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The crystal structure of bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide, a high-temperature superconductor and complex oxide.

A complex oxide is a chemical compound that contains oxygen and at least two other elements (or oxygen and just one other element that's in at least two oxidation states).^[1] Complex oxide materials are notable for their wide range of magnetic and electronic properties, such as ferromagnetism, ferroelectricity, and high-temperature superconductivity. These properties often come from their strongly correlated electrons in d or f orbitals.

Natural occurrence

Many minerals found in the ground are complex oxides. Commonly studied mineral crystal families include spinels and perovskites.

Applications

Complex oxide materials are used in a variety of commercial applications.

Magnets

Magnets made of the complex oxide ferrite are commonly used in transformer cores and in inductors.^[2] Ferrites are ideal for these applications because they are magnetic, electrically insulating, and inexpensive.

Transducers and actuators

Piezoelectric transducers and actuators are often made of the complex oxide PZT (lead zirconate titanate).^[3] These transducers are used in applications such ultrasound imaging and some microphones. PZT is also sometimes used for piezo ignition in lighters and gas grills.

Capacitors

Complex oxide materials are the dominant dielectric material in ceramic capacitors.^[4] About one trillion ceramic capacitors are produced each year to be used in electronic equipment.

Fuel cells

Solid oxide fuel cells often use complex oxide materials as their electrolytes, anodes, and cathodes.^[5]

Gemstone jewelry

Many precious gemstones, such as emerald and topaz, are complex oxide crystals. Historically, some complex oxide materials (such as strontium titanate, yttrium aluminium garnet, and gadolinium gallium garnet) were also synthesized as inexpensive diamond simulants, though after 1976 they were mostly eclipsed by cubic zirconia.

New electronic devices

As of 2015, there is research underway to commercialize complex oxides in new kinds of electronic devices, such as ReRAM, FeRAM, and memristors. Complex oxide materials are also being researched for their use in spintronics.

Another potential application of complex oxide materials is superconducting power lines.^[7] A few companies have invested in pilot projects, but the technology is not widespread.

Commonly studied complex oxides

Barium titanate (a multiferroic material)
Bismuth ferrite (a multiferroic material)
Bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide (a high-temperature superconductor)
Lanthanum aluminate (a high-dielectric insulator)
Lanthanum strontium manganite (a material exhibiting colossal magnetoresistance)
Lead zirconate titanate (a piezoelectric material)
Strontium titanate (a high-dielectric semiconductor)
Yttrium barium copper oxide (a high-temperature superconductor)

References

^ Ishihara, Tatsumi (2009). Perovskite Oxide for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Energy (1 ed.). Springer US. p. 1. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-77708-5. ISBN 978-0-387-77708-5.
^ Goldman, Alex (2006). "Applications and Functions of Ferrites". Modern Ferrite Technology (2nd ed.). Springer US. pp. 217–226. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-29413-1_8. ISBN 978-0-387-28151-3.
^ "What is "PZT"?". American Piezo. APC International, Ltd. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
^ Ho, J.; Jow, T. R.; Boggs, S. (2010). "Historical introduction to capacitor technology". IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine. 26: 20–25. doi:10.1109/MEI.2010.5383924. S2CID 23077215.[1] Archived 2016-12-05 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Lanthanum strontium cobalt oxide cathode powder". Fuel Cell Materials. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
^ "Pendant | V&A Search the Collections". Victoria and Albert Museum. Given by Dame Joan Evans. Retrieved 30 Jan 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) Museum item number M.138-1975
^ "Superconductor cable systems". AMSC.

External links

Materials science: Enter the oxides, Nature. (subscription required)
Condensed-matter physics: Complex oxides on fire
Complex oxides: A tale of two enemies
Oxide interfaces

[1] Ishihara, Tatsumi (2009). Perovskite Oxide for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Energy (1 ed.). Springer US. p. 1. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-77708-5. ISBN 978-0-387-77708-5.

[2] Goldman, Alex (2006). "Applications and Functions of Ferrites". Modern Ferrite Technology (2nd ed.). Springer US. pp. 217–226. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-29413-1_8. ISBN 978-0-387-28151-3.

[3] "What is "PZT"?". American Piezo. APC International, Ltd. Retrieved 19 June 2015.

[capacitor-4] Ho, J.; Jow, T. R.; Boggs, S. (2010). "Historical introduction to capacitor technology". IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine. 26: 20–25. doi:10.1109/MEI.2010.5383924. S2CID 23077215.[1] Archived 2016-12-05 at the Wayback Machine

[5] "Lanthanum strontium cobalt oxide cathode powder". Fuel Cell Materials. Retrieved 19 June 2015.

[6] "Pendant | V&A Search the Collections". Victoria and Albert Museum. Given by Dame Joan Evans. Retrieved 30 Jan 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) Museum item number M.138-1975

[7] "Superconductor cable systems". AMSC.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Oxide compound with cations of multiple elements or different oxidation states}}
-[[Image:Bi2212 Unit Cell.png|thumb|The crystal structure of bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide, a [[high-temperature superconductor]] and complex oxide.]]
+{{See also|Mixed oxide}}
+[[File:Bi2212 Unit Cell.png|thumb|The crystal structure of bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide, a [[high-temperature superconductor]] and complex oxide.]]
-A '''complex oxide''' is a chemical compound that contains oxygen and at least two other elements (or just one other element in at least two [[oxidation states]]).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ishihara|first1=Tatsumi|title=Perovskite Oxide for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells|date=2009|publisher=Springer US|isbn=978-0-387-77708-5|page=1|edition=1|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77708-5}}</ref> Complex oxide materials are notable for their wide range of magnetic and electronic properties, such as [[ferromagnetism]], [[ferroelectricity]], and [[high-temperature superconductivity]]. These properties often come from their [[Strongly correlated material|strongly correlated]] electrons in d or f [[atomic orbital|orbitals]].
+A '''complex oxide''' is a chemical compound that contains oxygen and at least two other elements (or oxygen and just one other element that's in at least two [[oxidation state]]s).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ishihara |first1=Tatsumi |title=Perovskite Oxide for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells |date=2009 |publisher=Springer US |isbn=978-0-387-77708-5 |page=1 |edition=1 |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-77708-5 |series=Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Energy}}</ref> Complex oxide materials are notable for their wide range of magnetic and electronic properties, such as [[ferromagnetism]], [[ferroelectricity]], and [[high-temperature superconductivity]]. These properties often come from their [[strongly correlated material|strongly correlated]] electrons in d or f [[atomic orbital|orbitals]].
-== Natural occurrence ==
+==Natural occurrence==
 Many [[mineral]]s found in the ground are complex oxides. Commonly studied mineral crystal families include [[spinel group|spinels]] and [[perovskite (structure)|perovskites]].
-== Applications ==
+==Applications==
 Complex oxide materials are used in a variety of commercial applications.
-=== Magnets ===
+===Magnets===
-[[Image:Cable end.JPG|thumb|right|A [[ferrite bead]] near the end of a [[Mini USB]] cable helps suppress high-frequency noise.]]
+[[File:Cable end.JPG|thumb|right|A [[ferrite bead]] near the end of a [[Mini USB]] cable helps suppress high-frequency noise.]]
-[[Magnet]]s made of the complex oxide [[ferrite (magnet)|ferrite]] are commonly used in [[transformer]] [[Magnetic core|cores]] and in [[inductor]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Goldman|first1=Alex|title=Modern Ferrite Technology|date=2006|publisher=Springer US|isbn=978-0-387-28151-3|pages=217–226|edition=2nd Edition|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-29413-1_8}}</ref> Ferrites are ideal for this application because they are magnetic, [[insulator (electricity)|electrically insulating]], and inexpensive.
+[[Magnet]]s made of the complex oxide [[ferrite (magnet)|ferrite]] are commonly used in [[transformer]] [[magnetic core|cores]] and in [[inductor]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goldman |first1=Alex |title=Modern Ferrite Technology |date=2006 |publisher=Springer US |isbn=978-0-387-28151-3 |pages=217–226 |edition=2nd |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-29413-1_8 |chapter=Applications and Functions of Ferrites}}</ref> Ferrites are ideal for these applications because they are magnetic, [[insulator (electricity)|electrically insulating]], and inexpensive.
-=== Transducers and actuators ===
+===Transducers and actuators===
-[[Piezoelectric]] [[transducers]] and [[actuators]] are often made of the complex oxide PZT ([[lead zirconate titanate]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=What is "PZT"?|url=https://www.americanpiezo.com/piezo-theory/pzt.html|website=American Piezo|publisher=APC International, Ltd.|accessdate=19 June 2015}}</ref> These transducers are used in applications such [[ultrasound]] imaging and some [[Microphone#Piezoelectric microphone|microphones]]. PZT is also sometimes used for [[piezo ignition]] in [[lighter]]s and [[barbecue grill|gas grills]].
+[[Piezoelectric]] [[transducer]]s and [[actuator]]s are often made of the complex oxide PZT ([[lead zirconate titanate]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=What is "PZT"? |url=https://www.americanpiezo.com/piezo-theory/pzt.html |website=American Piezo |publisher=APC International, Ltd. |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref> These transducers are used in applications such [[ultrasound]] imaging and some [[microphone#Piezoelectric microphone|microphones]]. PZT is also sometimes used for [[piezo ignition]] in [[lighter]]s and [[barbecue grill|gas grills]].
-=== Capacitors ===
+===Capacitors===
-Complex oxide materials are the dominant [[dielectric]] material in [[ceramic capacitor]]s.<ref name="capacitor">{{cite doi|10.1109/MEI.2010.5383924}}[http://www.ifre.re.kr/board/filedown.php?seq=179]</ref> About one trillion ceramic capacitors are produced each year to be used in electronic equipment.
+Complex oxide materials are the dominant [[dielectric]] material in [[ceramic capacitor]]s.<ref name="capacitor">{{cite journal | last1=Ho |first1=J. |last2=Jow |first2=T. R. |last3=Boggs |first3=S. |title=Historical introduction to capacitor technology |doi=10.1109/MEI.2010.5383924 |journal=IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine |volume=26 |pages=20–25 |year=2010 |s2cid=23077215 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232215}}[http://www.ifre.re.kr/board/filedown.php?seq=179] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205144753/http://www.ifre.re.kr/board/filedown.php?seq=179 |date=2016-12-05}}</ref> About one trillion ceramic capacitors are produced each year to be used in electronic equipment.
-=== Fuel cells ===
+===Fuel cells===
-[[Solid oxide fuel cell]]s often use complex oxide materials as their [[electrolyte]]s, [[anode]]s, and [[cathode]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lanthanum strontium cobalt oxide cathode powder|url=https://www.fuelcellmaterials.com/site/powders-and-pastes/cathodes?page=shop.product_details&category_id=11&flypage=vmj_naru.tpl&product_id=199|website=Fuel Cell Materials|accessdate=19 June 2015}}</ref>
+[[Solid oxide fuel cell]]s often use complex oxide materials as their [[electrolyte]]s, [[anode]]s, and [[cathode]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lanthanum strontium cobalt oxide cathode powder |url=https://www.fuelcellmaterials.com/site/powders-and-pastes/cathodes?page=shop.product_details&category_id=11&flypage=vmj_naru.tpl&product_id=199 |website=Fuel Cell Materials |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>
-=== Gemstone jewelry ===
+===Gemstone jewelry===
+[[File:Spanish jewellery-Gold and emerald pendant at VAM-01.jpg|thumb|upright|Spanish-made emerald and gold pendant exhibited at [[Victoria and Albert Museum]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O73034/pendant-unknown/ |title=Pendant &#124; V&A Search the Collections |website=Victoria and Albert Museum |access-date=30 Jan 2014 |others=Given by Dame Joan Evans}} Museum item number M.138-1975</ref> ]]
-[[File:Spanish jewellery-Gold and emerald pendant at VAM-01.jpg|thumb|upright|Spanish-made emerald and gold pendant exhibited at [[Victoria and Albert Museum]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O73034/pendant-unknown/ |title= Pendant &#124; V&A Search the Collections |website=Victoria and Albert Museum | accessdate=30 Jan 2014 | others=Given by Dame Joan Evans}} Museum item number M.138-1975</ref> ]]
 Many precious gemstones, such as [[emerald]] and [[topaz]], are complex oxide crystals. Historically, some complex oxide materials (such as [[strontium titanate]], [[yttrium aluminium garnet]], and [[gadolinium gallium garnet]]) were also synthesized as inexpensive [[diamond simulant]]s, though after 1976 they were mostly eclipsed by [[cubic zirconia]].
-=== New electronic devices ===
+===New electronic devices===
 As of 2015, there is research underway to commercialize complex oxides in new kinds of electronic devices, such as [[ReRAM]], [[FeRAM]], and [[memristor]]s. Complex oxide materials are also being researched for their use in [[spintronics]].
-Another potential application of complex oxide materials is [[Electric power transmission#Superconducting cables|superconducting power lines]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Superconductor cable systems|url=http://www.amsc.com/gridtec/superconductor_cable_systems.html|publisher=AMSC}}</ref> A few companies have invested in pilot projects, but the technology is not widespread.
+Another potential application of complex oxide materials is [[electric power transmission#Superconducting cables|superconducting power lines]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Superconductor cable systems |url=http://www.amsc.com/gridtec/superconductor_cable_systems.html |publisher=AMSC}}</ref> A few companies have invested in pilot projects, but the technology is not widespread.
-== Commonly studied complex oxides ==
+==Commonly studied complex oxides==
-* [[Lead zirconate titanate]] (a [[piezoelectric]] material)
+* [[Barium titanate]] (a [[multiferroic]] material)
+* [[Bismuth ferrite]] (a multiferroic material)
+* [[Bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide]] (a high-temperature superconductor)
 * [[Lanthanum aluminate]] (a [[high-κ dielectric|high-dielectric]] insulator)
+* [[Lanthanum strontium manganite]] (a material exhibiting [[colossal magnetoresistance]])
+* [[Lead zirconate titanate]] (a [[piezoelectric]] material)
 * [[Strontium titanate]] (a high-dielectric [[semiconductor]])
-* [[Lanthanum strontium manganite]] (a material exhibiting [[colossal magnetoresistance]])
-* [[Barium titanate]] (a [[multiferroic]] material)
-* [[Bismuth ferrite]] (a multiferroic material)
 * [[Yttrium barium copper oxide]] (a [[high-temperature superconductor]])
-* [[Bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide]] (a high-temperature superconductor)
-== See also ==
+==See also==
-* [[Multiferroics]]
-* [[Mott insulator]]
 * [[Colossal magnetoresistance]]
-* [[Half metal]]
+* [[Half-metal]]
 * [[Lanthanum aluminate-strontium titanate interface]]
+* [[Mixed oxide]]
+* [[Mott insulator]]
+* [[Multiferroics]]
 ==References==
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist}}
-*
-*
-*
-*
-== External links ==
+==External links==
-* [http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090506/full/459028a.html Materials science: Enter the oxides]
+* [https://www.nature.com/articles/459028a Materials science: Enter the oxides], Nature. (subscription required)
-* [http://www.nature.com/nmat/journal/v7/n9/full/nmat2264.html Condensed-matter physics: Complex oxides on fire]
+* [https://www.nature.com/articles/nmat2264 Condensed-matter physics: Complex oxides on fire]
-* [http://www.nature.com/nmat/journal/v8/n4/full/nmat2414.html Complex oxides: A tale of two enemies]
+* [https://www.nature.com/articles/nmat2414 Complex oxides: A tale of two enemies]
-* [http://www.nature.com/nmat/focus/oxide-interfaces/index.html Oxide interfaces]
+* [https://www.nature.com/collections/ylkptpstlg Oxide interfaces]
-[[Category:Oxides]]
-[[Category:Chemistry]]
 [[Category:Ferromagnetic materials]]
+[[Category:Oxides| ]]
 [[Category:Superconductivity]]