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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
|name = Coastal paperbark
|name = Coastal paperbark
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|genus = Melaleuca
|genus = Melaleuca
|species = acacioides
|species = acacioides
|authority = [[F.Muell.]]<ref name="WCSP">{{WCSP | 123461 | ''Melaleuca acacioides'' }}</ref>
|authority = [[F.Muell.]]<ref name="POWO">{{cite web |title=''Melaleuca acacioides'' |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:597821-1 |publisher=Plants of the World Online |access-date=11 November 2022}}</ref>
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO" />
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="Craven">{{cite journal|last1=Craven|first1=Lyndley A.|last2=Lepschi|first2=Brendan J.|title=Enumeration of the species and infraspecific taxa of Melaleuca (Myrtaceae) occurring in Australia and Tasmania|journal=Australian Systematic Botany|date=1999|volume=12|issue=6|pages=819–928|doi=10.1071/SB98019}}</ref>
|synonyms =
|synonyms =
* ''Myrtoleucodendron acacioides'' <small>([[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell.]]) [[Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]]</small>
* ''Myrtoleucodendron acacioides'' <small>([[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell.]]) [[Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]]</small>
* ''Melaleuca graminea'' <small>[[S.Moore]]</small>
}}
}}


'''''Melaleuca acacioides''''', commonly known as '''coastal paperbark'''<ref name=FloraBase>{{FloraBase|name=''Melaleuca acacioides''|id=5867}}</ref> and as '''lunyamad''' by the [[Bardi people]],<ref name=Smith>{{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=Moya|last2=Kalotas|first2=Arpad C.|title=Bardi Plants: An Annotated List of Plants and Their Use by the Bardi Aborigines of Dampierland, in North-western Australia|journal=Records of the Western Australian Museum|date=1985|volume=12|issue=3|page=356|url=http://museum.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/BARDI%20PLANTS%20AN%20ANNOTATED%20LIST%20OF%20PLANTS%20AND%20THEIR%20USE%20BY%20THE%20BARDI%20ABORIGINES%20OF%20DAMPIERLAND,%20IN%20NORTH-WESTERN%20AUSTRALIA.pdf|accessdate=30 August 2015}}</ref> is a plant in the myrtle [[Family (biology)|family]], [[Myrtaceae]] and is [[Indigenous (ecology)|native]] to the northern parts of the [[Northern Territory]], [[Cape York Peninsula]] and [[New Guinea]]. It is closely related to ''[[Melaleuca alsophila]]'' and ''[[Melaleuca citrolens]]'', being differentiated from them by the number of flowers in a group. In this species, they are in groups of three (called triads). It is a small to medium-sized tree, sometimes with several trunks when growing in the open. It usually grows in areas with saline soils that are regularly flooded, often near mangroves.[[File:Melaleuca acacioides.jpg|thumb|225px|Distribution of ''M. acadioides'']]
'''''Melaleuca acacioides''''', commonly known as '''coastal paperbark'''<ref name=FloraBase>{{FloraBase|name=''Melaleuca acacioides''|id=5867}}</ref> and as '''lunyamad''' by the [[Bardi people]],<ref name=Smith>{{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=Moya|last2=Kalotas|first2=Arpad C.|title=Bardi Plants: An Annotated List of Plants and Their Use by the Bardi Aborigines of Dampierland, in North-western Australia|journal=Records of the Western Australian Museum|date=1985|volume=12|issue=3|page=356|url=http://museum.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/BARDI%20PLANTS%20AN%20ANNOTATED%20LIST%20OF%20PLANTS%20AND%20THEIR%20USE%20BY%20THE%20BARDI%20ABORIGINES%20OF%20DAMPIERLAND,%20IN%20NORTH-WESTERN%20AUSTRALIA.pdf|access-date=30 August 2015}}</ref> is a plant in the myrtle [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Myrtaceae]], and is [[Native plant|native]] to the far north of Australia and the island of [[New Guinea]]. It is closely related to ''[[Melaleuca alsophila]]'' and ''[[Melaleuca citrolens]]'', being differentiated from them by the number of flowers in a group. In this species, they are in groups of three (called triads). It is a small to medium-sized tree, sometimes with several trunks when growing in the open. It usually grows in areas with saline soils that are regularly flooded, often near mangroves.[[File:Melaleuca acacioides.jpg|thumb|225px|Distribution of ''M. acadioides'']]


==Description==
==Description==
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The flowers are white to cream and arranged in spikes, sometimes at the tips of the branches and sometimes in the leaf axils. Each spike contains 2 to 10 groups of flowers in threes. The stamens are arranged in five bundles around the flower and each bundle contains 6 or 7 stamens. Flowers appear in winter and spring and are followed by woody [[Capsule (botany)|capsules]] {{convert|1.6-2.3|mm|in|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} long grouped in clusters along the stem.<ref name="Brophy" /><ref name=Holliday>{{cite book|last1=Holliday|first1=Ivan|title=Melaleucas : a field and garden guide|date=2004|publisher=Reed New Holland Publishers|location=Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.|isbn=1876334983|page=14|edition=2nd}}</ref>
The flowers are white to cream and arranged in spikes, sometimes at the tips of the branches and sometimes in the leaf axils. Each spike contains 2 to 10 groups of flowers in threes. The stamens are arranged in five bundles around the flower and each bundle contains 6 or 7 stamens. Flowers appear in winter and spring and are followed by woody [[Capsule (botany)|capsules]] {{convert|1.6-2.3|mm|in|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} long grouped in clusters along the stem.<ref name="Brophy" /><ref name=Holliday>{{cite book|last1=Holliday|first1=Ivan|title=Melaleucas : a field and garden guide|date=2004|publisher=Reed New Holland Publishers|location=Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.|isbn=1876334983|page=14|edition=2nd}}</ref>
[[File:Melaleuca acacioides flowers.jpg|thumb|225px|flowers]]
[[File:Melaleuca acacioides flowers.jpg|thumb|225px|Flowers]]
[[File:Melaleuca acacioides 02.JPG|thumb|225px|foliage]]
[[File:Melaleuca acacioides 02.JPG|thumb|225px|Foliage]]
[[File:Melaleuca acacioides 03.JPG|thumb|225px|fruits]]
[[File:Melaleuca acacioides 03.JPG|thumb|225px|Fruit]]


==Taxonomy and naming==
==Taxonomy and naming==
''Melaleuca acacioides'' was first described in 1862 by [[Ferdinand von Mueller]] in ''[[Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae]]''.<ref name=APNI>{{cite web|title=''Melaleuca acacioides''|url= https://biodiversity.org.au/boa/instance/apni/484960|publisher=APNI|accessdate=23 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=Mueller>{{cite book|last1=von Mueller|first1=Ferdinand|title=Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae (Volume 3)|date=1862|location=Melbourne|page=116|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7220#page/123/mode/1up|accessdate=9 August 2015}}</ref> The [[Botanical name|specific epithet]] (''acacioides'') is a reference to the similarity of the leaves to those of some ''[[Acacia]]'' species.<ref name="Brophy" /> The ending ''-oides'' is a [[Latin]] [[wikt:suffix|suffix]] meaning "resembling" or "having the form of".<ref name="RWB">{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Roland Wilbur|title=The Composition of Scientific Words|date=1956|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|location=Washington, D.C.|page =483}}</ref>
''Melaleuca acacioides'' was first described in 1862 by [[Ferdinand von Mueller]] in ''[[Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae]]''.<ref name=APNI>{{cite web|title=''Melaleuca acacioides'' |url=https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/484960|publisher=APNI|accessdate=23 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=Mueller>{{cite book|last1=von Mueller|first1=Ferdinand|title=Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae (Volume 3)|date=1862|location=Melbourne|page=116|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7220#page/123/mode/1up|accessdate=9 August 2015}}</ref> The [[Botanical name|specific epithet]] (''acacioides'') is a reference to the similarity of the leaves to those of some ''[[Acacia]]'' species.<ref name="Brophy" /> The ending ''-oides'' is a [[Latin]] [[wikt:suffix|suffix]] meaning "resembling" or "having the form of".<ref name="RWB">{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Roland Wilbur|title=The Composition of Scientific Words|date=1956|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|location=Washington, D.C.|page =483}}</ref>


In 1986, the genus ''Melaleuca'' was reviewed by Bryan Barlow and ''Melaleuca acacioides'' was separated into three groups - a new species, ''[[Melaleuca citrolens]]'' and two subspecies:<ref name=Barlow>{{cite journal|last1=Barlow|first1=Bryan A.|title=Contributions to a revision of Melaleuca (Myrtaceae): 1—3|journal=Australian Systematic Botany|date=1986|volume=9|issue=2|page=163|url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/BRU9860163.htm|accessdate=3 March 2015|doi=10.1071/BRU9860163}}</ref>
In 1986, the genus ''Melaleuca'' was reviewed by Bryan Barlow and ''Melaleuca acacioides'' was separated into three groups - a new species, ''[[Melaleuca citrolens]]'' and two subspecies:<ref name=Barlow>{{cite journal|last1=Barlow|first1=Bryan A.|title=Contributions to a revision of ''Melaleuca'' (Myrtaceae): 1—3|journal=Australian Systematic Botany|date=1986|volume=9|issue=2|page=163|url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/BRU9860163.htm|accessdate=3 March 2015|doi=10.1071/BRU9860163}}</ref>
*''Melaleuca acacioides ''<small>[[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell.]]</small> subsp.'' acacioides''<ref name=APNI2>{{cite web|title=''Melaleuca acacioides'' subsp.''acacioides''|url= https://biodiversity.org.au/boa/name/apni/73039|publisher=APNI|accessdate=26 July 2015}}</ref>
*''Melaleuca acacioides ''<small>[[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell.]]</small> subsp.'' acacioides''<ref name=APNI2>{{cite web|title=''Melaleuca acacioides'' subsp.''acacioides''|url= https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/73039|publisher=APNI|accessdate=26 July 2015}}</ref>
*''Melaleuca acacioides ''<small>([[Allan Cunningham (botanist)|A.Cunn.]]ex [[George Bentham|Benth.]]) Barlow</small> subsp.'' alsophila''.<ref name=APNI3>{{cite web|title=''Melaleuca acacioides'' subsp. ''alsophila''|url=https://biodiversity.org.au/boa/instance/apni/484975|publisher=APNI|accessdate=26 July 2015}}</ref>
*''Melaleuca acacioides ''<small>([[Allan Cunningham (botanist)|A.Cunn.]]ex [[George Bentham|Benth.]]) Barlow</small> subsp.'' alsophila''.<ref name=APNI3>{{cite web|title=''Melaleuca acacioides'' subsp. ''alsophila''|url=https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/484975|publisher=APNI|accessdate=26 July 2015}}</ref>


==Distribution and habitat==
==Distribution and habitat==
''Melaleuca acacioides'' occurs from western [[Arnhem Land]] in the [[Northern Territory]] to [[Cape York Peninsula]] and [[New Guinea]]. It grows on the landward side of [[mangrove]]s and [[samphire]] in slightly saline soils.<ref name="Brophy" />
''Melaleuca acacioides'' occurs from western [[Arnhem Land]] in the [[Northern Territory]] to [[Cape York Peninsula]] in Australia, and on the island of [[New Guinea]]. It grows on the landward side of [[mangrove]]s and [[samphire]] in slightly saline soils.<ref name="Brophy" />


==Uses==
==Uses==


===Traditional uses===
===Traditional uses===
Aboriginal people used the leaves of ''Melaleuca acacioides'' (and of ''[[Melaleuca argentea|M. argentea]]'' and ''[[Melaleuca leucadendra|M. leucadendra]]'') as flavouring in cooking. "Bee bread" (produced from pollen) and honey were foods collected from native bee hives prevalent in swamp forests, including those of ''Melaleuca acacioides''.<ref name=Brophy2>{{cite book|last1=Brophy|first1=Joseph J.|last2=Craven|first2=Lyndley A.|last3=Doran|first3=John C.|title=Melaleucas : their botany, essential oils and uses|date=2013|publisher=Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research|location=Canberra|isbn=9781922137517|page=33|url=http://aciar.gov.au/files/mn156-prelims_1.pdf|accessdate=3 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528213958/http://aciar.gov.au/files/mn156-prelims_1.pdf|archive-date=28 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Williams>{{cite book|last1=Williams|first1=Cheryll|title=Medicinal plants in Australia.|date=2010|publisher=Rosenberg Publishing|location=Kenthurst, N.S.W.|isbn=9781877058790|page=200|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4c5UAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA200&lpg=PA200&dq=Melaleuca+acacioides|accessdate=7 April 2015}}</ref>
Aboriginal people used the leaves of ''Melaleuca acacioides'' (and of ''[[Melaleuca argentea|M. argentea]]'' and ''[[Melaleuca leucadendra|M. leucadendra]]'') as flavouring in cooking. "Bee bread" (produced from pollen) and honey were foods collected from native bee hives prevalent in swamp forests, including those of ''Melaleuca acacioides''.<ref name=Brophy2>{{cite book|last1=Brophy|first1=Joseph J.|last2=Craven|first2=Lyndley A.|last3=Doran|first3=John C.|title=Melaleucas : their botany, essential oils and uses|date=2013|publisher=Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research|location=Canberra|isbn=9781922137517|page=33|url=http://aciar.gov.au/files/mn156-prelims_1.pdf|accessdate=3 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528213958/http://aciar.gov.au/files/mn156-prelims_1.pdf|archive-date=28 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Williams>{{cite book|last1=Williams|first1=Cheryll|title=Medicinal plants in Australia.|date=2010|publisher=Rosenberg Publishing|location=Kenthurst, N.S.W.|isbn=9781877058790|page=200|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4c5UAQAAQBAJ&q=Melaleuca+acacioides&pg=PA200|accessdate=7 April 2015}}</ref>


===Essential oils===
===Essential oils===
Line 40: Line 42:


===Other uses===
===Other uses===
The timber of ''Melaleuca acadioides'' is strong and dark coloured.<ref name=Maiden>{{cite book|last1=Maiden|first1=Joseph Henry|title=The Useful Native Plants of Australia|date=1889|publisher=Trubner and Co.|location=Ludgate Hill|page=568|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12453771#page/586/mode/1up|accessdate=30 August 2015}}</ref> The trunks may have a use as small poles and as fuel. ''Melaleuca acacioides'' may also be useful as a windbreak in difficult coastal situations.<ref name=Southwell>{{cite book|last1=Southwell|first1=Ian|last2=Lowe|first2=Robert|title=Tea Tree the Genus Melaleuca.|date=1999|publisher=CRC Press|location=London|isbn=0203303601|page=241|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZBN667HIaEC&pg=PA241&lpg=PA241&dq=Melaleuca+acacioides|accessdate=25 July 2015}}</ref>
The timber of ''Melaleuca acadioides'' is strong and dark coloured.<ref name=Maiden>{{cite book|last1=Maiden|first1=Joseph Henry|title=The Useful Native Plants of Australia|date=1889|publisher=Trubner and Co.|location=Ludgate Hill|page=568|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12453771#page/586/mode/1up|accessdate=30 August 2015}}</ref> The trunks may have a use as small poles and as fuel. ''Melaleuca acacioides'' may also be useful as a windbreak in difficult coastal situations.<ref name=Southwell>{{cite book|last1=Southwell|first1=Ian|last2=Lowe|first2=Robert|title=Tea Tree the Genus Melaleuca.|date=1999|publisher=CRC Press|location=London|isbn=0203303601|page=241|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZBN667HIaEC&q=Melaleuca+acacioides&pg=PA241|accessdate=25 July 2015}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[List of Melaleuca species|List of ''Melaleuca'' species]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q3005803}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3005803}}

Latest revision as of 23:33, 20 March 2023

Coastal paperbark
Melaleuca acacioides near mangroves and Cooktown Cemetery, Queensland
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Myrtaceae
Genus: Melaleuca
Species:
M. acacioides
Binomial name
Melaleuca acacioides
Synonyms[1]

Melaleuca acacioides, commonly known as coastal paperbark[2] and as lunyamad by the Bardi people,[3] is a plant in the myrtle family Myrtaceae, and is native to the far north of Australia and the island of New Guinea. It is closely related to Melaleuca alsophila and Melaleuca citrolens, being differentiated from them by the number of flowers in a group. In this species, they are in groups of three (called triads). It is a small to medium-sized tree, sometimes with several trunks when growing in the open. It usually grows in areas with saline soils that are regularly flooded, often near mangroves.

Distribution of M. acadioides

Description

[edit]

Melaleuca acacioides is a tree, usually with white or grey papery bark, sometimes growing as high as 10 m (30 ft). The young growth is covered with rather long, soft hairs. Its leaves are arranged alternately on the stems, and are 23–70 mm (0.9–3 in) long and 6–14 mm (0.2–0.6 in) wide, glabrous when mature, narrow oval in shape, sometimes with a small point on the end and with many distinct oil glands.[4]

The flowers are white to cream and arranged in spikes, sometimes at the tips of the branches and sometimes in the leaf axils. Each spike contains 2 to 10 groups of flowers in threes. The stamens are arranged in five bundles around the flower and each bundle contains 6 or 7 stamens. Flowers appear in winter and spring and are followed by woody capsules 1.6–2.3 mm (0.06–0.09 in) long grouped in clusters along the stem.[4][5]

Flowers
Foliage
Fruit

Taxonomy and naming

[edit]

Melaleuca acacioides was first described in 1862 by Ferdinand von Mueller in Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae.[6][7] The specific epithet (acacioides) is a reference to the similarity of the leaves to those of some Acacia species.[4] The ending -oides is a Latin suffix meaning "resembling" or "having the form of".[8]

In 1986, the genus Melaleuca was reviewed by Bryan Barlow and Melaleuca acacioides was separated into three groups - a new species, Melaleuca citrolens and two subspecies:[9]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

Melaleuca acacioides occurs from western Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory to Cape York Peninsula in Australia, and on the island of New Guinea. It grows on the landward side of mangroves and samphire in slightly saline soils.[4]

Uses

[edit]

Traditional uses

[edit]

Aboriginal people used the leaves of Melaleuca acacioides (and of M. argentea and M. leucadendra) as flavouring in cooking. "Bee bread" (produced from pollen) and honey were foods collected from native bee hives prevalent in swamp forests, including those of Melaleuca acacioides.[12][13]

Essential oils

[edit]

Selinenes, which are an important part of celery seed oil, are major components of the essential oils extracted from the leaves of this species.[4][14]

Other uses

[edit]

The timber of Melaleuca acadioides is strong and dark coloured.[15] The trunks may have a use as small poles and as fuel. Melaleuca acacioides may also be useful as a windbreak in difficult coastal situations.[14]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Melaleuca acacioides". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  2. ^ "Melaleuca acacioides". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
  3. ^ Smith, Moya; Kalotas, Arpad C. (1985). "Bardi Plants: An Annotated List of Plants and Their Use by the Bardi Aborigines of Dampierland, in North-western Australia" (PDF). Records of the Western Australian Museum. 12 (3): 356. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d e Brophy, Joseph J.; Craven, Lyndley A.; Doran, John C. (2013). Melaleucas : their botany, essential oils and uses (PDF). Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. p. 65. ISBN 9781922137517. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
  5. ^ Holliday, Ivan (2004). Melaleucas : a field and garden guide (2nd ed.). Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Reed New Holland Publishers. p. 14. ISBN 1876334983.
  6. ^ "Melaleuca acacioides". APNI. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  7. ^ von Mueller, Ferdinand (1862). Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae (Volume 3). Melbourne. p. 116. Retrieved 9 August 2015.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^ Brown, Roland Wilbur (1956). The Composition of Scientific Words. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 483.
  9. ^ Barlow, Bryan A. (1986). "Contributions to a revision of Melaleuca (Myrtaceae): 1—3". Australian Systematic Botany. 9 (2): 163. doi:10.1071/BRU9860163. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  10. ^ "Melaleuca acacioides subsp.acacioides". APNI. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
  11. ^ "Melaleuca acacioides subsp. alsophila". APNI. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
  12. ^ Brophy, Joseph J.; Craven, Lyndley A.; Doran, John C. (2013). Melaleucas : their botany, essential oils and uses (PDF). Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. p. 33. ISBN 9781922137517. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  13. ^ Williams, Cheryll (2010). Medicinal plants in Australia. Kenthurst, N.S.W.: Rosenberg Publishing. p. 200. ISBN 9781877058790. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  14. ^ a b Southwell, Ian; Lowe, Robert (1999). Tea Tree the Genus Melaleuca. London: CRC Press. p. 241. ISBN 0203303601. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  15. ^ Maiden, Joseph Henry (1889). The Useful Native Plants of Australia. Ludgate Hill: Trubner and Co. p. 568. Retrieved 30 August 2015.