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{{short description|Princeton college tradition}}
{{short description|Princeton college tradition}}
'''Cane Spree''' is an annual autumn tradition at [[College of New Jersey (18th Century)|The College of New Jersey]] (referred to then as [[Princeton College]] and now known as [[Princeton University]]) which began during the [[Gilded Age]] -- the period just after the [[Civil war|Civil War]], or the mid-to-late 1860's.  Cane Spree began as a riot between classes, turned into an annual event with class designees wrestling each other for the canes, and ultimately shedded its violence to become a regular intramural multi-sport event held on the campus. The tradition endures today.
'''Cane Spree''' is an annual autumn tradition at [[College of New Jersey (18th Century)|The College of New Jersey]] (referred to then as [[Princeton College]] and now known as [[Princeton University]]) which began during the [[Gilded Age]]—the period just after the [[Civil war|Civil War]], or the mid-to-late 1860s.  Cane Spree began as a riot between classes, turned into an annual event with each class designating a candidate for the wrestling, and ultimately shedded its violence altogether to become a regular intramural multi-sport event held on the campus. The tradition endures today.


[[File:Cane-spree-1877-scibners-magazine.png|alt=Cane Spree|thumb|Cane Spree, 1877]]
[[File:Cane-spree-1877-scibners-magazine.png|alt=Cane Spree|thumb|Cane Spree, 1877]]


== History ==
== History ==
In the Gilded-Age of the 1860's, fashionable and elegant gentlemen carried [[Assistive cane|walking sticks]] (canes).  At Princeton College, [[Sophomore|sophomores]] were offended by seeing underclassmen carrying canes and would attack [[Freshman|freshmen]] students found carrying canes in a sort of hazing ritual.
In the Gilded-Age of the 1860s, fashionable and elegant gentlemen carried [[Assistive cane|walking sticks]] (canes).  At Princeton College, [[sophomore]]s were offended by seeing underclassmen carrying canes and would attack [[Freshman|freshmen]] students found carrying canes in a sort of hazing ritual.


[[File:Princeton1881-at-graduation.png|thumb|Princeton College Class of 1881]]
[[File:Princeton1881-at-graduation.png|thumb|Princeton College Class of 1881]]


What eventually became known as '''Cane Spree''' began as an actual riot on [[Nassau Street (Princeton, New Jersey)|Nassau Street]] in [[Princeton, New Jersey]] where sophomores "''provoked by freshmen flaunting their canes''"<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Cane Spree {{!}} Princetoniana|url=https://princetoniana.princeton.edu/traditions/current/cane-spree|access-date=2021-01-06|website=princetoniana.princeton.edu}}</ref> attacked the freshmen, wrestling away their canes in the process.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-01-21|title=From Princeton’s vault: The lost art of autograph canes|url=https://paw.princeton.edu/article/princeton%E2%80%99s-vault-lost-art-autograph-canes|access-date=2021-01-06|website=Princeton Alumni Weekly|language=en}}</ref> Later, this activity became a common form of [[hazing]] on campus, ultimately becoming what was considered the "first [[Intramural sports|intramural sport]]" at the college. In 1868, sophomores officially proclaimed a ban on all freshmen -- prohibiting them from carrying canes on campus. Any freshman found carrying a cane was subject to attack from sophomores and relieved of their canes.
What eventually became known as '''Cane Spree''' began as an actual riot on [[Nassau Street (Princeton, New Jersey)|Nassau Street]] in [[Princeton, New Jersey]] where sophomores "''provoked by freshmen flaunting their canes''"<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Cane Spree {{!}} Princetoniana|url=https://princetoniana.princeton.edu/traditions/current/cane-spree|access-date=2021-01-06|website=princetoniana.princeton.edu}}</ref> attacked the freshmen, and relieving them of their canes in the process.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-01-21|title=From Princeton's vault: The lost art of autograph canes|url=https://paw.princeton.edu/article/princeton%E2%80%99s-vault-lost-art-autograph-canes|access-date=2021-01-06|website=Princeton Alumni Weekly|language=en}}</ref> Later, Cane Spree (in its modified, non-violent form) became a common form of [[hazing]] on campus, ultimately becoming what was considered the "first [[Intramural sports|intramural sport]]" at the college. In 1868, sophomores officially proclaimed a ban on all freshmen, prohibiting them from carrying canes on campus. Any freshman found carrying a cane was subject to attack from sophomores, their canes taken in the process.


The rules of Cane Spree were simple -- anything goes -- except for [[biting]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Harrington DeGoyler Green Letters {{!}} Princeton University Library Special Collections|url=https://library.princeton.edu/special-collections/collections/harrington-degoyler-green-letters|access-date=2021-01-06|website=library.princeton.edu}}</ref> Cane Spree was described by Harrington DeGoyler Green as that [...Cane Spree would] "''weld the class together and put some spirit in it."''<ref name=":1" /> This was important because class identity and bonding is an important virtue at Princeton University.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dominique|first=Simone|date=2016-11-16|title=What It's Like to Help One of the World's Richest Universities Get Richer|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/11/how-to-raise-22-billion/507812/|access-date=2021-01-06|website=The Atlantic|language=en}}</ref> The 1868 Cane Spree inspired a song called "''Siege of Canes''."<ref name=":2">Cane Spree to Start Monday; History Dates From Clashes of Sixties. The Daily Princetonian.  Saturday, September 29, 1934. Volume LIX, No. 99; Page 1</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Armstrong|first=April C.|date=2020-10-26|title=This Week in Princeton History for October 26-November 1|url=https://blogs.princeton.edu/mudd/2020/10/this-week-in-princeton-history-for-october-26-november-1-2/|access-date=2021-01-06|website=Mudd Manuscript Library Blog|language=en-US}}</ref>
The rules of Cane Spree were simple—there were no rules—except for a rule against [[biting]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Harrington DeGoyler Green Letters {{!}} Princeton University Library Special Collections|url=https://library.princeton.edu/special-collections/collections/harrington-degoyler-green-letters|access-date=2021-01-06|website=library.princeton.edu}}</ref> Cane Spree was described by Harrington DeGoyler Green as that [...Cane Spree would] "''weld the class together and put some spirit in it."''<ref name=":1" /> This was important because class identity and bonding is an important virtue at Princeton University.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dominique|first=Simone|date=2016-11-16|title=What It's Like to Help One of the World's Richest Universities Get Richer|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/11/how-to-raise-22-billion/507812/|access-date=2021-01-06|website=The Atlantic|language=en}}</ref> The 1868 Cane Spree inspired a song called "''Siege of Canes''."<ref name=":2">Cane Spree to Start Monday; History Dates From Clashes of Sixties. The Daily Princetonian.  Saturday, September 29, 1934. Volume LIX, No. 99; Page 1</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Armstrong|first=April C.|date=2020-10-26|title=This Week in Princeton History for October 26-November 1|url=https://blogs.princeton.edu/mudd/2020/10/this-week-in-princeton-history-for-october-26-november-1-2/|access-date=2021-01-06|website=Mudd Manuscript Library Blog|language=en-US}}</ref>


Sometime in the 1870's the Princeton University administration attempted to implement controls to minimize the [[violence]], however random attacks continued.<ref name=":3" /> On September 15, 1870, [[James McCosh]] (President of Princeton College) interrupted a brawl between sophomores and freshmen and shouted "''Disperse, young men, or the bailiffs will be after you''."<ref>{{Cite web|title=September 2020|url=https://blogs.princeton.edu/mudd/2020/09/|access-date=2021-01-06|website=Mudd Manuscript Library Blog|language=en-US}}</ref> By 1891, Cane Spree was formally abolished, but the class fighting continued informally. Between the 1880's and early 1900's as Cane Spree became an officially organized event; prominent newspapers would carry news of the winners, losers as well as details of what privileges the losers must relinquish.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=1917-02-13|title=COLUMBIA CUBS DEFEATED.; Lose Cane Sprees to Sophomores and Also Lose Smoking Privilege. (Published 1917)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1917/02/13/archives/columbia-cubs-defeated-lose-cane-sprees-to-sophomores-and-also-lose.html|access-date=2021-01-06|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1895-11-04|title=PRINCETON BOYS PLEASED.; The Revival of the Old Midnight Cane Spree. (Published 1895)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1895/11/04/archives/princeton-boys-pleased-the-revival-of-the-old-midnight-cane-spree.html|access-date=2021-01-06|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1888-10-26|title=HONORS WERE EASY.; THE CANE SPREE OF THE PRINCETON STUDENTS. (Published 1888)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1888/10/26/archives/honors-were-easy-the-cane-spree-of-the-princeton-students.html|access-date=2021-01-06|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Times|first=Special to The New York|date=1905-11-29|title=CANE SPREE AT PRINCETON.; Sophomores Defeat the Freshmen for First Time in Many Years. (Published 1905)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1905/11/29/archives/cane-spree-at-princeton-sophomores-defeat-the-freshmen-for-first.html|access-date=2021-01-06|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Throughout the years, it was said that winning a cane in Cane Spree was ''"the honor of a lifetime".''<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Download Princeton Stories free in PDF & EPUB format|url=https://freeditorial.com/en/books/princeton-stories|access-date=2021-01-06|website=Princeton Stories - Download book - PDF EPUB - Freeditorial|language=en}}</ref>
Sometime in the 1870s the Princeton University administration attempted to implement controls to minimize the [[violence]], however random attacks continued.<ref name=":3" /> On September 15, 1870, [[James McCosh]] (President of Princeton College) interrupted a brawl between sophomores and freshmen and shouted "''Disperse, young men, or the bailiffs will be after you''."<ref>{{Cite web|title=September 2020|url=https://blogs.princeton.edu/mudd/2020/09/|access-date=2021-01-06|website=Mudd Manuscript Library Blog|language=en-US}}</ref> By 1891, Cane Spree was formally abolished, but the class fighting continued informally. Between the 1880s and early 1900s as Cane Spree became an officially organized event; prominent newspapers would carry news of the winners, losers as well as details of what privileges the losers must relinquish.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=1917-02-13|title=COLUMBIA CUBS DEFEATED.; Lose Cane Sprees to Sophomores and Also Lose Smoking Privilege. (Published 1917)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1917/02/13/archives/columbia-cubs-defeated-lose-cane-sprees-to-sophomores-and-also-lose.html|access-date=2021-01-06|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1895-11-04|title=PRINCETON BOYS PLEASED.; The Revival of the Old Midnight Cane Spree. (Published 1895)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1895/11/04/archives/princeton-boys-pleased-the-revival-of-the-old-midnight-cane-spree.html|access-date=2021-01-06|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1888-10-26|title=HONORS WERE EASY.; THE CANE SPREE OF THE PRINCETON STUDENTS. (Published 1888)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1888/10/26/archives/honors-were-easy-the-cane-spree-of-the-princeton-students.html|access-date=2021-01-06|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|date=1905-11-29|title=CANE SPREE AT PRINCETON.; Sophomores Defeat the Freshmen for First Time in Many Years. (Published 1905)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1905/11/29/archives/cane-spree-at-princeton-sophomores-defeat-the-freshmen-for-first.html|access-date=2021-01-06|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Throughout the years, it was said that winning a cane in Cane Spree was ''"the honor of a lifetime".''<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Download Princeton Stories free in PDF & EPUB format|url=https://freeditorial.com/en/books/princeton-stories|access-date=2021-01-06|website=Princeton Stories - Download book - PDF EPUB - Freeditorial|language=en}}</ref>


Cane Spree was reported in the [[The New York Times|New York Times]],<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> [[Scribner's Magazine]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frist Campus Center Iconography|url=https://www.princeton.edu/frist/iconography/p97.shtml|access-date=2021-01-06|website=www.princeton.edu}}</ref> as well as local and university publications.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":8" />
Cane Spree was reported in the [[The New York Times|New York Times]],<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> [[Scribner's Magazine]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frist Campus Center Iconography|url=https://www.princeton.edu/frist/iconography/p97.shtml|access-date=2021-01-06|website=www.princeton.edu}}</ref> as well as local and university publications.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":8" />


While it has changed significantly since it's origins in the 1860's, Cane Spree is a [[tradition]] that endures today, taking place in Princeton's football stadium in early [[October]] as a [[Multi-sport event|multi-sport]] battle for supremacy between the freshmen and sophomore classes.
While it has changed significantly since its origins in the 1860s, Cane Spree is a [[tradition]] that endures today, taking place in Princeton's football stadium in early [[October]] as a friendly and fun [[Multi-sport event|multi-sport]] battle for supremacy between the freshmen and sophomore classes.


== Canes ==
== Canes ==
The canes (walking sticks) carried by students were intricately carved and decorated by the class members themselves who etched their [[autograph]] or decorative mark onto the cane.  Many of the markings detail the intended profession or area of study of the engraver. Canes were passed around for each carved name to be added then returned to their owner.
The canes (walking sticks) carried by students were intricately carved and decorated by the class members themselves who etched their [[autograph]] or decorative mark onto the cane.  Many of the markings detail the intended profession or area of study of the engraver. Canes were passed around for each carved name to be added then returned to their owner.


{{Gallery|title=Hand-carved walking stick from Princeton College class of 1881 student|align=center|File:1881 Engraved Walking Stick full length.jpg|alt1=carved walking stick|Full length view|File:1881 Engraved Walking Stick.jpg|alt2=carved walking stick|Side-view|File:Princeton University Class of 1881 Walking Stick.jpg|alt3=carved walking stick|Top front view|File:Side view engraved walking stick.jpg|alt4=carved walking stick|Write a caption here|File:Close up of engraved walking stick, 1881.jpg|alt5=carved walking stick|Close up view of engraved names}}
{{Gallery|title=Hand-carved walking stick from Princeton College class of 1881 student|align=center|File:1881 Engraved Walking Stick full length.jpg|alt1=carved walking stick|Full-length view of top portiion|File:1881 Engraved Walking Stick.jpg|alt2=carved walking stick|Side view, 3/4 length|File:Princeton University Class of 1881 Walking Stick.jpg|alt3=carved walking stick|Top front view|File:Side view engraved walking stick.jpg|alt4=carved walking stick|Side view|File:Close up of engraved walking stick, 1881.jpg|alt5=carved walking stick|Close up view of engraved names}}


=== Notable Names ===
=== Notable names ===
[[File:Princeton_Class_of_1881_-_25_Years_Later.png|right|thumb|450x450px|Princeton college class of 1881, 25 years later.]]
Several of the names carved on the Princeton College class of 1881<ref>[http://www.morganohiolibrary.com/CollegeofNewJersey.html Student Name Index Project]. College of New Jersey, Princeton University. Richard Parker organ Databases of the American Antiquarian Society.</ref> cane pictured above are members of prominent Gilded Age families and/or went on to become notable historical figures:
Several of the names carved on the Princeton College class of 1881<ref>[http://www.morganohiolibrary.com/CollegeofNewJersey.html Student Name Index Project]. College of New Jersey, Princeton University. Richard Parker organ Databases of the American Antiquarian Society.</ref> cane pictured above are members of prominent Gilded Age families and/or went on to become notable historical figures:

{| class="wikitable"
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
|+
⚫
* Dr. Atwater
!
⚫
* A. C. Armstrong
!
⚫
* James R. Archer
!
⚫
* Adam Todd Bruce
|-
* [[Charles Henry Butler]]
⚫
|Dr. Atwater
⚫
* Benjamin B. Blydenburgh
⚫
|Charles E. Dunn
⚫
* Thomas W. Cauldwell
⚫
|John Oliver Halsted Pitney
⚫
* Edward Floyd Crosby
|-
⚫
* Henry G. Duffield
⚫
|A. C. Armstrong
⚫
* Charles E. Dunn
⚫
|Jack Fowler
⚫
* T. H. Powers Farr
⚫
|Charlie Ryle (Charles Danforth)
⚫
* Jack Fowler
|-
⚫
* Frank Gledhill
⚫
|James R. Archer
⚫
* David Adams Haynes
⚫
|T. H. Powers Farr
⚫
* William (Billy) Ingham
⚫
|David Adams Haynes
⚫
* [[Francis G. Landon]]
|-
⚫
* Francis Loney
⚫
|Adam Todd Bruce
⚫
* Henry McAlpin
⚫
|Francis Loney
⚫
* [[James McCosh]]
⚫
|[[Arthur Hawley Scribner|Arthur A. Scribner]]
* Samuel H. Myers
|-
|[[Charles Henry Butler]]
* Henry M. Payne
⚫
* [[John Oliver Halstead Pitney|John Oliver Halsted Pitney]]
⚫
|Francis G. Landon
⚫
* Charlie Ryle ([[Charles Danforth]])
⚫
|Robert Rogers Shellabarger
⚫
* [[Arthur Hawley Scribner|Arthur A. Scribner]]
|-
⚫
* Robert Rogers Shellabarger
⚫
|Benjamin B. Blydenburgh
|Samuel H. Myers
* Lewis H. Stanton
⚫
* [[Paul Van Dyke|Paul VanDyke]]
|Lewis H. Stanton
⚫
* James Augustus Webb, Jr.
|-
⚫
* A. Pennington (Penn) Whitehead
⚫
|Thomas W. Cauldwell
{{div col end}}
⚫
|Henry McAlpin
⚫
|James Augustus Webb, Jr.
|-
⚫
|Frank Gledhill
⚫
|Dr. [[James McCosh]]
⚫
|A. Pennington (Penn) Whitehead
|-
⚫
|Edward Floyd Crosby
⚫
|William (Billy) Ingham
⚫
|[[Paul Van Dyke|Paul VanDyke]]
|-
⚫
|Henry G. Duffield
|Henry M. Payne
|}


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Princeton, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Princeton, New Jersey]]
⚫
[[Category:Princeton University alumni]]
[[Category:Princeton University-related lists]]
[[Category:Princeton University-related lists]]
[[Category:1881]]
[[Category:Hazing]]
[[Category:Hazing]]
[[Category:Gilded Age]]
[[Category:Gilded Age]]
⚫
[[Category:University folklore]]

Latest revision as of 20:14, 16 April 2023

Cane Spree is an annual autumn tradition at The College of New Jersey (referred to then as Princeton College and now known as Princeton University) which began during the Gilded Age—the period just after the Civil War, or the mid-to-late 1860s.  Cane Spree began as a riot between classes, turned into an annual event with each class designating a candidate for the wrestling, and ultimately shedded its violence altogether to become a regular intramural multi-sport event held on the campus. The tradition endures today.

Cane Spree
Cane Spree, 1877

History

[edit]

In the Gilded-Age of the 1860s, fashionable and elegant gentlemen carried walking sticks (canes).  At Princeton College, sophomores were offended by seeing underclassmen carrying canes and would attack freshmen students found carrying canes in a sort of hazing ritual.

Princeton College Class of 1881

What eventually became known as Cane Spree began as an actual riot on Nassau Street in Princeton, New Jersey where sophomores "provoked by freshmen flaunting their canes"[1] attacked the freshmen, and relieving them of their canes in the process.[2] Later, Cane Spree (in its modified, non-violent form) became a common form of hazing on campus, ultimately becoming what was considered the "first intramural sport" at the college. In 1868, sophomores officially proclaimed a ban on all freshmen, prohibiting them from carrying canes on campus. Any freshman found carrying a cane was subject to attack from sophomores, their canes taken in the process.

The rules of Cane Spree were simple—there were no rules—except for a rule against biting.[3] Cane Spree was described by Harrington DeGoyler Green as that [...Cane Spree would] "weld the class together and put some spirit in it."[3] This was important because class identity and bonding is an important virtue at Princeton University.[4] The 1868 Cane Spree inspired a song called "Siege of Canes."[5][6]

Sometime in the 1870s the Princeton University administration attempted to implement controls to minimize the violence, however random attacks continued.[6] On September 15, 1870, James McCosh (President of Princeton College) interrupted a brawl between sophomores and freshmen and shouted "Disperse, young men, or the bailiffs will be after you."[7] By 1891, Cane Spree was formally abolished, but the class fighting continued informally. Between the 1880s and early 1900s as Cane Spree became an officially organized event; prominent newspapers would carry news of the winners, losers as well as details of what privileges the losers must relinquish.[6][8][9][10][11] Throughout the years, it was said that winning a cane in Cane Spree was "the honor of a lifetime".[12]

Cane Spree was reported in the New York Times,[8][9][10][11] Scribner's Magazine,[13] as well as local and university publications.[1][3][5][12]

While it has changed significantly since its origins in the 1860s, Cane Spree is a tradition that endures today, taking place in Princeton's football stadium in early October as a friendly and fun multi-sport battle for supremacy between the freshmen and sophomore classes.

Canes

[edit]

The canes (walking sticks) carried by students were intricately carved and decorated by the class members themselves who etched their autograph or decorative mark onto the cane.  Many of the markings detail the intended profession or area of study of the engraver. Canes were passed around for each carved name to be added then returned to their owner.

Hand-carved walking stick from Princeton College class of 1881 student
  • carved walking stick
    Full-length view of top portiion
  • carved walking stick
    Side view, 3/4 length
  • carved walking stick
    Top front view
  • carved walking stick
    Side view
  • carved walking stick
    Close up view of engraved names

Notable names

[edit]
Princeton college class of 1881, 25 years later.

Several of the names carved on the Princeton College class of 1881[14] cane pictured above are members of prominent Gilded Age families and/or went on to become notable historical figures:

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Cane Spree | Princetoniana". princetoniana.princeton.edu. Retrieved 2021-01-06.
  2. ^ "From Princeton's vault: The lost art of autograph canes". Princeton Alumni Weekly. 2016-01-21. Retrieved 2021-01-06.
  3. ^ a b c "Harrington DeGoyler Green Letters | Princeton University Library Special Collections". library.princeton.edu. Retrieved 2021-01-06.
  4. ^ Dominique, Simone (2016-11-16). "What It's Like to Help One of the World's Richest Universities Get Richer". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2021-01-06.
  5. ^ a b Cane Spree to Start Monday; History Dates From Clashes of Sixties. The Daily Princetonian.  Saturday, September 29, 1934. Volume LIX, No. 99; Page 1
  6. ^ a b c Armstrong, April C. (2020-10-26). "This Week in Princeton History for October 26-November 1". Mudd Manuscript Library Blog. Retrieved 2021-01-06.
  7. ^ "September 2020". Mudd Manuscript Library Blog. Retrieved 2021-01-06.
  8. ^ a b "COLUMBIA CUBS DEFEATED.; Lose Cane Sprees to Sophomores and Also Lose Smoking Privilege. (Published 1917)". The New York Times. 1917-02-13. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-01-06.
  9. ^ a b "PRINCETON BOYS PLEASED.; The Revival of the Old Midnight Cane Spree. (Published 1895)". The New York Times. 1895-11-04. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-01-06.
  10. ^ a b "HONORS WERE EASY.; THE CANE SPREE OF THE PRINCETON STUDENTS. (Published 1888)". The New York Times. 1888-10-26. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-01-06.
  11. ^ a b "CANE SPREE AT PRINCETON.; Sophomores Defeat the Freshmen for First Time in Many Years. (Published 1905)". The New York Times. 1905-11-29. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-01-06.
  12. ^ a b "Download Princeton Stories free in PDF & EPUB format". Princeton Stories - Download book - PDF EPUB - Freeditorial. Retrieved 2021-01-06.
  13. ^ "Frist Campus Center Iconography". www.princeton.edu. Retrieved 2021-01-06.
  14. ^ Student Name Index Project. College of New Jersey, Princeton University. Richard Parker organ Databases of the American Antiquarian Society.
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