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A kier or keeve (or similar spellings) is a large circular boiler or vat used in bleaching or scouring cotton fabric. They were also used for processing paper pulp.

In use they were continuously rotated by an engine, steam being supplied through a rotating joint in the axle. They were usually spherical, sometimes cylindrical, and some were recycled from old boiler shells.^[1]

Kier boiling

Kier, the cylindrical-shaped vessel, straight, with egg-shaped ends made of boiler may have the capacity to process one to three tons of material at a time.^[2]

Kier boiling and ''Boiling off'' is the scouring process that involves boiling the materials with the caustic solution in the Kier, which is an enclosed vessel, so that the fabric can boil under pressure.^[3]^[4]^[5] Open kiers were also used with temperatures below 100°C (at atmospheric pressure).^[6]^: 102

Gallery

Spherical kier
Straw boiler at the historical precinct at Broadford, Victoria
The Mather Kier, cross section
The Mather Kier, longitudinal section

References

^ McEwen, Alan (2009). Historic Steam Boiler Explosions. Sledgehammer Engineering Press. ISBN 978-0-9532725-2-5.
^ Knecht, Edmund (1911). "Bleaching" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 04 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 49–55, see page 50, fifth para. Bleaching of Cotton....The first operation, viz. that of boiling in alkali, is carried out in a "kier," a large, egg-ended, upright cylindrical vessel, constructed of boiler-plate and capable of treating from one to three tons of yarn at a time
^ Purushothama, B. (2019-01-31). Handbook of Value Addition Processes for Fabrics. Woodhead Publishing India PVT. Limited. p. 27. ISBN 978-93-85059-92-6.
^ Marsh, John Thompson; Wood, Frederick Charles (1945). An Introduction to the Chemistry of Cellulose. Chapman & Hall. p. 26.
^ Lacasse, K.; Baumann, Werner (2012-12-06). Textile Chemicals: Environmental Data and Facts. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 95. ISBN 978-3-642-18898-5.
^ Trotman, E. R. (Edward Russell) (1968). Textile scouring and bleaching. Internet Archive. London, Griffin. ISBN 978-0-85264-067-8.

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[McEwen,_Historic_Steam_Boiler_Explosions,_Kier-1] McEwen, Alan (2009). Historic Steam Boiler Explosions. Sledgehammer Engineering Press. ISBN 978-0-9532725-2-5.

[2] Knecht, Edmund (1911). "Bleaching" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 04 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 49–55, see page 50, fifth para. Bleaching of Cotton....The first operation, viz. that of boiling in alkali, is carried out in a "kier," a large, egg-ended, upright cylindrical vessel, constructed of boiler-plate and capable of treating from one to three tons of yarn at a time

[3] Purushothama, B. (2019-01-31). Handbook of Value Addition Processes for Fabrics. Woodhead Publishing India PVT. Limited. p. 27. ISBN 978-93-85059-92-6.

[4] Marsh, John Thompson; Wood, Frederick Charles (1945). An Introduction to the Chemistry of Cellulose. Chapman & Hall. p. 26.

[5] Lacasse, K.; Baumann, Werner (2012-12-06). Textile Chemicals: Environmental Data and Facts. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 95. ISBN 978-3-642-18898-5.

[6] Trotman, E. R. (Edward Russell) (1968). Textile scouring and bleaching. Internet Archive. London, Griffin. ISBN 978-0-85264-067-8.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Rotating boiler or vat used in bleaching or scouring cotton fabric}}
-[[File:Kugelkocher.jpg|thumb|Spherical kier]]
+[[File:EB1911 Bleaching - Fig. 4. —High Pressure Blow-through Kier.jpg|thumb|right|High Pressure Blow-through Kier]]
-A '''kier''' or '''keeve''' (or similar spellings) is a large circular [[boiler]] or [[vat]] used in [[bleaching]] or [[scouring]] [[cotton]] fabric. They were also used for processing [[paper pulp]].
+A '''kier''' or '''keeve''' (or similar spellings) is a large circular [[boiler]] or vat used in [[bleaching]] or scouring [[cotton]] fabric. They were also used for processing [[paper pulp]].
-In use they were continuously rotated by an engine, steam being supplied through a rotating joint in the axle. They were usually spherical, sometimes cylindrical, and some were recycled from old boiler shells.<ref name="McEwen, Historic Steam Boiler Explosions, Kier" >{{cite book
+In use they were continuously rotated by an [[engine]], steam being supplied through a rotating joint in the [[axle]]. They were usually spherical, sometimes cylindrical, and some were recycled from old boiler shells.<ref name="McEwen, Historic Steam Boiler Explosions, Kier" >{{cite book
   | first=Alan | last=McEwen
   | year=2009
@@ Line 11: / Line 12: @@
 }}</ref>
+== Kier boiling ==
+{{Main|Scouring (textiles)}}
+Kier, the cylindrical-shaped vessel, straight, with egg-shaped ends made of boiler may have the capacity to process one to three tons of material at a time.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Bleaching |volume= 04 |last= Knecht |first= Edmund | pages = 49&ndash;55; see page 50, fifth para |quote= Bleaching of Cotton....The first operation, viz. that of boiling in alkali, is carried out in a “kier,” a large, egg-ended, upright cylindrical vessel, constructed of boiler-plate and capable of treating from one to three tons of yarn at a time}}</ref>
+Kier boiling and <nowiki>''Boiling off''</nowiki> is the scouring process that involves boiling the materials with the [[Sodium hydroxide|caustic]] solution in the Kier, which is an enclosed vessel, so that the fabric can boil under pressure.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Purushothama|first=B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DWmoDwAAQBAJ&q=kier+boiling+process&pg=PA27|title=Handbook of Value Addition Processes for Fabrics|date=2019-01-31|publisher=Woodhead Publishing India PVT. Limited|isbn=978-93-85059-92-6|pages=27|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Marsh|first1=John Thompson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kbg3AAAAMAAJ&q=kier+boiling+process|title=An Introduction to the Chemistry of Cellulose|last2=Wood|first2=Frederick Charles|date=1945|publisher=Chapman & Hall|pages=26|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Lacasse|first1=K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RH2CAAAQBAJ&q=kier+boiling+process&pg=PA95|title=Textile Chemicals: Environmental Data and Facts|last2=Baumann|first2=Werner|date=2012-12-06|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-18898-5|pages=95|language=en}}</ref> Open kiers were also used with temperatures below 100°C (at atmospheric pressure).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Trotman|first=E. R. (Edward Russell)|url=http://archive.org/details/textilescouringb0000trot|title=Textile scouring and bleaching|date=1968|publisher=London, Griffin|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-85264-067-8}}</ref>{{Rp|102}}
+== Gallery ==
+<gallery mode="traditional">
+File:Kugelkocher.jpg|Spherical kier
+File:Kugelkocher schema.gif
+File:Broadford Historical Precinct Straw Boiler 002.JPG|Straw boiler at the historical precinct at [[Broadford, Victoria]]
+File:EB1911 Bleaching - Fig. 6.—The Mather Kier, cross section.jpg|The Mather Kier, cross section
+File:EB1911 Bleaching - Fig. 7.—The Mather Kier, longitudinal section.jpg|The Mather Kier, longitudinal section
+</gallery>
+== See also==
+* [[Textile finishing]]
+* [[Textile bleaching]]
 == References ==
+{{Commons category|Kiers}}
 {{Reflist}}
 [[Category:Textile machinery]]
-[[Category:Textile industry]]
+[[Category:Cotton production]]
+[[Category:Bleaches]]
+[[Category:Boilers]]
 {{textiles-stub}}