337971. "Harmonic entropy is a measure of the uncertainty in pitch perception, and it provides a physical correlate of tonalness ["the closeness of the partials of a complex sound to a harmonic series"], one aspect of the psychoacoustic concept of dissonance....high tonalness corresponds to low entropy and low tonalness corresponds to high entropy."

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[a]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{other people5|Paul Ehrlich (disambiguation)}}
 [[Image:Triadic harmonic entropy.png|thumb|Harmonic entropy for triads with lower interval and upper interval each ranging from 200 to 500 cents. Compare {{audio|Just major triad on C.mid|4:5:6}}, {{audio|Septimal minor triad on C.mid|6:7:9}}, and {{audio|Just minor triad on C.mid|10:12:15}}. See full resolution for locations of the triads on the plot]]
+[[File:Harmonic entropy Farey sequence.png|300px|thumb|The space around intervals is shown above for the Farey sequence, order 50.]]
-'''Paul Erlich''' (born 1972) is a [[guitarist]] and [[music theorist]] living near [[Boston]], Massachusetts. He is known for his seminal role in developing the theory of [[regular temperament]]s, including being the first to define '''pajara temperament'''<ref name=xenwiki>{{Xenharmonic wiki|Pajara}} Accessed 2013-10-29.{{Dead link|date=November 2018}}</ref><ref name=tuning>{{Cite web |url=http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/tuning/conversations/topics/33368 |title="Alternate Tunings Mailing List", ''Yahoo! Groups'' |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105233354/http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/tuning/conversations/topics/33368 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |url-status=bot: unknown |df=dmy-all }}.</ref> and its decatonic scales in [[22 equal temperament|22-ET]].<ref name=twentytwo>{{cite journal | last=Erlich | first=Paul | journal=Xenharmonikôn | title=Tuning, Tonality, and Twenty-Two-Tone Temperament | year=1998 | volume=17 | url=http://lumma.org/tuning/erlich/erlich-decatonic.pdf}}<!--Doesn't mention "pajara".--></ref>  He holds a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in [[physics]] from [[Yale|Yale University]].
+'''Paul Erlich''' (born 1972) is a [[guitarist]] and [[music theorist]] living near [[Boston]], Massachusetts. He is known for his seminal role in developing the theory of [[regular temperament]]s, including being the first to define '''pajara temperament'''<ref name=xenwiki>{{Xenharmonic wiki|Pajara}} Accessed 2013-10-29.</ref><ref name=tuning>{{Cite web |url=http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/tuning/conversations/topics/33368 |title="Alternate Tunings Mailing List", ''Yahoo! Groups'' |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105233354/http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/tuning/conversations/topics/33368 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |url-status=bot: unknown |df=dmy-all }}.</ref> and its decatonic scales in [[22 equal temperament|22-ET]].<ref name=twentytwo>{{cite journal | last=Erlich | first=Paul | journal=Xenharmonikôn | title=Tuning, Tonality, and Twenty-Two-Tone Temperament | year=1998 | volume=17 | url=http://lumma.org/tuning/erlich/erlich-decatonic.pdf}}<!--Doesn't mention "pajara".--></ref>  He holds a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in [[physics]] from [[Yale|Yale University]].
-His definition of '''harmonic entropy''' influenced by [[Ernst Terhardt]]<ref name=harmonicentropy>{{cite book | title=Tuning, Timbre, Spectrum, Scale | year=2004 | last=Sethares | first=William A. | pages=355–357 | url=http://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/paperspdf/HarmonicEntropy.pdf}}</ref> has received attention from music theorists such as [[William Sethares]]. It is intended to model one of the components of [[consonance and dissonance|dissonance]] as a measure of the uncertainty of the [[virtual pitch|virtual pitch ("missing fundamental")]] evoked by a set of two or more pitches. This measures how easy or difficult it is to fit the pitches into a single [[Harmonic series (music)|harmonic series]]. For example, most listeners rank a <math>{4:5:6:7}</math> [[harmonic seventh chord|harmonic seventh]] [[chord (music)|chord]] as far more [[consonance and dissonance|consonant]] than a <math>\tfrac{1}{4:5:6:7}</math> chord. Both have exactly the same set of intervals between the notes, under [[inversional equivalency|inversion]], but the first one is easy to fit into a single harmonic series ([[overtone]]s rather than [[undertone series|undertones]]). In the harmonic series, the integers are much lower for the harmonic seventh chord, <math>{4:5:6:7}</math>, versus its inverse, <math>{105:120:140:168}</math>. Components of dissonance not modeled by this theory include [[critical band]] roughness as well as tonal context (e.g. an [[augmented second]] is more dissonant than a [[minor third]] even though both can be tuned to the same size, as in [[Equal temperament|12-ET]]).
+His definition of '''harmonic entropy''', a refinement of a model by van Eck influenced by [[Ernst Terhardt]]<ref name=harmonicentropy>{{cite book | title=Tuning, Timbre, Spectrum, Scale | year=2004 | last=Sethares | first=William A. | pages=355–357 | url=http://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/paperspdf/HarmonicEntropy.pdf}}</ref> has received attention from music theorists such as [[William Sethares]].<ref>Sethares, William (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=KChoKKhjOb0C&dq=%22harmonic+entropy%22&pg=PA371 Tuning, Timbre, Spectrum, Scale]'', p.371. Springer Science & Business Media. {{ISBN|9781852337971}}. "Harmonic entropy is a measure of the uncertainty in pitch perception, and it provides a physical correlate of [[tonality|tonalness]] ["the closeness of the partials of a complex sound to a harmonic series"], one aspect of the psychoacoustic concept of dissonance....high tonalness corresponds to low entropy and low tonalness corresponds to high entropy."</ref> It is intended to model one of the components of [[consonance and dissonance|dissonance]] as a measure of the uncertainty of the [[virtual pitch|virtual pitch ("missing fundamental")]] evoked by a set of two or more pitches. This measures how easy or difficult it is to fit the pitches into a single [[Harmonic series (music)|harmonic series]]. For example, most listeners rank a <math>{4:5:6:7}</math> [[harmonic seventh chord|harmonic seventh]] [[chord (music)|chord]] as far more [[consonance and dissonance|consonant]] than a <math>\tfrac{1}{4:5:6:7}</math> chord. Both have exactly the same set of intervals between the notes, under [[inversional equivalency|inversion]], but the first one is easy to fit into a single harmonic series ([[overtone]]s rather than [[undertone series|undertones]]). In the harmonic series, the integers are much lower for the harmonic seventh chord, <math>{4:5:6:7}</math>, versus its inverse, <math>{105:120:140:168}</math>. Components of dissonance not modeled by this theory include [[critical band]] roughness as well as tonal context (e.g. an [[augmented second]] is more dissonant than a [[minor third]] even though both can be tuned to the same size, as in [[Equal temperament|12-ET]]).
 For the <math>n</math>th iteration of the [[Farey diagram]], the [[mediant (mathematics)|mediant]] between the <math>j</math>th element, <math>f_j=a_j/b_j</math>, and the next highest element:
@@ Line 10: / Line 11: @@
 is subtracted by the mediant between the element and the next lowest element:
 :<math>\frac{a_{j-1} +a_j}{b_{j-1}+b_j}</math>
+From here, the process to compute harmonic entropy is as follows:
-Distances, <math>r_j</math>, which are larger indicate less dissonance (more clarity) and smaller distances indicate more dissonance (more ambiguity).
+<br>(a) compute the areas defined by the normal (Gaussian) bell curve on top, and the mediants on the sides
+<br>(b) normalize the sum of the areas to add to 1, such that each represents a probability
+<br>(c) calculate the entropy of that set of probabilities
+<br>See external links for a detailed description of the model of harmonic entropy.
 ==Notes==
@@ Line 21: / Line 26: @@
 *"[http://lumma.org/tuning/erlich Some music theory from Paul Erlich]", ''Lumma.org''.
 *"[http://dkeenan.com/Music/MiddlePath.pdf A Middle Path: Between Just Intonation and the Equal Temperaments]", ''DKeenan.com''.
+*"[https://en.xen.wiki/enwiki/w/Harmonic_Entropy Harmonic Entropy on the Xenharmonic Wiki]", ''en.xen.wiki''
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Erlich, Paul}}
@@ Line 26: / Line 32: @@
 [[Category:1972 births]]
 [[Category:American music theorists]]
-[[Category:American guitarists]]
+[[Category:American male guitarists]]
 [[Category:21st-century guitarists]]
+[[Category:21st-century American male musicians]]