Chenopodium spinescens: Difference between revisions

Chenopodium spinescens
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (TPWCA)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Order:	Caryophyllales
Family:	Amaranthaceae
Genus:	Chenopodium
Species:	C. spinescens
Binomial name
	Chenopodium spinescens; (R.Br.) S.Fuentes & Borsch
	Occurrence data from AVH
Synonyms
	Rhagodia deltophylla (F.Muell.) A.J.Scott; Rhagodia spinescens R.Br.;

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Chenopodium spinescens (common names: spiny saltbush, berry saltbush, thorny saltbush, creeping saltbush, hedge saltbush)^[4]^[5] is a species of plant in the family Amaranthaceae and is endemic to all mainland states and territories of Australia where it is known as Rhagodia spinescens.

Description

Chenopodium spinescens is a multi-stemmed dense shrub to 2 metres (7 ft) high, with branches often ending in spines. The leaves are alternate or opposite, and mealy, looking grey green to almost whitish from their covering of saucer-shaped/spherical hairs.^[1]^[5] The leaf shape is ovate to triangular, and are 5–17 millimetres (0.2–0.7 in) long and 5–17 millimetres (0.2–0.7 in) wide. The leaf petiole is about half the length of the lamina. Male and female flowers are usually on different plants. The flowers have five perianth segments that are tiny and all alike, and five stamens. The ripe fruit are red and succulent.^[1]^[5]

The inflorescence is a panicle or spike, with the flowers' perianth being densely mealy on the outside. The male flowers are globular and 0.5–1 mm in diameter, with their filaments united into a smooth saucer-shaped disc. The female flowers are larger (about 1 mm) and globular to top-shaped.^[5]

The fruit is a depressed globular pink or red succulent berry, and the seed is approximately 1 millimetre (0.04 in) in diameter with a reticulate coat.^[1]^[5] In the Northern Territory, it flowers and fruits from February to December,^[1] while in Victoria, it flowers from January to April.^[6]

Differences from closely related species

The Northern Territory Government website accepts the names R. spinescens (for C. spinescens), R. parabolica (for C. parabolicum) and R. eremaea (for C. eremaea), and describes the differences between them as follows:

Rhagodia spinescens differs from R. parabolica, in having smaller leaves (mostly 5-17 mm long, compared to mostly 15-30 mm long), a narrower inflorescence and a preference for non-rocky sites. It differs from R. eremaea in having leaves that are alternate or opposite (compared to consistently alternate), often spade-shaped, equal length and width or slightly longer than wide (cf. distinctly long relative to their width), with round saucer-like vesicles on the undersurface (compared irregular-shaped vesicles) and have a fishy or foetid odour.^[1]

Taxonomy

This saltbush was first formally described in 1810 by Robert Brown who gave it the name Rhagodia spinescens in Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen.^[7]^[8] In 2012, Susy Fuentes Bazán and Thomas Borsch moved all species of Rhagodia to Chenopodium within the broader family, Amaranthaceae,^[3] a change accepted by Rafaël Govaerts at Plants of the World Online.^[2] However, the assignation of this plant to the genus, Rhagodia, and to the family, Chenopodiaceae, is the taxonomy accepted by the Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria,^[9] the National Herbarium of New South Wales,^[4] Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria,^[6] State Herbarium of South Australia,^[5] the Northern Territory Government,^[1] Queensland Department of Environment and Science^[10] and Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.^[11]

Habitat

In the Northern Territory, it occurs on sandplains, alluvial plains, intermittent sandy watercourses, on sandy edges of salt lakes, and rarely on gravelly hillslopes.^[1] In Victoria, it is usually found on heavy, saline or subsaline soils at the edges of lakes, on flats, and in dune swales.^[6]

Distribution

It is found in the IBRA bioregions of Burt Plain, Central Ranges, Channel Country, Coolgardie, Finke, Flinders Lofty Block, Gawler, Great Sandy Desert, Great Victoria Desert, MacDonnell Ranges, Mitchell Grass Downs, Nullarbor, Riverina, Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields, Stony Plains, and Tanami.^[1]^[11] (Bioregions from Victoria, Queensland and New South Wales may not be included.)^[12]

Propagation

The advice for propagation is to take soft, current season growth tips from actively growing plants; store and transport wrapped in wet newspaper and sealed in a plastic bag, and plant after trimming cuttings to a length of 5–10 centimetres (2.0–3.9 in) and dipping in 3000 ppm IBA rooting hormone.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j "FloraNT factsheet for Rhagodia spinescens". Flora of the Northern Territory online. Northern Territory Government. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Chenopodium spinescens (R.Br.) S.Fuentes & Borsch". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
^ ^a ^b Fuentes-Bazan, Susy; Mansion, Guilhem; Borsch, Thomas (2012). "Towards a species level tree of the globally diverse genus Chenopodium (Chenopodiaceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (1): 359–374. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.006. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 22051350. pdf
^ ^a ^b Jacobs, S.W.L. (1990) PlantNET Rhagodia spinescens New South Wales flora online. National Herbarium of NSW, Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "efloraSA Fact Sheet Rhagodia spinescens". Electronic Flora of South Australia. Government of South Australia. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c "VicFlora Rhagodia spinescens". Flora of Victoria. Royal Botanic Gardens Foundation Victoria. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
^ "APNI Rhagodia spinescens". Australian Plant Name Index. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
^ Brown, R. (1810) Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae et insulae Van-Diemen, exhibens characteres plantarum quas annis 1802-1805: 264(408)
^ "Rhagodia spinescens". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
^ "Species profile—Rhagodia spinescens (thorny saltbush)". Queensland Government Department of Environment and Science. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
^ ^a ^b Florabase Rhagodia spinescens
^ Occurrence data for Rhagodia spinescens R.Br. The Australasian Virtual Herbarium. Retrieved 7 July 2018.

External links

Occurrence data for Rhagodia spinescens R.Br. The Australasian Virtual Herbarium. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
(2017) Rhagodia spinescens. In: Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of the Environment and Energy, Canberra.

[ntflora-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j "FloraNT factsheet for Rhagodia spinescens". Flora of the Northern Territory online. Northern Territory Government. Retrieved 7 July 2018.

[PWO-2] "Chenopodium spinescens (R.Br.) S.Fuentes & Borsch". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 7 July 2018.

[fuentes-3] Fuentes-Bazan, Susy; Mansion, Guilhem; Borsch, Thomas (2012). "Towards a species level tree of the globally diverse genus Chenopodium (Chenopodiaceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (1): 359–374. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.006. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 22051350. pdf

[plantnet-4] Jacobs, S.W.L. (1990) PlantNET Rhagodia spinescens New South Wales flora online. National Herbarium of NSW, Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney. Retrieved 7 July 2018.

[saflora-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "efloraSA Fact Sheet Rhagodia spinescens". Electronic Flora of South Australia. Government of South Australia. Retrieved 7 July 2018.

[vicflora-6] "VicFlora Rhagodia spinescens". Flora of Victoria. Royal Botanic Gardens Foundation Victoria. Retrieved 7 July 2018.

[apni-7] "APNI Rhagodia spinescens". Australian Plant Name Index. Retrieved 7 July 2018.

[brown-8] Brown, R. (1810) Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae et insulae Van-Diemen, exhibens characteres plantarum quas annis 1802-1805: 264(408)

[accepted-9] "Rhagodia spinescens". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 16 April 2022.

[Qld.-10] "Species profile—Rhagodia spinescens (thorny saltbush)". Queensland Government Department of Environment and Science. Retrieved 16 April 2022.

[florabase-11] Florabase Rhagodia spinescens

[map-12] Occurrence data for Rhagodia spinescens R.Br. The Australasian Virtual Herbarium. Retrieved 7 July 2018.

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[3]

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[6]

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@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 |genus = Chenopodium
 |species = spinescens
-|authority = ([[R.Br.]]) [[Susy Fuentes Bazán|S.Fuentes]] & [[Thomas Borsch|Borsch]]<ref name=PWO/><ref name=fuentes>{{cite journal|last1=Fuentes-Bazan|first1=Susy|last2=Mansion|first2=Guilhem|last3=Borsch|first3=Thomas|title=Towards a species level tree of the globally diverse genus ''Chenopodium'' (Chenopodiaceae)|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=62|issue=1|year=2012|pages=359–374|issn=1055-7903|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.006|pmid=22051350}} [http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/plants/chenopodium/pdfs/Fuentes-Bazan_etal2012a-Chenopodium-Chenopodiac.pdf pdf]</ref>
+|authority = ([[R.Br.]]) [[Susy Fuentes Bazán|S.Fuentes]] & [[Thomas Borsch|Borsch]]<ref name=PWO>{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77117832-1 |title=''Chenopodium spinescens'' (R.Br.) S.Fuentes & Borsch|accessdate=7 July 2018 |author=|website= Plants of the World Online|publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew}}</ref><ref name=fuentes>{{cite journal|last1=Fuentes-Bazan|first1=Susy|last2=Mansion|first2=Guilhem|last3=Borsch|first3=Thomas|title=Towards a species level tree of the globally diverse genus ''Chenopodium'' (Chenopodiaceae)|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=62|issue=1|year=2012|pages=359–374|issn=1055-7903|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.006|pmid=22051350}} [http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/plants/chenopodium/pdfs/Fuentes-Bazan_etal2012a-Chenopodium-Chenopodiac.pdf pdf]</ref>
 |synonyms =
 *''Rhagodia deltophylla'' <small>([[F.Muell.]]) [[A.J.Scott]]</small>
@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 }}
-'''''Chenopodium spinescens''''' (common names: '''spiny saltbush''', '''berry saltbush''', '''thorny saltbush''', '''creeping saltbush''', '''hedge saltbush''')<ref name=plantnet/><ref name=saflora/> is a species of plant in the family [[Amaranthaceae]] and is endemic to Australia.<ref name=PWO>{{cite web |url=http://plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77117832-1 |title=''Chenopodium spinescens'' (R.Br.) S.Fuentes & Borsch|accessdate=7 July 2018 |author=|website= Plants of the World online|publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew}}</ref> It is found in all states and territories of Australia with the exception of [[Tasmania]].<ref name=map/>
+'''''Chenopodium spinescens''''' (common names: '''spiny saltbush''', '''berry saltbush''', '''thorny saltbush''', '''creeping saltbush''', '''hedge saltbush''')<ref name=plantnet/><ref name=saflora/> is a species of plant in the family [[Amaranthaceae]] and is endemic to all mainland states and territories of Australia where it is known as ''Rhagodia spinescens''.
 ==Description==
@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 The inflorescence is a panicle or spike, with the flowers' perianth being densely mealy on the outside. The male flowers are globular and 0.5–1&nbsp;mm in diameter, with their filaments united into a smooth saucer-shaped disc.  The female flowers are larger (about 1&nbsp;mm) and globular to top-shaped.<ref name=saflora/>
-The fruit is a depressed globular pink or red succulent berry, and the seed is approximately {{convert|1|mm|in|2}} in diameter with a reticulate coat.<ref name=saflora/><ref name=ntflora/>
+The fruit is a depressed globular pink or red succulent berry, and the seed is approximately {{convert|1|mm|in|2}} in diameter with a reticulate coat.<ref name=ntflora/><ref name=saflora/>
 In the [[Northern Territory]], it flowers and fruits from February to December,<ref name=ntflora/> while in [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]], it flowers from January to April.<ref name=vicflora/>
 ===Differences from closely related species===
+The [[Northern Territory Government]] website accepts the names ''R. spinescens'' (for ''C. spinescens''), ''R. parabolica'' (for ''[[Chenopodium parabolicum|C. parabolicum]]'') and ''R. eremaea'' (for ''[[Chenopodium eremaea|C. eremaea]]''), and describes the differences between them as follows:
 <blockquote>
-''Rhagodia spinescens'' differs from ''[[Rhagodia parabolica|R. parabolica]]'', in having smaller leaves (mostly 5-17 mm long, cf. mostly 15-30&nbsp;mm long), a narrower inflorescence and a preference for non-rocky sites. It differs from ''[[Rhagodia eremaea|R.&nbsp;eremaea]]'' in having leaves that are alternate or opposite (cf. consistently alternate), often spade-shaped, equal length and width or slightly longer than wide (cf. distinctly long relative to their width), with round saucer-like vesicles on the undersurface (cf. irregular-shaped vesicles) and have a fishy or foetid odour.<ref name=ntflora/></blockquote>
+''Rhagodia spinescens'' differs from ''[[Rhagodia parabolica|R. parabolica]]'', in having smaller leaves (mostly 5-17 mm long, compared to mostly 15-30&nbsp;mm long), a narrower inflorescence and a preference for non-rocky sites. It differs from ''[[Rhagodia eremaea|R.&nbsp;eremaea]]'' in having leaves that are alternate or opposite (compared to consistently alternate), often spade-shaped, equal length and width or slightly longer than wide (cf. distinctly long relative to their width), with round saucer-like vesicles on the undersurface (compared irregular-shaped vesicles) and have a fishy or foetid odour.<ref name=ntflora/></blockquote>
 ==Taxonomy==
-''Chenopodium spinescens'' was first formally described [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] in 1810 as ''Rhagodia spinescens'' and the description was published in ''[[Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen]]''.<ref name=apni/><ref name=brown/> In 2012, [[Susy Fuentes Bazán]] and [[Thomas Borsch]] moved all species of ''Rhagodia'' to ''Chenopodium'' within the broader family, ''Amaranthaceae'',<ref name=fuentes/> a change accepted by Govaerts, et al.<ref name=PWO/> However, the assignation of this plant to the genus, ''[[Rhagodia]]'', and to the family, ''[[Chenopodiaceae]]'', is the taxonomy accepted by the [[Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria]] (CHAH),<ref name=accepted/><ref name=apni/>
+This saltbush was first formally described in 1810 by [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] who gave it the name ''Rhagodia spinescens'' in ''[[Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen]]''.<ref name=apni/><ref name=brown/> In 2012, [[Susy Fuentes Bazán]] and [[Thomas Borsch]] moved all species of ''Rhagodia'' to ''Chenopodium'' within the broader family, ''Amaranthaceae'',<ref name=fuentes/> a change accepted by [[Rafaël Govaerts]] at [[Plants of the World Online]].<ref name=PWO/> However, the assignation of this plant to the genus, ''[[Rhagodia]]'', and to the family, ''[[Chenopodiaceae]]'', is the taxonomy accepted by the [[Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria]],<ref name=accepted/> the [[National Herbarium of New South Wales]],<ref name=plantnet/> [[Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria]],<ref name=vicflora/> [[State Herbarium of South Australia]],<ref name=saflora/> the Northern Territory Government,<ref name=ntflora/> [[Department of Environment and Science (Queensland)|Queensland Department of Environment and Science]]<ref name=Qld. /> and Western Australian Government [[Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions]].<ref name=florabase/>
 ==Habitat==
@@ Line 39: / Line 40: @@
 ==Distribution==
-It is found in the [[IBRA]] bioregions of [[Burt Plain]], [[Central Ranges]], [[Channel Country]], [[Coolgardie (biogeographic region)|Coolgardie]], [[Finke (biogeographic region)|Finke]], [[Flinders Lofty Block]], [[Gawler (biogeographic region)|Gawler]], [[Great Sandy Desert]], [[Great Victoria Desert]], [[MacDonnell Ranges]], [[Mitchell Grass Downs]], [[Nullarbor Plain|Nullarbor]], [[Riverina]], [[Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields]], [[Stony Plains]], and [[Tanami (IBRA region)|Tanami]].<ref name=ntflora/><ref name=florabase/> (Bioregions from Victoria, Queensland and New South Wales may not be included.)
+It is found in the [[IBRA]] bioregions of [[Burt Plain]], [[Central Ranges]], [[Channel Country]], [[Coolgardie bioregion|Coolgardie]], [[Finke bioregion|Finke]], [[Flinders Lofty Block]], [[Gawler bioregion|Gawler]], [[Great Sandy Desert]], [[Great Victoria Desert]], [[MacDonnell Ranges]], [[Mitchell Grass Downs bioregion|Mitchell Grass Downs]], [[Nullarbor Plain|Nullarbor]], [[Riverina]], [[Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields]], [[Stony Plains]], and [[Tanami bioregion|Tanami]].<ref name=ntflora/><ref name=florabase/> (Bioregions from Victoria, Queensland and New South Wales may not be included.)<ref name=map/>
 ==Propagation==
@@ Line 48: / Line 49: @@
 <ref name=brown>Brown, R. (1810) [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2938839 Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae et insulae Van-Diemen, exhibens characteres plantarum quas annis 1802-1805: 264(408)]</ref>
 <ref name=apni>{{cite web|url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/rest/name/apni/113229/enwiki/api/apni-format|title=APNI ''Rhagodia spinescens''|publisher=Australian Plant Name Index|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref>
-<ref name=accepted>{{cite web|url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/search?product=APC&tree.id=51209179&name=Chenopodium+spinescens&inc._scientific=&inc._cultivar=&max=100&display=apc&search=true|title=APC ''Chenopodium spinescens''|publisher=Australian Plant Census, Commonwealth Heads of Australian Herbaria|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref>
+<ref name=accepted>{{cite web|title=''Rhagodia spinescens''|url= https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/113229|publisher=Australian Plant Census|access-date= 16 April 2022}}</ref>
 <ref name=map>[http://avh.ala.org.au/occurrences/search;jsessionid=95E8D004F3F3BEB06D278EE13EF18220?taxa=Rhagodia+spinescens#tab_mapView Occurrence data for ''Rhagodia spinescens'' R.Br.] The Australasian Virtual Herbarium. Retrieved 7 July 2018.</ref>
-<ref name=muell>von Mueller, F.J.H. (1889) [https://archive.org/details/iconographyofaus19muelrich Iconography of Salsolaceous Plants XXII] R.S. Brain, Government Printer, Melbourne.</ref>
 <ref name=saflora>{{cite web |title=efloraSA Fact Sheet ''Rhagodia spinescens'' |url=http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?form=speciesfacts&family=&genus=rhagodia&species=spinescens&iname=&submit=Display |website=Electronic Flora of South Australia |publisher=Government of South Australia |accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref>
 <ref name=plantnet>Jacobs, S.W.L. (1990) [http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Rhagodia~spinescens PlantNET ''Rhagodia spinescens'' New South Wales flora online.] National Herbarium of NSW, Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney. Retrieved 7 July 2018.</ref>
 <ref name="vicflora">{{cite web |title=VicFlora ''Rhagodia spinescens'' |url=https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/d5eb3006-6223-4376-85b9-71667a6e29c6 |website=Flora of Victoria |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Foundation Victoria |accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref>
 <ref name=florabase>[https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/2585 Florabase ''Rhagodia spinescens'']</ref>
+<ref name="Qld.">{{cite web |title=Species profile—''Rhagodia spinescens'' (thorny saltbush) |url=https://apps.des.qld.gov.au/species-search/details/?id=16331 |publisher=Queensland Government Department of Environment and Science |access-date=16 April 2022}}</ref>
 }}
@@ Line 67: / Line 68: @@
 [[Category:Flora of South Australia]]
 [[Category:Flora of Queensland]]
-[[Category:Flora of Victoria (Australia)]]
+[[Category:Flora of Victoria (state)]]
 [[Category:Eudicots of Western Australia]]
 [[Category:Plants described in 1810]]