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{{Short description|Species of plant in the family Myrtaceae}}
{{Italic title}}
{{use Australian English|date=May 2023}}
{{speciesbox
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
⚫
| name = Golden penda
{{Speciesbox
⚫
| image = Xanthostemon_chrysanthus1.jpg
⚫
| name = Golden penda
| image_caption = Flowering, close up (above), habit (below), cultivated, Brisbane
| image2 = Xanthostemon chrysanthus 2.jpg
| image = Xanthostemon chrysanthus 2.jpg
| image_caption = Golden penda tree in Brisbane
⚫
| status =
| status_system =
| status = LC
| status_system = QLDNCA
⚫
| genus = Xanthostemon
| species = chrysanthus
| status_ref = {{R|DESQLD}}
⚫
| genus = Xanthostemon
⚫
| authority = ([[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell.]]) [[George Bentham|Benth.]]<ref name=APNI-M.chrysanthus/>
| synonyms =
| species = chrysanthus
⚫
| authority = ([[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell.]]) [[George Bentham|Benth.]]<ref name="APNI"/><ref name="POWO"/>
⚫
* ''Metrosideros chrysantha'' F.Muell.
⚫
| synonyms =
⚫
*''Metrosideros chrysantha'' F.Muell.
*''Nania chrysantha'' (F.Muell.) [[Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]]
| synonyms_ref = {{R|POWO}}
}}
}}


'''''Xanthostemon chrysanthus''''', commonly named '''golden penda''', is a species of tree in of the family [[Myrtaceae]], [[Endemism|endemic]] to (found only in) north eastern [[Queensland]].<ref name=RFK6.1/>
'''''Xanthostemon chrysanthus''''', commonly known as '''golden penda''', is a species of tree in the myrtle family [[Myrtaceae]] which is [[Endemism|endemic]] to (found only in) north eastern [[Queensland]], Australia.<ref name="RFK8"/> It is a popular garden plant with showy yellow blooms, and is the floral emblem of the city of [[Cairns]].{{R|CRC|SGAPC}}


==Description==
It is a popular garden plant with showy yellow blooms.
''Xanthostemon chrysanthus'' is as a tree growing up to {{cvt|25|m}} high, and the rough-barked trunk may be [[buttress root|buttressed]].{{R|COOPER2|APO}} In its preferred habitat alongside rainforest creeks, the trunk will often be gnarled and twisted.{{R|RFK8}} It has a dense crown, with the dark glossy green leaves clustered towards the ends of the branches.{{R|APO|APSNSW}} The [[Glossary of leaf morphology#simple |simple]] (i.e. without lobes or divisions) leaves are arranged [[Phyllotaxis#Leaf arrangement|alternately]] or in whorls.{{R|COOPER2|APSNSW}} They are generally [[Glossary of leaf morphology#elliptic|elliptic]] and measure up to {{cvt|22|cm}} long by {{cvt|9.5|cm}} wide.{{R|COOPER2|APSNSW}}

The [[inflorescence]] is a terminal or axillary [[panicle]] which forms dense, showy heads of golden flowers.{{R|COOPER2}} The calyx is green with 5 lobes and is about {{cvt|1.5|cm}} wide; petals are yellow or yellow-green and up to {{cvt|9|mm}} long.{{R|RFK8|COOPER2|APSNSW}} The most conspicuous aspect of the flower is the numerous stamens, which are bright yellow and up to {{cvt|3|cm}} long,{{R|RFK8|COOPER2|ANPSA}} making the overall diameter of the flower about {{cvt|5|cm}}.{{R|APO}} Flowering can occur at any time of year, particularly after heavy rain events.{{R|SGAPC|ElliotJones2010}}

The fruit is a woody [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]] about {{cvt|1.5|cm}} diameter, and contains between 2 and 4 small black seeds about {{cvt|4|mm|2}} long. The capsule splits open at maturity and releases the seeds.{{R|RFK8|COOPER2}}


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
The golden penda was first described in 1864 by Victorian Government Botanist [[Ferdinand von Mueller]] as ''Metrosideros chrysantha'',<ref name=APNI-M.chrysantha/> after being collected by [[John Dallachy]] on 12 April 1864 from [[Rockingham Bay]] in northern Queensland.<ref name=RFK6.1/> It was reclassified in the genus ''[[Xanthostemon]]'' by [[George Bentham]] in the third volume of his ''[[Flora Australiensis]]'' in 1867.<ref name=APNI-M.chrysanthus/> The species name is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] words ''chrysos'' "golden", and "anthos" "flower".<ref name=ElliotJones2010/>
This species was first described in 1864 by the [[Victoria (state)|Victorian]] Government botanist [[Ferdinand von Mueller]] as ''Metrosideros chrysantha'', based on material collected by [[John Dallachy]] on 12 April 1864 from [[Rockingham Bay]] in northern Queensland.{{R|APNI|RFK8}} In 1891 the German botanist [[Otto Kuntze]] published a revision of the taxon, and gave it the new [[Binomial nomenclature|combination]] ''Nania chrysantha''.{{R|APNI|POWO}} Finally, it was reclassified in the genus ''[[Xanthostemon]]'' by [[George Bentham]] in the third volume of his ''[[Flora Australiensis]]'' in 1867.<ref name="APNI"/>


==Description==
===Etymology===
The species name is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] words ''chrysos'' "golden", and "anthos" "flower".<ref name=ElliotJones2010/>
''Xanthostemon chrysanthus'' grows as a tree to {{convert|10|-|15|m|ft}} high and {{convert|5|-|8|m|ft}} wide in the wild. It is generally much more compact in gardens. The bark is rough and the habit bushy. The shiny green elliptic leaves measuring 7–22&nbsp;cm long by 2–9.5&nbsp;cm wide. They are arranged in whorls along the stems.


==Distribution and habitat==
The flowerheads, or [[raceme]]s, are terminal or axillary and measure up to {{convert|15|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter. They are made up of numerous small (1–2&nbsp;cm diameter) individual golden flowers. Flowering is followed by small (1-1,5&nbsp;cm) green or brown woody capsules which are ripe between August and February. Flowers can appear at any time of year.<ref name=ElliotJones2010/>
The native range of the golden penda is from the [[Seaview Range]] near [[Ingham, Queensland|Ingham]] northwards to the area around the [[Pascoe River]] in [[Cape York Peninsula]].{{R|RFK8|COOPER2}} It is most commonly found alongside creeks and rivers in [[rainforest]], and at altitudes from sea level to {{cvt|1000|m}}.{{R|RFK8|COOPER2}}
[[Image:Xanthostemon chrysanthus.jpg|thumb|left|Flowers detail, Qld]] {{Clear|left}}


==Ecology==
==Natural distribution==
The profuse flowering attracts many nectar eating birds, including [[rainbow lorikeet]]s (''Trichoglossus moluccanus'') and [[friarbird]]s (genus ''Philemon'').
The range is from [[Cardwell, Queensland|Cardwell]] northwards into [[Cape York Peninsula]] in Far North Queensland. It grows in open forest or [[rainforest]], often along the banks of creeks and rivers.<ref name=RFK6.1/>


==Cultivation==
==Cultivation==
''Xanthostemon chrysanthus'' is cultivated as an [[ornamental plant]] by [[plant nursery|plant nurseries]], for use in gardens and park landscaping. Its horticultural appeal stems from its profuse and attractive flowering.<ref name=RFK6.1/>
''Xanthostemon chrysanthus'' is cultivated as an [[ornamental plant]] for use in gardens and park landscaping but will only reach about {{cvt|12|m}} in height in such situations.{{R|APO|APSNSW|ANPSA}} Its horticultural appeal stems from its profuse and attractive flowering.<ref name="RFK8"/> It can be propagated by seed or cuttings but will flower sooner when grown from cuttings.{{R|APO}} It grows well in subtropical gardens with fair drainage and sunny aspect,<ref name=ElliotJones2010/> but in cooler climates such as Sydney, the tree will not flower as profusely as it does in its native range.<ref name="ANPSA"/>

===Expo gold===
Golden penda can be propagated by seed or cuttings. It grows well in subtropical gardens with fair drainage and sunny aspect.<ref name=ElliotJones2010/> The species is less reliable in flowering in climates such as Sydney and cooler.<ref name=ANPS/>
The golden penda was selected as the theme plant for [[World Expo 88|Expo 88]]. Cuttings of the tree were taken from a superior form from a garden in Brisbane and planted in flower in Brisbane to create a 'Sea of Gold'. In late autumn, the tree can still be seen in flower in gardens and lining streets across Brisbane.<ref name="APO"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160px">
⚫
File:Xanthostemon_chrysanthus1.jpg|Flowers
File:Xanthostemon chrysanthus fruit Kewarra 4811.jpg|Fruit, almost ready to split open
File:Xanthostemon-chrysanthus-SF21101-01.jpg|On the [[Cairns]] foreshore, with a Rainbow lorikeet feeding on the flowers
File:Xanthostemon-chrysanthus-flowers.jpg|Individual flowers
⚫
File:Xanthostemon-chrysanthus-fruit.jpg|Dehisced fruit
</gallery>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist | 27em | refs=
{{Reflist|27em|refs=
<ref name="DESQLD">{{cite web |url=https://apps.des.qld.gov.au/species-search/details/?id=15936 |title=Species profile—''Xanthostemon chrysanthus'' |year=2022 |website=Queensland Department of Environment and Science |publisher=[[Queensland Government]] |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref>


<ref name="APNI">{{cite web |url=https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/55063 |title=''Xanthostemon chrysanthus'' |website=[[Australian Plant Name Index]] (APNI) |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, [[Australian Government]] |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref>
<ref name=APNI-M.chrysantha>
{{APNI | name= ''Metrosideros chrysantha'' {{Au|F.Muell.}} | id= 56388 | accessdate= 4 January 2014 }}
</ref>


<ref name="POWO">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:602767-1 |title=''Xanthostemon chrysanthus'' (F.Muell.) Benth. |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref>
<ref name=RFK6.1>
{{RFK6.1 | url=http://keys.trin.org.au:8080/key-server/data/0e0f0504-0103-430d-8004-060d07080d04/media/Html/taxon/Xanthostemon_chrysanthus.htm | accessdate= 4 January 2014 }}
</ref>


<ref name="APO">{{Cite magazine |url=http://anpsa.org.au/APOL30/jun03-14.html#item2 |periodical=Australian Plants Online |title=Growing Golden Penda |author=Norm McCarthy |date=June 2003 |publisher=Australian Native Plants Society (Australia) |issn=1326-7469 |access-date=19 May 2023}}</ref>
<ref name=APNI-M.chrysanthus>

{{APNI | name= ''Xanthostemon chrysanthus'' {{Au|(F.Muell.) Benth.}} | id= 351 |accessdate= 4 January 2014 }}
<ref name="RFK8">{{cite web |author=F.A. Zich |author2=[[B.Hyland]] |author3=T. Whiffen |author4=R.A. Kerrigan |access-date=27 May 2021 |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Xanthostemon_chrysanthus.htm |title=Xanthostemon chrysanthus |website=[[Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants]] (RFK8) |publisher=Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, [[Australian Government]]}}</ref>
</ref>


<ref name=ElliotJones2010>
<ref name=ElliotJones2010>
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</ref>
</ref>


<ref name=ANPS>
<ref name="ANPSA">
{{Cite web |last1=Walters |first1=Brian |year=2007 |title=''Xanthostemon chrysanthus'' |url=http://asgap.org.au/x-chr.html |publisher=[[Australian Native Plants Society (Australia)]] |access-date=19 May 2023 |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616062342/http://asgap.org.au/x-chr.html |archive-date=16 June 2013}}
{{Cite web
|last1=Walters
|first1=Brian
|year=2007
|work=ANPSA website
⚫
|title=''Xanthostemon chrysanthus''
|url=http://asgap.org.au/x-chr.html
|publisher=[[Australian Native Plants Society (Australia)]]
|accessdate=4 January 2014
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616062342/http://asgap.org.au/x-chr.html
|archivedate=June 16, 2013
}}
</ref>
</ref>


<ref name="COOPER2">{{Cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Wendy |last2=Cooper |first2=William T. |author-link2=William T. Cooper |date=June 2004 |title=Fruits of the Australian Tropical Rainforest |publication-place=Clifton Hill, Victoria, Australia |publisher=Nokomis Editions |isbn=9780958174213 |url=https://www.nokomis.com.au/product/nokomis-published-books/fruits-australian-tropical-rainforest/ |page=372}}</ref>

<ref name="APSNSW">{{cite web |last1=Clarke |first1=Dan |title=''Xanthostemon chrysanthus'' |url=https://resources.austplants.com.au/plant/xanthostemon-chrysanthus/ |website=Australian Plants Society New South Wales |access-date=19 May 2023 |date=2021}}</ref>

<ref name="CRC">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cairns.qld.gov.au/region/city-symbols |title=City symbols |date=2016-05-27 |website=Cairns Regional Council |access-date=2019-11-30}}</ref>

<ref name="SGAPC">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sgapcairns.org.au/PlantsEmblemsXanChr.html |title=Golden Penda |website=The Society for Growing Australian Plants, Cairns Branch |access-date=2019-11-30}}</ref>
}}
}}

⚫
{{Commons category |Xanthostemon chrysanthus}}
==External links==
* {{Wikispecies-inline |Xanthostemon chrysanthus|''Xanthostemon chrysanthus''}}
⚫
* {{Commons category-inline ||''Xanthostemon chrysanthus''}}
* [https://avh.ala.org.au/occurrences/search?taxa=Xanthostemon+chrysanthus#tab_mapView View a map] of recorded sightings of this species at the [[Australasian Virtual Herbarium]]
* [https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?subview=map&taxon_id=344937 View observations] of this species on [[iNaturalist]]
* [https://flickriver.com/search/Xanthostemon+chrysanthus See images] of this species on [[Flickriver]]


{{Taxonbar|from=Q2005777}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2005777}}
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[[Category:Garden plants of Australia]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Australia]]
[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller]]

Latest revision as of 12:18, 19 May 2023

Golden penda
Golden penda tree in Brisbane
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Myrtaceae
Genus: Xanthostemon
Species:
X. chrysanthus
Binomial name
Xanthostemon chrysanthus
Synonyms[3]
  • Metrosideros chrysantha F.Muell.
  • Nania chrysantha (F.Muell.) Kuntze

Xanthostemon chrysanthus, commonly known as golden penda, is a species of tree in the myrtle family Myrtaceae which is endemic to (found only in) north eastern Queensland, Australia.[4] It is a popular garden plant with showy yellow blooms, and is the floral emblem of the city of Cairns.[5][6]

Description

[edit]

Xanthostemon chrysanthus is as a tree growing up to 25 m (82 ft) high, and the rough-barked trunk may be buttressed.[7][8] In its preferred habitat alongside rainforest creeks, the trunk will often be gnarled and twisted.[4] It has a dense crown, with the dark glossy green leaves clustered towards the ends of the branches.[8][9] The simple (i.e. without lobes or divisions) leaves are arranged alternately or in whorls.[7][9] They are generally elliptic and measure up to 22 cm (8.7 in) long by 9.5 cm (3.7 in) wide.[7][9]

The inflorescence is a terminal or axillary panicle which forms dense, showy heads of golden flowers.[7] The calyx is green with 5 lobes and is about 1.5 cm (0.59 in) wide; petals are yellow or yellow-green and up to 9 mm (0.35 in) long.[4][7][9] The most conspicuous aspect of the flower is the numerous stamens, which are bright yellow and up to 3 cm (1.2 in) long,[4][7][10] making the overall diameter of the flower about 5 cm (2.0 in).[8] Flowering can occur at any time of year, particularly after heavy rain events.[6][11]

The fruit is a woody capsule about 1.5 cm (0.59 in) diameter, and contains between 2 and 4 small black seeds about 4 mm (0.16 in) long. The capsule splits open at maturity and releases the seeds.[4][7]

Taxonomy

[edit]

This species was first described in 1864 by the Victorian Government botanist Ferdinand von Mueller as Metrosideros chrysantha, based on material collected by John Dallachy on 12 April 1864 from Rockingham Bay in northern Queensland.[2][4] In 1891 the German botanist Otto Kuntze published a revision of the taxon, and gave it the new combination Nania chrysantha.[2][3] Finally, it was reclassified in the genus Xanthostemon by George Bentham in the third volume of his Flora Australiensis in 1867.[2]

Etymology

[edit]

The species name is derived from the Ancient Greek words chrysos "golden", and "anthos" "flower".[11]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

The native range of the golden penda is from the Seaview Range near Ingham northwards to the area around the Pascoe River in Cape York Peninsula.[4][7] It is most commonly found alongside creeks and rivers in rainforest, and at altitudes from sea level to 1,000 m (3,300 ft).[4][7]

Ecology

[edit]

The profuse flowering attracts many nectar eating birds, including rainbow lorikeets (Trichoglossus moluccanus) and friarbirds (genus Philemon).

Cultivation

[edit]

Xanthostemon chrysanthus is cultivated as an ornamental plant for use in gardens and park landscaping but will only reach about 12 m (39 ft) in height in such situations.[8][9][10] Its horticultural appeal stems from its profuse and attractive flowering.[4] It can be propagated by seed or cuttings but will flower sooner when grown from cuttings.[8] It grows well in subtropical gardens with fair drainage and sunny aspect,[11] but in cooler climates such as Sydney, the tree will not flower as profusely as it does in its native range.[10]

Expo gold

[edit]

The golden penda was selected as the theme plant for Expo 88. Cuttings of the tree were taken from a superior form from a garden in Brisbane and planted in flower in Brisbane to create a 'Sea of Gold'. In late autumn, the tree can still be seen in flower in gardens and lining streets across Brisbane.[8]

[edit]
  • Flowers
    Flowers
  • Fruit, almost ready to split open
    Fruit, almost ready to split open
  • On the Cairns foreshore, with a Rainbow lorikeet feeding on the flowers
    On the Cairns foreshore, with a Rainbow lorikeet feeding on the flowers
  • Individual flowers
    Individual flowers
  • Dehisced fruit
    Dehisced fruit

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Species profile—Xanthostemon chrysanthus". Queensland Department of Environment and Science. Queensland Government. 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d "Xanthostemon chrysanthus". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  3. ^ a b c "Xanthostemon chrysanthus (F.Muell.) Benth". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i F.A. Zich; B.Hyland; T. Whiffen; R.A. Kerrigan. "Xanthostemon chrysanthus". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants (RFK8). Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  5. ^ "City symbols". Cairns Regional Council. 27 May 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
  6. ^ a b "Golden Penda". The Society for Growing Australian Plants, Cairns Branch. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Cooper, Wendy; Cooper, William T. (June 2004). Fruits of the Australian Tropical Rainforest. Clifton Hill, Victoria, Australia: Nokomis Editions. p. 372. ISBN 9780958174213.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Norm McCarthy (June 2003). "Growing Golden Penda". Australian Plants Online. Australian Native Plants Society (Australia). ISSN 1326-7469. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  9. ^ a b c d e Clarke, Dan (2021). "Xanthostemon chrysanthus". Australian Plants Society New South Wales. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  10. ^ a b c Walters, Brian (2007). "Xanthostemon chrysanthus". Australian Native Plants Society (Australia). Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  11. ^ a b c Elliot, Rodger W.; Jones, David L.; Blake, Trevor (2010). Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Volume 9 – Sp-Z. Port Melbourne: Lothian Press. p. 498. ISBN 978-0-7344-0974-4.
[edit]
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