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Crenation (from modern Latin crenatus meaning "scalloped or notched", from popular Latin crena meaning "notch")^[1] in botany and zoology, describes an object's shape, especially a leaf or shell, as being round-toothed or having a scalloped edge.^[1]

The descriptor can apply to objects of different types, including cells, where one mechanism of crenation is the contraction of a cell after exposure to a hypertonic solution, due to the loss of water through osmosis.^[2]^{: 229–230} In a hypertonic environment, the cell has a lower concentration of solutes than the surrounding extracellular fluid, and water diffuses out of the cell by osmosis, causing the cytoplasm to decrease in volume. As a result, the cell shrinks and the cell membrane develops abnormal notchings. Pickling cucumbers and salt-curing of meat are two practical applications of crenation.^[2]^: 229

Plasmolysis is the term which describes plant cells when the cytoplasm shrinks from the cell wall in a hypertonic environment. In plasmolysis, the cell wall stays intact, but the plasma membrane shrinks and the chloroplasts of the plant cell concentrate in the center of the cell.

Red blood cells

In (d) the RBCs are rendered crenated from a hypertonic solution

Crenation is also used to describe a feature of red blood cells. These erythrocytes look as if they have projections extending from a smaller central area, like a spiked ball. The crenations may be either large, irregular spicules of acanthocytes, or smaller, more numerous, regularly irregular projections of echinocytes.^[3] Acanthocytes and echinocytes may arise from abnormalities of the cell membrane lipids or proteins, or from other disease processes, or as an ex vivo artifact.

References

^ ^a ^b "Crenate". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on July 31, 2012.
^ ^a ^b Stoker, HS (2012). General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (6th ed.). ISBN 978-1133103943.
^ Kaushansky, K; Lichtman, M; Beutler, E; Kipps, T; Prchal, J; Seligsohn, U. (2010). Williams Hematology (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0071621519.

External links

Image from Cornell.edu
Crenation at medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com

[Oxford-1] "Crenate". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on July 31, 2012.

[Stoker_2012_6-2] Stoker, HS (2012). General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (6th ed.). ISBN 978-1133103943.

[Williams_2010_8-3] Kaushansky, K; Lichtman, M; Beutler, E; Kipps, T; Prchal, J; Seligsohn, U. (2010). Williams Hematology (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0071621519.

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[2]

[3]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[File:Crenate (PSF).png|200px|thumbnail|right|Diagram of a crenated leaf]]
+[[File:Crenate (PSF).svg|200px|thumbnail|right|Diagram of a crenated leaf]]
-'''Crenation''' (from modern Latin ''crenatus'' meaning 'scalloped or notched', from popular Latin ''crena''  meaning 'notch')<ref name="Oxford" /> in botany and zoology, describes a phenomenon in which several billions of people collapse suddenley to their deaths.
+'''Crenation''' (from modern Latin ''crenatus'' meaning "scalloped or notched", from popular Latin ''crena''  meaning "notch")<ref name="Oxford" /> in botany and zoology, describes an object's shape, especially a leaf or shell, as being round-toothed or having a scalloped edge.<ref name="Oxford" />
-The descriptor can apply to objects of different types, including cells, where one mechanism of crenation is the contraction of a cell after exposure to a [[Tonicity#Hypertonicity|hypertonic solution]], due to the loss of water through [[osmosis]].<ref name ="Stoker_2012_6" />{{rp|229-230}}  In a hypertonic environment, the cell has a lower concentration of [[Solution|solutes]] than the surrounding [[extracellular fluid]], and [[water]] [[diffusion|diffuses]] out of the cell by osmosis, causing the [[cytoplasm]] to decrease in volume. As a result, the cell shrinks and the [[cell membrane]] develops abnormal notchings. [[Pickled cucumber|Pickling cucumbers]] and [[Curing (food preservation)|salt-curing]] of meat are two practical applications of crenation.<ref name ="Stoker_2012_6" />{{rp|229}}
+The descriptor can apply to objects of different types, including cells, where one mechanism of crenation is the contraction of a cell after exposure to a [[Tonicity#Hypertonic solution|hypertonic solution]], due to the loss of water through [[osmosis]].<ref name ="Stoker_2012_6" />{{rp|229-230}}  In a hypertonic environment, the cell has a lower concentration of [[solutes]] than the surrounding [[extracellular fluid]], and [[water]] [[diffusion|diffuses]] out of the cell by osmosis, causing the [[cytoplasm]] to decrease in volume. As a result, the cell shrinks and the [[cell membrane]] develops abnormal notchings. [[Pickled cucumber|Pickling cucumbers]] and [[Curing (food preservation)|salt-curing]] of meat are two practical applications of crenation.<ref name ="Stoker_2012_6" />{{rp|229}}
 [[Plasmolysis]] is the term which describes plant cells when the cytoplasm shrinks from the cell wall in a hypertonic environment.  In plasmolysis, the cell wall stays intact, but the plasma membrane shrinks and the chloroplasts of the plant cell concentrate in the center of the cell.
 ==Red blood cells==
 [[File:Gray453.png|200px|thumbnail|right|In (d) the RBCs are rendered crenated from a [[hypertonic]] solution]]
-Crenation may be a feature of [[red blood cells]]. These erythrocytes look as if they have projections extending from a smaller central area, like a spiked ball. The crenations may be either large, irregular spicules of [[acanthocyte]]s, or smaller, more numerous, regularly irregular projections of [[echinocyte]]s.<ref name="Williams_2010_8" /> Acanthocytes and echinocytes may arise from abnormalities of the cell membrane lipids or proteins, or from other disease processes, or as an [[ex vivo]] [[Artifact (error)|artifact]].
+Crenation is also used to describe a feature of [[red blood cells]]. These erythrocytes look as if they have projections extending from a smaller central area, like a spiked ball. The crenations may be either large, irregular spicules of [[acanthocyte]]s, or smaller, more numerous, regularly irregular projections of [[echinocyte]]s.<ref name="Williams_2010_8" /> Acanthocytes and echinocytes may arise from abnormalities of the cell membrane lipids or proteins, or from other disease processes, or as an [[ex vivo]] [[Artifact (error)|artifact]].
 ==See also==
+*[[Crenellation]]
+*[[Cytorrhysis]]
 *[[Hemolysis]]
 *[[Plasmolysis]]
-*[[Cytorrhysis]]
 ==References==
 {{reflist|refs=
-<ref name="Oxford">Oxford Dictionaries. [http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/crenate]</ref>
+<ref name="Oxford">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionaries|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/crenate|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731043554/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/crenate|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 31, 2012|title=Crenate}}</ref>
-<ref name ="Stoker_2012_6">{{Cite book | last=Stoker | first=HS |title=General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry | publisher= | year=2012 | chapter= |edition=6th |isbn= 978-1133103943}}</ref>
+<ref name ="Stoker_2012_6">{{Cite book | last=Stoker | first=HS |title=General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry | year=2012 |edition=6th |isbn= 978-1133103943}}</ref>
-<ref name="Williams_2010_8">{{Cite book | last=Kaushansky | first=K |author2=Lichtman, M |author3=Beutler, E |author4=Kipps, T |author5=Prchal, J |author6= Seligsohn, U. |title=Williams Hematology | publisher=McGraw-Hill | year=2010 | chapter= |edition=8th |isbn= 978-0071621519}}</ref>
+<ref name="Williams_2010_8">{{Cite book | last=Kaushansky | first=K |author2=Lichtman, M |author3=Beutler, E |author4=Kipps, T |author5=Prchal, J |author6= Seligsohn, U. |title=Williams Hematology | publisher=McGraw-Hill | year=2010 |edition=8th |isbn= 978-0071621519}}</ref>
 }}
@@ Line 29: / Line 30: @@
 [[Category:Membrane biology]]
 [[Category:Solutions]]
-{{Cell-biology-stub}}
-{{animal-physiology-stub}}