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[[Image:BabcockTester1.jpg|thumb|right|A Babcock tester]]
[[Image:BabcockTester1.jpg|thumb|right|Hand centrifuge for the Babcock test]]
[[Image:BabcockTester2.jpg|thumb|right|A Babcock tester]]
[[Image:BabcockTester2.jpg|thumb|right|Hand centrifuge for the Babcock test]]
The '''Babcock test''' is an inexpensive and practical procedure to determine the [[fat content of milk]]. It is named after its developer, [[Stephen Moulton Babcock|Stephen M. Babcock]] (1843–1931), professor at the [[University of Wisconsin]].<ref name=babcock>Stephen M, Babcock (1890): "A New Method for the Estimation of Fat in Milk, Especially Adapted to Creameries and Cheese Factories". In ''Annual Report'', Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Wisconsin.</ref><ref name=hart>E. B. Hart (1949): "Stephen Moulton Babcock". ''Journal of Nutrition'', volume 37, issue 1, pages 1–7. {{doi|10.1093/jn/37.1.1}}</ref><ref name=smon>"[https://www.si.edu/object/nmah_721593 Babcock milk testing bottle]". Item 2014.0223.06, Online catalog, Smithsonian Institution. Accessed on 2019-03-04.</ref>
The '''Babcock test''' is the first inexpensive and practical test factories could use to determine the [[fat content of milk]].


==Motivation==
==History==
The bottle and the test were developed by Stephen Babcock in 1890 as a simple but accurate way to detect [[food adulteration|adulterations]] practiced by some [[dairy farm]]ers, including diluting the milk with water or skimming some [[cream]].<ref name=smon/>
Until the 1890s, dishonest farmers could water down their [[milk]] or remove some [[cream]] before selling it to the factories because milk was paid for by volume. Honest farmers, as well as those that produced naturally rich milk, were not being compensated fairly.


The test was quickly adopted by [[dairyman|dairymen]], and also by farmers to help the [[cattle breeding|breeding]] of milk [[cow]]s.<ref name=smon/> <!--Farrington?--> The tests were usually done monthly by an employee of the local [[Dairy Herd Improvement Association]].{{cn|date=March 2019}} Babcock's refusal to patent his process or the device greatly helped its widespread diffusion.<ref>Ionel Rosenthal and Baruch Rosen. "100 Years of Measuring the Fat Content of Milk". ''Journal of Chemical Education'', 70(6)481-482.</ref><ref>[https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS2687 Babcock's Revolutionary Dairy Invention]. Wisconsin Historical Society.</ref>
==Babcock Test process==
[[Stephen Moulton Babcock]] researched the problem at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] and developed the following process:
# Measure milk into graduated test tube. You usually take 18 grams of milk or 17.6 milliliters.
⚫
# Add 17.6 milliliters of 90-92% sulfuric acid.
# Centrifuge at 50°C.
# Measure fat which will be floating on top of liquid in the test tube.


In 1911, the [[American Dairy Science Association]]'s Committee on Official Methods of Testing Milk and Cream for Butterfat, chaired by [[Otto Frederick Hunziker|O. F. Hunziker]], met in Washington DC with the [[Bureau of Animal Industry|Dairy Division]] of the [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]], the [[National Institute of Standards and Technology|U.S. Bureau of Standards]] and manufacturers of glassware.<ref name=herr>Ernest O. Herreid (1942): "The Babcock Test; A Review of the Literature". ''Journal of Dairy Science'', volume 25, issue 4, pages 342–343. {{doi|10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(42)95301-3}}</ref> As a result of those talks, the procedure and the [[Babcock bottle|special glassware]] were standardized by the US government in 1917.<ref name=hunz/><ref name=shaw>Roscoe H. Shaw (1917): ''Chemical Testing of Milk and Cream''. U.S. Government Printing Office.</ref> Additional specifications were published by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (now [[AOAC International]]) in 1927.<ref name=aoac>(1927): "[http://www.aoacofficialmethod.org/index.php?products_id=2299 AOAC 920.111-1920(1997), Fat in cream]". Digital document available from AOAC International. Catalog accessed on 2019-03-04.</ref>
==Principle of Babcock test==
Key to this process is that everything in milk except the [[fat]] dissolves in [[sulfuric acid]].
The fat floats to the top. The centrifuge ensures complete separation with no bubbles in the fat, and the fat content can be measured using the graduations on the [[test tube]] and knowing the initial amount of milk used.


==Process==
==Utility of Babcock test==
The test is based on the observation that a suitable amount of [[sulfuric acid]] added to the milk will dissolve proteins and other components, except the [[fat]]. Heating and centrifuging cause the fat to separate and float to the top, in a layer free of bubbles. The amount of fat in the milk can then be estimated from the volume of that layer. The procedure was commonly carried out in a special flask with a long neck, called a [[Babcock bottle]].<ref name=babcock/>
After the development of the test, it was much easier for a dairy operation to not only compensate farmers fairly, but to produce a consistent product that consumers could depend on. The Babcock test was also utilized by farmers to selectively breed for cows who produced milk with higher butterfat content&mdash;the tests were usually done monthly by an employee of the local Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA).


Specifically, the test consisted of the following steps:<ref name=herr/><ref name=hunz>Otto Frederick Hunziker (1917): "Specifications and Directions for Testing Milk and Cream for Butterfat". ''Journal of Dairy Science'', volume 1, issue 1, pages 38–44. {{doi|10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(17)94359-0}}</ref><ref name=shaw/>
In 1911, the [[American Dairy Science Association]]'s Committee on Official Methods of Testing Milk and Cream for Butterfat, chaired by [[Otto Frederick Hunziker|O. F. Hunziker]], met in Washington DC with the U.S. Bureau of Dairying, the U.S. Bureau of Standards and manufacturers of glassware. Standard specifications for Babcock glassware were published as a result of this meeting.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Herreid | first=Ernest O. | title = The Babcock Test; A Review of the Literature | journal = Journal of Dairy Science | volume = 25 | issue = 4 | pages = 342–343 | publisher = American Dairy Science Association | url =http://jds.fass.org/cgi/reprint/25/4/335.pdf | accessdate = 2008-06-19}}</ref>


# Place 17.6 [[milliliter|mL]] (18 [[gram]]s) of milk into a Babcock bottle.
==About Babcock==
⚫
# Add 17.6 mL of 90-92% [[sulfuric acid]] at 15-20°C.
Professor Babcock did not patent his invention considering himself an agent of [[Wisconsin]] working for the welfare of Wisconsin.
# Spin the flask in a hand-cranked [[centrifuge]] for 5 minutes.
# Add water at 60°C until the fat layer is all in the neck.
# Warm the bottle to 55-60°C and spin it for another minute.
# Immerse the bottle upright in 55-60°C water until the fat layer is settled.
# Read out the fat contents from the graduated scale.
The scale on the neck was calibrated so as to give a direct readout of the percentage of fat in the original sample (assumed to be 17.6 mL), in 0.1 percent increments, without the need for computation.<ref name=herr/>

===Test for ice cream===
The original Babcock test was not suitable for estimating the fat contents of [[ice cream]], since the sugar and other ingredients would be charred by the sulfuric acid and contaminate the fat layer. After thousands of experiments, a modified test, suitable for the purpose, was developed in 1930 by [[L. K. Crowe]] at the [[University of Nebraska]]. It used a solution of [[ammonium hydroxide]] in [[butanol|N-butyl alcohol]], and a mixture of sulfuric acid and [[ethanol]].<ref name=crowe>L. K. Crowe (1930): "[https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2856&context=extensionhist Testing Ice Cream for Butterfat]". Bulletin 246, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Department of Dairy Husbandry.</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
{{Commons category}}
{{Commons category|Babcock test}}
*[[Stephen Moulton Babcock]]
*[[Stephen Moulton Babcock]]
*[[Hydrometer]] - Device for measuring milk's relative density
*[[Hydrometer]] - Device for measuring milk's relative density
Line 36: Line 39:
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


[[Category:Food analysis]]
[[Category:Milk]]
[[Category:Milk]]
[[Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison]]
[[Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison]]

Latest revision as of 18:04, 15 April 2023

Hand centrifuge for the Babcock test
Hand centrifuge for the Babcock test

The Babcock test is an inexpensive and practical procedure to determine the fat content of milk. It is named after its developer, Stephen M. Babcock (1843–1931), professor at the University of Wisconsin.[1][2][3]

History

[edit]

The bottle and the test were developed by Stephen Babcock in 1890 as a simple but accurate way to detect adulterations practiced by some dairy farmers, including diluting the milk with water or skimming some cream.[3]

The test was quickly adopted by dairymen, and also by farmers to help the breeding of milk cows.[3] The tests were usually done monthly by an employee of the local Dairy Herd Improvement Association.[citation needed] Babcock's refusal to patent his process or the device greatly helped its widespread diffusion.[4][5]

In 1911, the American Dairy Science Association's Committee on Official Methods of Testing Milk and Cream for Butterfat, chaired by O. F. Hunziker, met in Washington DC with the Dairy Division of the USDA, the U.S. Bureau of Standards and manufacturers of glassware.[6] As a result of those talks, the procedure and the special glassware were standardized by the US government in 1917.[7][8] Additional specifications were published by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (now AOAC International) in 1927.[9]

Process

[edit]

The test is based on the observation that a suitable amount of sulfuric acid added to the milk will dissolve proteins and other components, except the fat. Heating and centrifuging cause the fat to separate and float to the top, in a layer free of bubbles. The amount of fat in the milk can then be estimated from the volume of that layer. The procedure was commonly carried out in a special flask with a long neck, called a Babcock bottle.[1]

Specifically, the test consisted of the following steps:[6][7][8]

  1. Place 17.6 mL (18 grams) of milk into a Babcock bottle.
  2. Add 17.6 mL of 90-92% sulfuric acid at 15-20°C.
  3. Spin the flask in a hand-cranked centrifuge for 5 minutes.
  4. Add water at 60°C until the fat layer is all in the neck.
  5. Warm the bottle to 55-60°C and spin it for another minute.
  6. Immerse the bottle upright in 55-60°C water until the fat layer is settled.
  7. Read out the fat contents from the graduated scale.

The scale on the neck was calibrated so as to give a direct readout of the percentage of fat in the original sample (assumed to be 17.6 mL), in 0.1 percent increments, without the need for computation.[6]

Test for ice cream

[edit]

The original Babcock test was not suitable for estimating the fat contents of ice cream, since the sugar and other ingredients would be charred by the sulfuric acid and contaminate the fat layer. After thousands of experiments, a modified test, suitable for the purpose, was developed in 1930 by L. K. Crowe at the University of Nebraska. It used a solution of ammonium hydroxide in N-butyl alcohol, and a mixture of sulfuric acid and ethanol.[10]

See also

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Babcock test.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Stephen M, Babcock (1890): "A New Method for the Estimation of Fat in Milk, Especially Adapted to Creameries and Cheese Factories". In Annual Report, Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Wisconsin.
  2. ^ E. B. Hart (1949): "Stephen Moulton Babcock". Journal of Nutrition, volume 37, issue 1, pages 1–7. doi:10.1093/jn/37.1.1
  3. ^ a b c "Babcock milk testing bottle". Item 2014.0223.06, Online catalog, Smithsonian Institution. Accessed on 2019-03-04.
  4. ^ Ionel Rosenthal and Baruch Rosen. "100 Years of Measuring the Fat Content of Milk". Journal of Chemical Education, 70(6)481-482.
  5. ^ Babcock's Revolutionary Dairy Invention. Wisconsin Historical Society.
  6. ^ a b c Ernest O. Herreid (1942): "The Babcock Test; A Review of the Literature". Journal of Dairy Science, volume 25, issue 4, pages 342–343. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(42)95301-3
  7. ^ a b Otto Frederick Hunziker (1917): "Specifications and Directions for Testing Milk and Cream for Butterfat". Journal of Dairy Science, volume 1, issue 1, pages 38–44. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(17)94359-0
  8. ^ a b Roscoe H. Shaw (1917): Chemical Testing of Milk and Cream. U.S. Government Printing Office.
  9. ^ (1927): "AOAC 920.111-1920(1997), Fat in cream". Digital document available from AOAC International. Catalog accessed on 2019-03-04.
  10. ^ L. K. Crowe (1930): "Testing Ice Cream for Butterfat". Bulletin 246, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Department of Dairy Husbandry.
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