Yogashikha Upanishad: Difference between revisions

Yogashikha
Yogashikha
	Yoga is the highest of knowledge states the text
Devanagari	योगशिखा
IAST	Yogaśikhā
Title means	Peak of Yogic meditation
Type	Yoga
Linked Veda	Krishna Yajurveda or Atharvaveda
Chapters	varies by manuscript (1 to 6)
Verses	varies by manuscript (~10 to 390)
Philosophy	Yoga, Vedanta

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Latest revision as of 14:47, 18 May 2023

The Yogashikha Upanishad (Sanskrit: योगशिखा उपनिषत्, IAST: Yogaśikhā Upaniṣad) is a Sanskrit text and one of the minor Upanishads of Hinduism.^[4] It is one of twenty Yoga Upanishads in the four Vedas.^[5]

Two versions of the Yogashikha Upanishad exist, one short that is attached to the Atharvaveda in some anthologies,^[6] and a long version which is often found attached to the Krishna Yajurveda in Telugu language anthologies.^[7] The long version consists of six chapters,^[8] and is about forty times longer than the short version.^[1] The short version appears interspersed within the first chapter of the long version.^[1]

History

The Yogashikha is an ancient text, states Mircea Eliade, who suggests a relative chronology. He dates it to the same period when the following Hindu texts were composed – Maitri Upanishad, the didactic parts of the Mahabharata, the chief Sannyasa Upanishads and along with other early Yoga Upanishads such as Brahmabindu, Brahmavidya, Tejobindu, Yogatattva, Nadabindu, Kshurika, Dhyanabindu and Amritabindu.^[9] These texts along with the Yogashikha Upanishad, adds Eliade, were composed earlier than the ten or eleven later yogic Upanishads such as the Yoga-kundali, Varaha and Pashupatabrahma Upanishads.^[9] Gavin Flood dates this text, along with other Yoga Upanishads, to be probably from the 100 BCE to 300 CE period.^[10]

Meditation

The Unpracticed one will be pulled out of meditation by the senses, even if he forcefully tries to control them.

—Yogashikha Upanishad ^[11]

Georg Feuerstein calls the Yogashikha Upanishad, as the "Crest of Yoga" and the "most comprehensive of the Yoga Upanishads".^[12] The ideas found in Yogashikha are shared in many Hatha Yoga texts such as those by Gorakhnath.^[13]

Some manuscripts of the text are titled as Yoga-sikhopanisad (योगशिखोपनिषत्).^[14] It is listed at number 63 in the serial order of the Muktika enumerated by Rama to Hanuman in the modern era anthology of 108 Upanishads.^[15] In the Colebrooke's version of 52 Upanishads, popular in north India, it is listed at number 22.^[16] The Narayana anthology, popular in South India, also includes this Upanishad at number 22 in Bibliothica Indica.^[17] In the collection of Upanishads under the title "Oupanekhat", put together by Sultan Mohammed Dara Shikhoh in 1656, consisting of a Persian translation of 50 Upanishads and who prefaced it as the best book on religion, the Yogashika is listed at number 20 and is named Djog Sank'ha.^[18] According to Alain Daniélou, this Upanishad is one of the 12 Raja Yoga Upanishads, seven of which are attached to the Krishna Yajurveda and five to the Shukla Yajurveda.^[19]

The text was influential on medieval Hindu literature such as in section 1.2 of the early 12th-century encyclopedic text Manasollasa,^[20] and the Hath yoga literature such as the Yogabīja.^[21]

Atman, Brahman

There is no god higher than one's own Atman (soul), there is no worship higher than its investigation, there is no happiness higher than inner satisfaction. – Verses 2.20–2.21

The immediate cause of the phenomenal world is no other than the Brahman. Hence this phenomenal world in its entirety is the Brahman alone and nothing else. – Verses 4.3–4.4

—Yogashikha Upanishad ^[22]^[23]

The text is composed in poetic verse style.^[24] The chapter 1, the longest, includes a discussion of the role of yoga in achieving moksha, that is liberation while living (Jivanmukta), and contrasts it to Videhamukti (liberation in afterlife).^[25]^[26] The first chapter asserts Om to be Mula-Mantra (root mantra), and describes it to be part masculine Shiva and part feminine Shakti.^[27] It asserts that anger, greed and such psychological states to be defects that ultimately lead to sorrow, that the pure being is one who is beyond these, a state that can only be achieved through simultaneous pursuit of knowledge and yoga.^[28]

The Telugu language anthology edition of Yogashikha Upanishad is notable for its discussion of Jnana-Yoga (path of knowledge).^[29]^[3]

Chapters 1 and 5 of the text discuss six kinds of Yoga, Kundalini and five fires within a human body.^[30]^[31] It asserts that the awareness of Chakra with Hatha Yoga practice is a form of spiritual experience.^[32] The human body, metaphorically asserts the text, is the temple of Vishnu, as Brahman.^[26]^[33] It is incorrect to regard one's eternal Atman (self, soul) to be same as the temporal body.^[34]^[35]

The Upanishad explains Brahma Granthi as the first knot of the Kundalini, being situated in the Muladhara chakra (the root chakra).^[36] Tantric texts are different from Yogashikha Upanishad, states Harish Johri, because they identify Brahma Granthi to be positioned in the Manipura Chakra which is the third chakra.^[36] The text, states Georg Feuerstein, suggests Yoga is a journey and recommends a steady spiritual practice with a Guru (teacher).^[37]^[38]

The Upanishad calls one's Guru as the one who is a spiritual guide and one worthy of devotion, praising the Guru as Brahman, Vishnu, Achyuta, identical to one's Atman (soul), declaring that there is no one greater in the universe than one's Guru.^[39] The verse 2.22 states that those who have faith in Ishvara and Guru will become great.^[39] The last chapter of the Upanishad emphasizes the importance of Dhyana (meditation) on the highest self, Hamsa and Om.^[40]

The variation in the manuscripts suggest corruption of the text over time, states Deussen, such as the abrupt, non-metric addition of "reciting this text thrice a day leads to liberation" in verse 8 of the short version.^[41]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Deussen 1997, p. 709.
^ Deussen 1997, p. 567.
^ ^a ^b Larson & Bhattacharya 2008, p. 620.
^ Deussen 1997, pp. 557, 709.
^ Ayyangar 1938, p. vii.
^ Deussen 1997, pp. 567–568.
^ Ayyangar 1938, pp. 326–396.
^ Ayyangar 1938, pp. 326–396, There are 178 verses in chapter 1 of the text, 22 in second, 25 verses in third, the fourth has 24, the fifth contains 62 while the sixth chapter has 79 verses..
^ ^a ^b Mircea Eliade (1970), Yoga: Immortality and Freedom, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691017646, pages 128–129
^ Flood 1996, p. 96.
^ Kempton 2011, p. 362.
^ Feuerstein 1989, p. 247.
^ Akshaya Banerjea (2014), Philosophy of Gorakhnath with Goraksha-Vacana-Sangraha, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120805347, pages 184–185
^ Ayyangar 1938, p. 22.
^ Deussen 1997, pp. 556–557.
^ Deussen 1997, p. 561.
^ Deussen 1997, p. 562.
^ Deussen 1997, pp. 558–59.
^ Daniélou 1991, p. 168.
^ White 2012, pp. 131, 420.
^ Christian Bouy (1994), Les Natha-Yogin et les Upanisads, Publications de l'Institut de Civilisation Indienne No. 62, Paris: De Boccard, pages 112–114 (in French)
^ Ayyangar 1938, pp. 365, 371.
^ Hattangadi 2000, p. verses 2.20–2.21, 4.3–4.4.
^ Deussen 2010, p. 26.
^ Ayyangar 1938, pp. 354–358.
^ ^a ^b Larson & Bhattacharya 2008, pp. 621–622.
^ Ellen Goldberg (2002), The Lord Who Is Half Woman: Ardhanarisvara in Indian and Feminist Perspective, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791453254, pages 86–87
^ Larson & Bhattacharya 2008, pp. 620–621.
^ Ayyangar 1938, pp. 326–327.
^ Ayyangar 1938, pp. 375–380.
^ Guy Beck (1995), Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120812611, page 94-95
^ Booth 2014, p. 489.
^ Hattangadi 2000, p. पञ्चमोऽध्यायः.
^ Larson & Bhattacharya 2008, p. 622.
^ Hattangadi 2000, p. चतुर्थोऽध्यायः ४,२१:२४.
^ ^a ^b Johari 2000, p. 72.
^ Feuerstein 1989, pp. 6, 22–26, 41.
^ Feuerstein 1998, pp. 381–382.
^ ^a ^b Ayyangar 1938, p. 382.
^ Larson & Bhattacharya 2008, p. 623.
^ Deussen 1997, pp. 709–711.

Bibliography

Ayyangar, TR Srinivasa (1938). The Yoga Upanishads. The Adyar Library.
Booth, Mark (11 February 2014). The Sacred History: How Angels, Mystics and Higher Intelligence Made Our World. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-9856-5.
Daniélou, Alain (1 August 1991). Yoga: Mastering the Secrets of Matter and the Universe. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. ISBN 978-0-89281-301-8.
Deussen, Paul (1997). Sixty Upanishads of the Veda. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1467-7.
Deussen, Paul (2010). The Philosophy of the Upanishads. Oxford University Press (Reprinted by Cosimo). ISBN 978-1-61640-239-6.
Feuerstein, Georg (1989). Yoga: The Technology of Ecstasy. J.P. Tarcher. ISBN 978-0-87477-525-9.
Feuerstein, Georg (1998). The Yoga Tradition: Its History, Literature, Philosophy and Practice. Hohm Press. ISBN 978-0934252836.
Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521438780
Hattangadi, Sunder (2000). "योगशिखोपनिषत् (Yogashikha Upanishad)" (PDF) (in Sanskrit). Retrieved 16 January 2016.
Johari, Harish (1 September 2000). Chakras: Energy Centers of Transformation. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. ISBN 978-1-59477-909-1.
Kempton, Sally (1 February 2011). Meditation for the Love of It: Enjoying Your Own Deepest Experience. Sounds True. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-60407-329-4.
Larson, Gerald James; Bhattacharya, Ram Shankar (2008). Yoga : India's Philosophy of Meditation. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-3349-4.
White, David Gordon (2012). The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226149349.

[FOOTNOTEDeussen1997709-1] Deussen 1997, p. 709.

[FOOTNOTEDeussen1997567-2] Deussen 1997, p. 567.

[FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharya2008620-3] Larson & Bhattacharya 2008, p. 620.

[FOOTNOTEDeussen1997557,_709-4] Deussen 1997, pp. 557, 709.

[FOOTNOTEAyyangar1938vii-5] Ayyangar 1938, p. vii.

[FOOTNOTEDeussen1997567–568-6] Deussen 1997, pp. 567–568.

[FOOTNOTEAyyangar1938326–396-7] Ayyangar 1938, pp. 326–396.

[FOOTNOTEAyyangar1938326–396,_There_are_178_verses_in_chapter_1_of_the_text,_22_in_second,_25_verses_in_third,_the_fourth_has_24,_the_fifth_contains_62_while_the_sixth_chapter_has_79_verses.-8] Ayyangar 1938, pp. 326–396, There are 178 verses in chapter 1 of the text, 22 in second, 25 verses in third, the fourth has 24, the fifth contains 62 while the sixth chapter has 79 verses..

[eliadeyif128-9] Mircea Eliade (1970), Yoga: Immortality and Freedom, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691017646, pages 128–129

[FOOTNOTEFlood199696-10] Flood 1996, p. 96.

[FOOTNOTEKempton2011362-11] Kempton 2011, p. 362.

[FOOTNOTEFeuerstein1989247-12] Feuerstein 1989, p. 247.

[13] Akshaya Banerjea (2014), Philosophy of Gorakhnath with Goraksha-Vacana-Sangraha, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120805347, pages 184–185

[FOOTNOTEAyyangar193822-14] Ayyangar 1938, p. 22.

[FOOTNOTEDeussen1997556–557-15] Deussen 1997, pp. 556–557.

[FOOTNOTEDeussen1997561-16] Deussen 1997, p. 561.

[FOOTNOTEDeussen1997562-17] Deussen 1997, p. 562.

[FOOTNOTEDeussen1997558–59-18] Deussen 1997, pp. 558–59.

[FOOTNOTEDaniélou1991168-19] Daniélou 1991, p. 168.

[FOOTNOTEWhite2012131,_420-20] White 2012, pp. 131, 420.

[21] Christian Bouy (1994), Les Natha-Yogin et les Upanisads, Publications de l'Institut de Civilisation Indienne No. 62, Paris: De Boccard, pages 112–114 (in French)

[FOOTNOTEAyyangar1938365,_371-22] Ayyangar 1938, pp. 365, 371.

[FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000verses_2.20–2.21,_4.3–4.4-23] Hattangadi 2000, p. verses 2.20–2.21, 4.3–4.4.

[FOOTNOTEDeussen201026-24] Deussen 2010, p. 26.

[FOOTNOTEAyyangar1938354–358-25] Ayyangar 1938, pp. 354–358.

[FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharya2008621–622-26] Larson & Bhattacharya 2008, pp. 621–622.

[27] Ellen Goldberg (2002), The Lord Who Is Half Woman: Ardhanarisvara in Indian and Feminist Perspective, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791453254, pages 86–87

[FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharya2008620–621-28] Larson & Bhattacharya 2008, pp. 620–621.

[FOOTNOTEAyyangar1938326–327-29] Ayyangar 1938, pp. 326–327.

[FOOTNOTEAyyangar1938375–380-30] Ayyangar 1938, pp. 375–380.

[31] Guy Beck (1995), Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120812611, page 94-95

[FOOTNOTEBooth2014489-32] Booth 2014, p. 489.

[FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000पञ्चमोऽध्यायः-33] Hattangadi 2000, p. पञ्चमोऽध्यायः.

[FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharya2008622-34] Larson & Bhattacharya 2008, p. 622.

[FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000चतुर्थोऽध्यायः_४,२१:२४-35] Hattangadi 2000, p. चतुर्थोऽध्यायः ४,२१:२४.

[FOOTNOTEJohari200072-36] Johari 2000, p. 72.

[FOOTNOTEFeuerstein19896,_22–26,_41-37] Feuerstein 1989, pp. 6, 22–26, 41.

[FOOTNOTEFeuerstein1998381–382-38] Feuerstein 1998, pp. 381–382.

[FOOTNOTEAyyangar1938382-39] Ayyangar 1938, p. 382.

[FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharya2008623-40] Larson & Bhattacharya 2008, p. 623.

[FOOTNOTEDeussen1997709–711-41] Deussen 1997, pp. 709–711.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|Minor Upanishad of Hinduism}}
 {{italic title}}
 {{Infobox Upanishad
@@ Line 35: / Line 36: @@
 Some manuscripts of the text are titled as ''Yoga-sikhopanisad'' (योगशिखोपनिषत्).{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=22}} It is listed at number 63 in the serial order of the [[Muktika]] enumerated by [[Rama]] to [[Hanuman]] in the modern era [[anthology]] of 108 Upanishads.{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=556–557}} In the Colebrooke's version of 52 Upanishads, popular in north India, it is listed at number 22.{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|p=561}} The Narayana anthology, popular in South India, also includes this Upanishad at number 22 in ''Bibliothica Indica''.{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|p=562}} In the collection of Upanishads under the title "Oupanekhat", put together by Sultan Mohammed [[Dara Shikhoh]] in 1656, consisting of a [[Persian language|Persian]] translation of 50 Upanishads and who prefaced it as the best book on religion, the Yogashika is listed at number 20 and is named ''Djog Sank'ha.''{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=558–59}} According to Alain Daniélou, this Upanishad is one of the 12 [[Raja Yoga]] Upanishads, seven of which are attached to the Krishna Yajurveda and five to the [[Shukla Yajurveda]].{{Sfn|Daniélou|1991|p=168}}
-The text was influential on medieval Hindu literature such as in section 1.2 of the early 12th-century encyclopedic text ''[[Someshvara III#The Manasollasa|Manasollasa]]'',{{Sfn|White|2012|pp=131, 420}} and the Hath yoga literature.<ref>Christian Bouy (1994),  Les Natha-Yogin et les Upanisads, Publications de l'Institut de Civilisation Indienne No. 62, Paris: De Boccard, pages 112–114 (in French)</ref>
+The text was influential on medieval Hindu literature such as in section 1.2 of the early 12th-century encyclopedic text ''[[Someshvara III#The Manasollasa|Manasollasa]]'',{{Sfn|White|2012|pp=131, 420}} and the Hath yoga literature such as the ''[[Yogabīja]]''.<ref>Christian Bouy (1994),  Les Natha-Yogin et les Upanisads, Publications de l'Institut de Civilisation Indienne No. 62, Paris: De Boccard, pages 112–114 (in French)</ref>
 ==Contents==
@@ Line 56: / Line 57: @@
 Chapters 1 and 5 of the text discuss six kinds of [[Yoga]], Kundalini and five fires within a human body.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=375–380}}<ref>Guy Beck (1995), Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120812611}}, page 94-95</ref> It asserts that the awareness of [[Chakra]] with [[Hatha Yoga]] practice is a form of spiritual experience.{{Sfn|Booth|2014|p=489}} The human body, metaphorically asserts the text, is the temple of [[Vishnu]], as [[Brahman]].{{Sfn|Larson| Bhattacharya|2008|pp=621–622}}{{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000|p= पञ्चमोऽध्यायः}} It is incorrect to regard one's eternal Atman (self, soul) to be same as the temporal body.{{Sfn|Larson| Bhattacharya|2008|p=622}}{{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000|p= चतुर्थोऽध्यायः ४,२१:२४}}
-The Upanishad explains Brahma Granthi as the first knot  of the [[Kundalini]], being situated in the [[Muladhara]] chakra (the root chakra).{{Sfn|Johari|2000|p=72}} Tantric texts are different than Yogashikha Upanishad, states Harish Johri, because they identify Brahma Granthi to be positioned in the Manipura Chakra which is the third chakra.{{Sfn|Johari|2000|p=72}} The text, states [[Georg Feuerstein]], suggests Yoga is a journey and recommends a steady spiritual practice with a [[Guru]] (teacher).{{Sfn|Feuerstein|1989|pp=6, 22–26, 41}}{{Sfn|Feuerstein|1998|pp=381–382}}
+The Upanishad explains Brahma Granthi as the first knot  of the [[Kundalini]], being situated in the [[Muladhara]] chakra (the root chakra).{{Sfn|Johari|2000|p=72}} Tantric texts are different from Yogashikha Upanishad, states Harish Johri, because they identify Brahma Granthi to be positioned in the Manipura Chakra which is the third chakra.{{Sfn|Johari|2000|p=72}} The text, states [[Georg Feuerstein]], suggests Yoga is a journey and recommends a steady spiritual practice with a [[Guru]] (teacher).{{Sfn|Feuerstein|1989|pp=6, 22–26, 41}}{{Sfn|Feuerstein|1998|pp=381–382}}
 The Upanishad calls one's Guru as the one who is a spiritual guide and one worthy of devotion, praising the Guru as Brahman, Vishnu, Achyuta, identical to one's ''Atman'' (soul), declaring that there is no one greater in the universe than one's Guru.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=382}} The verse 2.22 states that those who have faith in [[Ishvara]] and Guru will become great.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=382}} The last chapter of the Upanishad emphasizes the importance of [[Dhyana in Hinduism|Dhyana]] (meditation) on the highest self, [[Atman (Hinduism)|Hamsa]] and [[Om]].{{Sfn|Larson| Bhattacharya|2008|p=623}}
@@ Line 72: / Line 73: @@
 ===Bibliography===
-*{{cite book|last= Ayyangar |first=TR Srinivasa |title=The Yoga Upanishads |url=https://archive.org/stream/TheYogaUpanishads/TheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938#page/n369/mode/2up |year=1938 |publisher=The Adyar Library |ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book|last= Ayyangar |first=TR Srinivasa |title=The Yoga Upanishads |url=https://archive.org/stream/TheYogaUpanishads/TheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938#page/n369/mode/2up |year=1938 |publisher=The Adyar Library }}
-*{{cite book|last= Booth |first=Mark |title=The Sacred History: How Angels, Mystics and Higher Intelligence Made Our World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_DKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT489|date=11 February 2014|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4516-9856-5|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book|last= Booth |first=Mark |title=The Sacred History: How Angels, Mystics and Higher Intelligence Made Our World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_DKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT489|date=11 February 2014|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4516-9856-5}}
-*{{cite book|last= Daniélou |first=Alain |title=Yoga: Mastering the Secrets of Matter and the Universe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7XOnIkBQ0QC&pg=PA168|date=1 August 1991|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co|isbn=978-0-89281-301-8|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book|last= Daniélou |first=Alain |title=Yoga: Mastering the Secrets of Matter and the Universe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7XOnIkBQ0QC&pg=PA168|date=1 August 1991|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co|isbn=978-0-89281-301-8}}
-*{{cite book|last= Deussen |first=Paul |title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC&pg=PA665|year= 1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1467-7|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book|last= Deussen |first=Paul |title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC&pg=PA665|year= 1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1467-7}}
-*{{cite book|last= Deussen |first=Paul |title=The Philosophy of the Upanishads|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_Bea7AXHY4C&pg=PA26|year= 2010|publisher=Oxford University Press (Reprinted by Cosimo)|isbn=978-1-61640-239-6|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book|last= Deussen |first=Paul |title=The Philosophy of the Upanishads|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_Bea7AXHY4C&pg=PA26|year= 2010|publisher=Oxford University Press (Reprinted by Cosimo)|isbn=978-1-61640-239-6}}
-*{{cite book|last= Feuerstein |first=Georg | authorlink = Georg Feuerstein  |title=Yoga: The Technology of Ecstasy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zMrtAAAAIAAJ|year=1989|publisher=J.P. Tarcher|isbn=978-0-87477-525-9|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book|last= Feuerstein |first=Georg | author-link = Georg Feuerstein  |title=Yoga: The Technology of Ecstasy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zMrtAAAAIAAJ|year=1989|publisher=J.P. Tarcher|isbn=978-0-87477-525-9}}
-*{{cite book|last=Feuerstein|first=Georg|authorlink=Georg Feuerstein|title=The Yoga Tradition: Its History, Literature, Philosophy and Practice|year=1998|publisher=Hohm Press|isbn=978-0934252836|ref=harv|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/yogatraditionits00feue}}
+*{{cite book|last=Feuerstein|first=Georg|author-link=Georg Feuerstein|title=The Yoga Tradition: Its History, Literature, Philosophy and Practice|year=1998|publisher=Hohm Press|isbn=978-0934252836|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/yogatraditionits00feue}}
-* {{Citation | last =Flood | first =Gavin D. | authorlink =Gavin Flood | year =1996 | title =An Introduction to Hinduism | publisher =Cambridge University Press | isbn =978-0521438780 | ref =harv | url-access =registration | url =https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo }}
+* {{Citation | last =Flood | first =Gavin D. | author-link =Gavin Flood | year =1996 | title =An Introduction to Hinduism | publisher =Cambridge University Press | isbn =978-0521438780 | url-access =registration | url =https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo }}
-*{{Cite web|url=http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/yogashikha.pdf |title= योगशिखोपनिषत् (Yogashikha Upanishad)|accessdate=16 January 2016| language = Sanskrit|last= Hattangadi| first= Sunder| year= 2000 | ref= harv}}
+*{{Cite web|url=http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/yogashikha.pdf |title= योगशिखोपनिषत् (Yogashikha Upanishad)|access-date=16 January 2016| language = sa|last= Hattangadi| first= Sunder| year= 2000 }}
-*{{cite book|last= Johari |first=Harish |title=Chakras: Energy Centers of Transformation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=99thvrs56AMC&pg=PT72|date=1 September 2000|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co|isbn=978-1-59477-909-1|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book|last= Johari |first=Harish |title=Chakras: Energy Centers of Transformation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=99thvrs56AMC&pg=PT72|date=1 September 2000|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co|isbn=978-1-59477-909-1}}
-*{{cite book|last= Kempton |first=Sally |title=Meditation for the Love of It: Enjoying Your Own Deepest Experience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rd9vJ_ye-hwC&pg=PA191|date=1 February 2011|publisher=Sounds True|isbn=978-1-60407-329-4|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book|last= Kempton |first=Sally |title=Meditation for the Love of It: Enjoying Your Own Deepest Experience|url=https://archive.org/details/meditationforlov0000kemp|url-access= registration |page= [https://archive.org/details/meditationforlov0000kemp/page/191 191] |date=1 February 2011|publisher=Sounds True|isbn=978-1-60407-329-4}}
-*{{cite book|last1= Larson |first1=Gerald James |last2= Bhattacharya |first2=Ram Shankar |title=Yoga : India's Philosophy of Meditation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6pURGdBBmIC&pg=PA620|year=2008|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3349-4|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book|last1= Larson |first1=Gerald James |last2= Bhattacharya |first2=Ram Shankar |title=Yoga : India's Philosophy of Meditation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6pURGdBBmIC&pg=PA620|year=2008|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3349-4}}
-* {{cite book | last =White | first =David Gordon | authorlink = David Gordon White | year =2012 | title =The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India | publisher =University of Chicago Press | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=pQuqAAAAQBAJ|ref=harv}}
+* {{cite book | last =White | first =David Gordon | author-link = David Gordon White | year =2012 | title =The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India | publisher =University of Chicago Press | isbn =9780226149349 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=pQuqAAAAQBAJ}}
 {{Hindudharma}}
@@ Line 90: / Line 91: @@
 [[Category:Upanishads]]
-[[Category:Sanskrit texts]]

Latest revision as of 14:47, 18 May 2023

History

Contents

See also

References

Bibliography