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Kiai Haji '''Zainal Mustafa''' (1899{{ndash}}25 October 1944) was Indonesian ulama and [[National Hero of Indonesia]]. He founded Pesanten Sukamanah when he was 20. He was awarded National Hero title in 1972.
{{Short description|Indonesian ulama and National Hero of Indonesia}}
{{Infobox person
⚫
| name = Zainal Mustafa
| image = Zainal Mustafa.jpg
| caption = Zainal Mustofa
| birth_name = Hudaemi
| birth_date = 1899
⚫
| birth_place = Singaparna, [[Tasikmalaya Regency|Tasikmalaya]], [[Dutch East Indies]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1944|10|25|1899|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Djakarta]], [[Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies|Japanese-occupied Dutch East Indies]]
| death_cause = Executed
| resting_place = Tasikmalaya
| resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} -->
| occupation = Religious teacher, [[guerrilla fighter]]
⚫
}}

Kiai Haji '''Zainal Mustafa''' (1899{{spaced ndash}}25 October 1944), born '''Hudaemi''', and also known as '''Zainal Mustofa''', was an Indonesian [[ulama]] and [[National Hero of Indonesia]]. He founded the Pesantren Sukamanah when he was 20. He was awarded the title of National Hero in 1972.


==Biography==
==Biography==
Zainal Mustafa was born Hudaemi in Singaparna, [[Tasikmalaya Regency]], 1899. He changed his name to Zainal Mustafa after he went to [[Mecca]] for doing [[haj]]. As a [[santri]], he studied to many [[pesantren|Islamic schools]], so that he called ''santri kelana'' (wanderer student). Then, when he was 20 he founded his own school named Pesantren Sukamanah.<ref>{{harvnb|Iskandar|2009|pp=90{{ndash}}91}}</ref><ref name="amin152">{{harvnb|Amin|2008|p=152}}</ref>


===Early life and dealing with the Dutch colonial government===
On 17 November 1941, he and KH. Rukhiyat were arrested by Dutch government, by reasons both of them provoked people to rebel against the Dutch. He was jailed almost two months. However, in February 1942 he was arrested again On 31 March 1942, the nineteenth day of [[Japanese occupation of Indonesia|Japanese occupation]], Japanese officer promised to release him, on condition that he should help the Japanese. He denied the condition, however he and his friend were sent to Sukamanah.<ref>{{harvnb|Iskandar|2009|p=91}}</ref><ref name="amin153">{{harvnb|Amin|2008|p=153}}</ref>
Zainal Mustafa was born under the name Hudaemi in Singaparna, [[Tasikmalaya Regency]], [[Dutch East Indies]] in 1899. He was a [[santri]], an orthodox [[Javanese people|Javanese]] Muslim. After attending a standard elementary school, he went on to study at many [[pesantren|Islamic schools]], which earned him the nickname ''santri kelana'' (wandering student). In 1927 he went to [[Mecca]] on the [[hajj]]; after he returned to Indonesia, he changed his name to Zainal Mustafa. At the age of 20, he founded his own Islamic school named Pesantren Sukamanah.<ref>{{harvnb|Iskandar|2009|pp=90{{spaced ndash}}91}}</ref><ref name="amin152">{{harvnb|Amin|2008|p=152}}</ref><ref name=jcg>{{harvnb|Jakarta City Government, Zainal Mustofa}}</ref> He later served as the Assistant Councillor for the [[Nahdlatul Ulama]] branch in Tasikmalaya.<ref name="amin152"/>


Mustafa was fiercely against the Dutch colonialism due to his Islamic beliefs. He was approached several times by the Dutch colonial government and asked to work with them, yet he refused each time.<ref name="amin153"/> On 17 November 1941, after a period of censorship and being stalked by the secret police, he and fellow kyai Rukhiyat were arrested by the Dutch colonial government and charged with provoking people to rebel against the Dutch. He was jailed for almost two months in Sukamiskin, [[Bandung]]. In February 1942 he was arrested again.<ref name="amin153">{{harvnb|Amin|2008|p=153}}</ref><ref name="Iskandar 2009 91">{{harvnb|Iskandar|2009|p=91}}</ref><ref name="ajisaka110"/>
During a ceremony at Sukamanah square, he and his follower denied to do ''seikerei'' (bending movement to honor the Japanese emperor). As a result, his pesantren was lurked for 3 months. He was also accused by Japanese government that he was crazy and spreading cult.<ref name="amin154">{{harvnb|Amin|2008|p=154}}</ref>


===Japanese occupation, struggle, and death===
On 25 February 1944, the Japanese besieged Pesantren Sukamanah. Zainal Mustafa was arrested in Kampung Cihaus and brought to Jakarta. He was executed on 25 October 1944, but his family knew this fact in 1970. His remains was taken by his family and buried in Sukamanah, Tasikmalaya.<ref name="amin155">{{harvnb|Amin|2008|p=155}}</ref>
On 31 March 1942, the nineteenth day of [[Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies|Japanese occupation of the Indies]], a Japanese officer approached Mustafa in his prison cell in [[Ciamis]], [[West Java]], and promised to release him on condition that he would help the Japanese. After refusing, both he and Rukhiyat were sent back to Sukamanah.<ref name="amin153"/><ref name="Iskandar 2009 91"/>

During a ceremony at Sukamanah square, Mustafa and his followers refused to bow to honor the Japanese emperor, or {{nihongo||最敬礼|saikeirei|lit. "most respectful [[Etiquette in Japan#Bowing|bow]]"|(usually misspelled as ''seikeirei'' in Indonesian history literature)}}. As a result, his pesantren was kept under watch for 3 months. He was also accused by the Japanese government of being insane and perpetuating a cult. The [[Kenpeitai|Japanese secret]] police soon attempted to assassinate Mustafa while he [[salat|prayed]], but missed and hit another devotee.<ref name="amin154">{{harvnb|Amin|2008|p=154}}</ref> In response to this and increasing instances of Japanese-ordered forced labour, Mustafa formed his own militia and began training for an armed struggle, which he planned to launch on 1 Maulud (25 February 1944).<ref name=jcg/>

The day before his attack, the Japanese sent an expeditionary force to invite Mustafa to hold negotiations. In response, Mustafa's troops killed all but one of the Japanese soldiers; the surviving soldier was ordered to return to his commander with an ultimatum requiring the sovereignty of [[Java]].<ref name=jcg/> On 25 February 1944, the Japanese, totaling six companies of soldiers, two of [[Defenders of the Homeland|heihos]], one of raiders, and two motorized brigades, besieged Pesantren Sukamanah. Mustafa was arrested in Kampung Cihaus and taken to [[Jakarta|Batavia]] (modern day Jakarta), while 120 people died in the siege. After several months of torture Mustafa was executed on 25 October 1944, along with 17 of his followers, but his family only learned of his fate in 1970.<ref name=ajisaka110>{{harvnb|Ajisaka|Damayanti|2010|p=110}}</ref><ref name="amin155"/><ref>{{harvnb|Aritonang|2004|p=222}}</ref> His remains were claimed by his family and buried in Sukamanah, Tasikmalaya,<ref name="amin155">{{harvnb|Amin|2008|p=155}}</ref> on 10 January 1974.<ref name=ajisaka110/>


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
Zainal Mustafa was awarded the [[National Hero of Indonesia|National Hero]] title by government through President Decree number 64 in 1972.<ref>{{harvnb|Moesa|2007|p=117{{ndash}}118}}</ref>
Zainal Mustafa was awarded the title of [[National Hero of Indonesia]] title by President [[Suharto]] through Presidential Decree number 64 in 1972.<ref>{{harvnb|Moesa|2007|p=117{{spaced ndash}}118}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{reflist}}


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
⚫
* {{cite book |title=Karomah Para Kiai |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7DDriJCv-x4C |first=Samsul Munir |last=Amin |publisher=Pustaka Pesantren |year=2008 |location=Yogyakarta |isbn=9789798452499 |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book
⚫
* {{cite book |title=99 Tokoh Muslim Indonesia |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=AOgtTlT-I-AC |first=Salman |last=Iskandar |publisher=Dar! Mizan |year=2009 |location=Bandung |isbn=9789797526825 |ref=harv}}
|year=2010
⚫
* {{cite book |title=Nasionalisme Kiai: Konstruksi Sosial Berbasis Agama |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QTjjwlvTsvoC |first=Ali Maschan |last=Moesa |publisher=LKiS |year=2007 |location=Yogyakarta |isbn=9789791283281 |ref=harv}}
|last1=Ajisaka
|first1=Arya
|last2=Damayanti
|first2=Dewi
|title=Mengenal Pahlawan Indonesia
|trans-title=Knowing Indonesian Heroes
|language=id
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fhdj1bqn3W4C
|isbn=978-979-757-430-7
|publisher=Kawan Pustaka
|location=Jakarta
}}
⚫
* {{cite book |title=Karomah Para Kiai |trans-title=Dignity of the Kyai |language=id |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DDriJCv-x4C |first=Samsul Munir |last=Amin |publisher=Pustaka Pesantren |year=2008 |location=Yogyakarta |isbn=978-979-8452-49-9 }}
* {{cite book |title=Sejarah Perjumpaan Kristen dan Islam di Indonesia |trans-title=History of the Interactions Between Christianity and Islam in Indonesia |language=id |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r7Jiiu7DugC |first=Jan S. |last=Aritonang |publisher= BPK Gunung Mulia |year=2004 |location=Jakarta |isbn=978-979-687-221-3 }}
⚫
* {{cite book |title=99 Tokoh Muslim Indonesia |trans-title=99 Indonesian Muslim Figures |language=id|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AOgtTlT-I-AC |first=Salman |last=Iskandar |publisher=Dar! Mizan |year=2009 |location=Bandung |isbn=978-979-752-682-5 }}
⚫
* {{cite book |title=Nasionalisme Kiai: Konstruksi Sosial Berbasis Agama |trans-title=Nationalism of the Kyai: Social Constructs Based on Religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTjjwlvTsvoC |first=Ali Maschan |last=Moesa |publisher=LKiS |year=2007 |location=Yogyakarta |isbn=978-979-1283-28-1 }}
*{{cite encyclopedia
|title=Zainal Mustofa, KH
|language=id
|url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/jakv1/encyclopedia/detail/3584
|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Jakarta
|publisher=Jakarta City Government
|location=Jakarta
|access-date=1 February 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112005810/http://www.jakarta.go.id/jakv1/encyclopedia/detail/3584
|archive-date=12 November 2012
|url-status=dead
|ref={{harvid|Jakarta City Government, Zainal Mustofa}}
}}
{{refend}}


{{National Heroes of Indonesia}}
{{National Heroes of Indonesia}}
{{Authority control}}


{{Persondata
⚫
| NAME = Mustafa, Zainal
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = National Heror of Indonesia
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1899
⚫
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Singaparna, [[Tasikmalaya Regency]], Indonesia
| DATE OF DEATH = 25 October 1944
| PLACE OF DEATH =
⚫
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mustafa, Zainal}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mustafa, Zainal}}
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1899 births]]
Line 37: Line 80:
[[Category:People from Tasikmalaya]]
[[Category:People from Tasikmalaya]]
[[Category:National Heroes of Indonesia]]
[[Category:National Heroes of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Indonesian Muslims]]

[[Category:People executed by Japanese occupation forces]]
[[id:Zainal Mustafa]]
[[ms:Zainal Mustafa]]

Latest revision as of 00:14, 12 April 2023

Zainal Mustafa
Zainal Mustofa
Born
Hudaemi

1899
Singaparna, Tasikmalaya, Dutch East Indies
Died25 October 1944(1944-10-25) (aged 44–45)
Djakarta, Japanese-occupied Dutch East Indies
Cause of deathExecuted
Resting placeTasikmalaya
Occupation(s)Religious teacher, guerrilla fighter

Kiai Haji Zainal Mustafa (1899 – 25 October 1944), born Hudaemi, and also known as Zainal Mustofa, was an Indonesian ulama and National Hero of Indonesia. He founded the Pesantren Sukamanah when he was 20. He was awarded the title of National Hero in 1972.

Biography

[edit]

Early life and dealing with the Dutch colonial government

[edit]

Zainal Mustafa was born under the name Hudaemi in Singaparna, Tasikmalaya Regency, Dutch East Indies in 1899. He was a santri, an orthodox Javanese Muslim. After attending a standard elementary school, he went on to study at many Islamic schools, which earned him the nickname santri kelana (wandering student). In 1927 he went to Mecca on the hajj; after he returned to Indonesia, he changed his name to Zainal Mustafa. At the age of 20, he founded his own Islamic school named Pesantren Sukamanah.[1][2][3] He later served as the Assistant Councillor for the Nahdlatul Ulama branch in Tasikmalaya.[2]

Mustafa was fiercely against the Dutch colonialism due to his Islamic beliefs. He was approached several times by the Dutch colonial government and asked to work with them, yet he refused each time.[4] On 17 November 1941, after a period of censorship and being stalked by the secret police, he and fellow kyai Rukhiyat were arrested by the Dutch colonial government and charged with provoking people to rebel against the Dutch. He was jailed for almost two months in Sukamiskin, Bandung. In February 1942 he was arrested again.[4][5][6]

Japanese occupation, struggle, and death

[edit]

On 31 March 1942, the nineteenth day of Japanese occupation of the Indies, a Japanese officer approached Mustafa in his prison cell in Ciamis, West Java, and promised to release him on condition that he would help the Japanese. After refusing, both he and Rukhiyat were sent back to Sukamanah.[4][5]

During a ceremony at Sukamanah square, Mustafa and his followers refused to bow to honor the Japanese emperor, or saikeirei (最敬礼, lit. "most respectful bow") (usually misspelled as seikeirei in Indonesian history literature). As a result, his pesantren was kept under watch for 3 months. He was also accused by the Japanese government of being insane and perpetuating a cult. The Japanese secret police soon attempted to assassinate Mustafa while he prayed, but missed and hit another devotee.[7] In response to this and increasing instances of Japanese-ordered forced labour, Mustafa formed his own militia and began training for an armed struggle, which he planned to launch on 1 Maulud (25 February 1944).[3]

The day before his attack, the Japanese sent an expeditionary force to invite Mustafa to hold negotiations. In response, Mustafa's troops killed all but one of the Japanese soldiers; the surviving soldier was ordered to return to his commander with an ultimatum requiring the sovereignty of Java.[3] On 25 February 1944, the Japanese, totaling six companies of soldiers, two of heihos, one of raiders, and two motorized brigades, besieged Pesantren Sukamanah. Mustafa was arrested in Kampung Cihaus and taken to Batavia (modern day Jakarta), while 120 people died in the siege. After several months of torture Mustafa was executed on 25 October 1944, along with 17 of his followers, but his family only learned of his fate in 1970.[6][8][9] His remains were claimed by his family and buried in Sukamanah, Tasikmalaya,[8] on 10 January 1974.[6]

Legacy

[edit]

Zainal Mustafa was awarded the title of National Hero of Indonesia title by President Suharto through Presidential Decree number 64 in 1972.[10]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Iskandar 2009, pp. 90 –&#32, 91
  2. ^ a b Amin 2008, p. 152
  3. ^ a b c Jakarta City Government, Zainal Mustofa
  4. ^ a b c Amin 2008, p. 153
  5. ^ a b Iskandar 2009, p. 91
  6. ^ a b c Ajisaka & Damayanti 2010, p. 110
  7. ^ Amin 2008, p. 154
  8. ^ a b Amin 2008, p. 155
  9. ^ Aritonang 2004, p. 222
  10. ^ Moesa 2007, p. 117 – 118

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Ajisaka, Arya; Damayanti, Dewi (2010). Mengenal Pahlawan Indonesia [Knowing Indonesian Heroes] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Kawan Pustaka. ISBN 978-979-757-430-7.
  • Amin, Samsul Munir (2008). Karomah Para Kiai [Dignity of the Kyai] (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pesantren. ISBN 978-979-8452-49-9.
  • Aritonang, Jan S. (2004). Sejarah Perjumpaan Kristen dan Islam di Indonesia [History of the Interactions Between Christianity and Islam in Indonesia] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia. ISBN 978-979-687-221-3.
  • Iskandar, Salman (2009). 99 Tokoh Muslim Indonesia [99 Indonesian Muslim Figures] (in Indonesian). Bandung: Dar! Mizan. ISBN 978-979-752-682-5.
  • Moesa, Ali Maschan (2007). Nasionalisme Kiai: Konstruksi Sosial Berbasis Agama [Nationalism of the Kyai: Social Constructs Based on Religion]. Yogyakarta: LKiS. ISBN 978-979-1283-28-1.
  • "Zainal Mustofa, KH". Encyclopedia of Jakarta (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Jakarta City Government. Archived from the original on 12 November 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
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