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{{Short description|Obsolete series within the former genus ''Dryandra''}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}} |
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[[File:Dryandra nervosa from Flora Australasica.jpg|thumb|right|''Dryandra nervosa'' (now ''[[Banksia alliacea]]''), the type species of ''D.'' ser. ''Aphragma'']] |
[[File:Dryandra nervosa from Flora Australasica.jpg|thumb|right|''Dryandra nervosa'' (now ''[[Banksia alliacea]]''), the type species of ''D.'' ser. ''Aphragma'']] |
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'''''Dryandra'' ser. ''Aphragma''''' is an obsolete series within the former genus ''Dryandra'' (now [[Banksia ser. Dryandra|''Banksia'' ser. ''Dryandra'']]). It was first published at sectional rank by [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] in 1830, and was retained at that rank until 1999, when [[Alex George]] demoted it to a series. It was discarded in 2007 when [[Austin Mast]] and [[Kevin Thiele]] sank ''Dryandra'' into ''[[Banksia]]''. |
'''''Dryandra'' ser. ''Aphragma''''' is an obsolete series within the former genus ''Dryandra'' (now [[Banksia ser. Dryandra|''Banksia'' ser. ''Dryandra'']]). It was first published at sectional rank by [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] in 1830, and was retained at that rank until 1999, when [[Alex George (botanist)|Alex George]] demoted it to a series. It was discarded in 2007 when [[Austin Mast]] and [[Kevin Thiele]] sank ''Dryandra'' into ''[[Banksia]]''. |
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==According to Brown== |
==According to Brown== |
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''Aphragma'' was first published by Brown in his 1830 ''[[Supplementum primum prodromi florae Novae Hollandiae]]''. [[Brown's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra|Brown's arrangement]] divided ''Dryandra'' into three groups according to what Brown perceived to be variations in the number of seed separators. He allowed for these groups to be treated at subgenus or section rank,<ref name="Brown 1830">{{cite book | author = |
''Aphragma'' was first published by Brown in his 1830 ''[[Supplementum primum prodromi florae Novae Hollandiae]]''. [[Brown's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra|Brown's arrangement]] divided ''Dryandra'' into three groups according to what Brown perceived to be variations in the number of seed separators. He allowed for these groups to be treated at subgenus or section rank,<ref name="Brown 1830">{{cite book | author = Brown, Robert | author-link = Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773) | year = 1830 | title = [[Supplementum Primum Prodromi Florae Novae Hollandiae]] | publisher = Taylor | location = London}}</ref> but they are now treated as having been published as sections.<ref name="APNI 23549">{{APNI | name = ''Dryandra'' sect. ''Aphragma'' R.Br. | id = 23549}}</ref> |
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''D.'' sect. ''Aphragma'' was defined as containing four species which Brown thought lacked seed separators.<ref name="Brown 1830"/> The epithet ''Aphragma'' is from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''a-'' ("without") and ''phragma'' ("barrier"). The placement and circumscription of ''D.'' sect. ''Aphragma'' in Brown's 1830 arrangement may be summarised as follows: |
''D.'' sect. ''Aphragma'' was defined as containing four species which Brown thought lacked seed separators.<ref name="Brown 1830"/> The epithet ''Aphragma'' is from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''a-'' ("without") and ''phragma'' ("barrier"). The placement and circumscription of ''D.'' sect. ''Aphragma'' in Brown's 1830 arrangement may be summarised as follows: |
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==According to Meissner== |
==According to Meissner== |
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In 1856, [[Carl Meissner]] published a revision of ''Dryandra''. He retained all three of Brown's sections, and the circumscription given to ''D.'' sect. ''Aphragma'' was much the same, the only differences being the demotion of ''D. blechnifolia'' to a variety of ''D. pteridifolia'', and the inclusion of ''D. drummondii'' (now ''[[Banksia drummondii|B. drummondii]]''), which had been published in 1848. The placement and circumscription of ''D.'' sect. ''Aphragma'' in [[Meissner's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra|Meissner's arrangement]] thus looks like this:<ref name="Meissner 1856 XLIV">{{cite encyclopedia | editor = |
In 1856, [[Carl Meissner]] published a revision of ''Dryandra''. He retained all three of Brown's sections, and the circumscription given to ''D.'' sect. ''Aphragma'' was much the same, the only differences being the demotion of ''D. blechnifolia'' to a variety of ''D. pteridifolia'', and the inclusion of ''D. drummondii'' (now ''[[Banksia drummondii|B. drummondii]]''), which had been published in 1848. The placement and circumscription of ''D.'' sect. ''Aphragma'' in [[Meissner's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra|Meissner's arrangement]] thus looks like this:<ref name="Meissner 1856 XLIV">{{cite encyclopedia | editor = de Candolle, A. P. | editor-link = A. P. de Candolle | year = 1856 | encyclopedia = [[Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis]] | volume = XIV | author = Meissner, Carl | author-link = Carl Meissner | title = XLIV. Dryandra | pages = 467–481 | location = Paris | publisher = Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Wurtz}}</ref> |
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:'''''Dryandra''''' (now [[Banksia ser. Dryandra|''Banksia'' ser. ''Dryandra'']]) |
:'''''Dryandra''''' (now [[Banksia ser. Dryandra|''Banksia'' ser. ''Dryandra'']]) |
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::[[Dryandra sect. Eudryandra|''D.'' sect. ''Eudryandra'']] (8 series, 47 species, 7 varieties) |
::[[Dryandra sect. Eudryandra|''D.'' sect. ''Eudryandra'']] (8 series, 47 species, 7 varieties) |
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==According to Bentham== |
==According to Bentham== |
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''D.'' sect. ''Aphragma'' was retained by [[George Bentham]] in [[Bentham's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra|his 1870 arrangement]], making it the only one of Meissner's infrageneric taxa not to be discarded. However, Bentham reasoned that the single seed separator in ''D.'' sect. ''Eudryandra'' was formed by the joining together of the outer seed coat of each seed; and therefore both ''D. bipinnatifida'', in which there appears to be two plates, and ''D.'' sect. ''Aphragma'', in which there appears to be none, represent failure of the seed coats to join. On these grounds he transferred ''D. bipinnatifida'' into ''D.'' sect. ''Aphragma''. Thus ''D.'' sect. ''Aphragma'' was redefined as containing those species in which "Outer integuments of the two seeds not connate or readily separable from each other." He also noted that the members of this section have large [[involucral bract|involucres]] with many broad bracts, giving them "a different aspect from all others of the genus".<ref name="Bentham 1870">{{cite encyclopedia | author = |
''D.'' sect. ''Aphragma'' was retained by [[George Bentham]] in [[Bentham's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra|his 1870 arrangement]], making it the only one of Meissner's infrageneric taxa not to be discarded. However, Bentham reasoned that the single seed separator in ''D.'' sect. ''Eudryandra'' was formed by the joining together of the outer seed coat of each seed; and therefore both ''D. bipinnatifida'', in which there appears to be two plates, and ''D.'' sect. ''Aphragma'', in which there appears to be none, represent failure of the seed coats to join. On these grounds he transferred ''D. bipinnatifida'' into ''D.'' sect. ''Aphragma''. Thus ''D.'' sect. ''Aphragma'' was redefined as containing those species in which "Outer integuments of the two seeds not connate or readily separable from each other." He also noted that the members of this section have large [[involucral bract|involucres]] with many broad bracts, giving them "a different aspect from all others of the genus".<ref name="Bentham 1870">{{cite encyclopedia | author = Bentham, George | author-link = George Bentham | year = 1870 | title = Dryandra | encyclopedia = [[Flora Australiensis]] | volume = 5 | pages = 562–584 | location = London | publisher = L. Reeve & Co.}}</ref> |
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The placement and circumscription of ''D.'' sect. ''Aphragma'' in [[Bentham's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra|Bentham's arrangement]] is as follows:<ref name="Bentham 1870"/> |
The placement and circumscription of ''D.'' sect. ''Aphragma'' in [[Bentham's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra|Bentham's arrangement]] is as follows:<ref name="Bentham 1870"/> |
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==According to George== |
==According to George== |
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In 1996, [[Alex George]] demoted ''D.'' sect. ''Aphragma'' to a series within [[Dryandra subg. Dryandra|''D.'' subg. ''Dryandra'']]. He did not accept the previous definitions of the series, but nonetheless accepted the basic circumscription as sound; he instead used a range of flower, seed and leaf characters.<ref name="George 1996">{{cite journal | author = |
In 1996, [[Alex George (botanist)|Alex George]] demoted ''D.'' sect. ''Aphragma'' to a series within [[Dryandra subg. Dryandra|''D.'' subg. ''Dryandra'']]. He did not accept the previous definitions of the series, but nonetheless accepted the basic circumscription as sound; he instead used a range of flower, seed and leaf characters.<ref name="George 1996">{{cite journal | author = George, Alex S. | author-link = Alex George (botanist) | year = 1996 | title = New taxa and a new infragenetic classification in Dryandra R.Br. (Proteaceae: Grevilleoideae) | journal = [[Nuytsia (journal)|Nuytsia]] | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 313–408| doi = 10.58828/nuy00235 | s2cid = 92008567 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/235162 }}</ref> The placement and circumscription of ''D.'' ser. ''Aphragma'' in George's arrangement, as amended in 1999<ref name="George 1999">{{cite encyclopedia | last = George | first = Alex S. | author-link = Alex George (botanist) | year = 1999 | title = Dryandra | editor = Wilson, Annette| encyclopedia = Flora of Australia | volume = 17B | location = Collingwood, Victoria | publisher = CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study | isbn = 0-643-06454-0}}</ref> and 2005,<ref name="George 2005">{{cite journal | last = George | first = A. S. | author-link = Alex George (botanist) | year = 2005 | title = Further new taxa in ''Dryandra'' R.Br. (Proteaceae: Grevilleoideae) | journal = [[Nuytsia (journal)|Nuytsia]] | volume = 15 | issue = 3 | pages = 337–346 | doi = 10.58828/nuy00403 | s2cid = 85921580 | url = http://www.naturebase.net/images/stories/nature/science/nuytsia/15/3/337-346.pdf | access-date = 2009-06-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151127085455/http://www.naturebase.net/images/stories/nature/science/nuytsia/15/3/337-346.pdf | archive-date = 2015-11-27 | url-status = dead }}</ref> may be summarised as follows: |
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[[File:Botanical Magazine 3500 Dryandra pteridifolia(rotated pl).jpg|thumb|right|''Dryandra pterifolia'' (now ''[[Banksia pteridifolia]]'')]] |
[[File:Botanical Magazine 3500 Dryandra pteridifolia(rotated pl).jpg|thumb|right|''Dryandra pterifolia'' (now ''[[Banksia pteridifolia]]'')]] |
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:'''''Dryandra''''' (now [[Banksia ser. Dryandra|''Banksia'' ser. ''Dryandra'']]) |
:'''''Dryandra''''' (now [[Banksia ser. Dryandra|''Banksia'' ser. ''Dryandra'']]) |
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==Recent developments== |
==Recent developments== |
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Since 1998, [[Austin Mast]] has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of [[DNA sequence]] data for the subtribe [[Banksiinae]]. His analyses have provided compelling evidence of the [[paraphyly]] of ''[[Banksia]]'' with respect to ''[[Dryandra]]''; that is, it seems that ''Dryandra'' arose from within the ranks of ''Banksia''.<ref name="Mast 1998">{{cite journal | last = Mast | first = Austin R. | |
Since 1998, [[Austin Mast]] has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of [[DNA sequence]] data for the subtribe [[Banksiinae]]. His analyses have provided compelling evidence of the [[paraphyly]] of ''[[Banksia]]'' with respect to ''[[Dryandra]]''; that is, it seems that ''Dryandra'' arose from within the ranks of ''Banksia''.<ref name="Mast 1998">{{cite journal | last = Mast | first = Austin R. | author-link = Austin Mast | year = 1998 | title = Molecular systematics of subtribe Banksiinae (''Banksia'' and ''Dryandra''; Proteaceae) based on cpDNA and nrDNA sequence data: implications for taxonomy and biogeography | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 11 | issue = 4 | pages = 321–342 | doi = 10.1071/SB97026}}</ref><ref name="Mast 2002">{{cite journal | last1 = Mast | first1 = Austin R. | last2 = Givnish | first2 = Thomas J. | author-link2 = Thomas J. Givnish | year = 2002 | title = Historical biogeography and the origin of stomatal distributions in ''Banksia'' and ''Dryandra'' (Proteaceae) based on Their cpDNA phylogeny | journal = [[American Journal of Botany]] | volume = 89 | issue = 8 | pages = 1311–1323 |issn=0002-9122 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.89.8.1311 | pmid=21665734| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Mast 2005">{{cite journal | author = Mast, Austin R., Eric H. Jones and Shawn P. Havery | year = 2005 | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | title = An assessment of old and new DNA sequence evidence for the paraphyly of ''Banksia'' with respect to ''Dryandra'' (Proteaceae) | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | pages = 75–88 | publisher = CSIRO Publishing / Australian Systematic Botany Society | doi = 10.1071/SB04015}}</ref> Early in 2007, Mast and [[Kevin Thiele]] initiated a rearrangement of ''Banksia'' by sinking ''Dryandra'' into it as [[Banksia ser. Dryandra|''B.'' ser. ''Dryandra'']]. This transfer necessitated the setting aside of George's infrageneric arrangement of ''Dryandra''; thus ''D.'' ser. ''Aphragma'' is no longer current. Mast and Thiele have foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once [[DNA sampling]] of ''Dryandra'' is complete.<ref name="Mast 2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Mast | first1 = Austin R. | last2 = Thiele | first2 = Kevin | author-link2 = Kevin Thiele | year = 2007 | title = The transfer of ''Dryandra'' R.Br. to ''Banksia'' L.f. (Proteaceae) | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 20 | pages = 63–71 | doi = 10.1071/SB06016}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{ |
{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* {{Flora of Australia Online|name=''Dryandra'' ser. ''Aphragma'' (R.Br.) A.S.George}} |
* {{Flora of Australia Online|name=''Dryandra'' ser. ''Aphragma'' (R.Br.) A.S.George}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Dryandra ser. Aphragma}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dryandra ser. Aphragma}} |
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[[Category:Banksia taxa by scientific name]] |
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[[Category:Banksia ser. Dryandra|*ser. Aphragma]] |
[[Category:Banksia ser. Dryandra|*ser. Aphragma]] |
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[[Category:Historically recognized angiosperm taxa]] |
[[Category:Historically recognized angiosperm taxa]] |
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[[Category:Plant series]] |
[[Category:Plant series]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Robert Brown]] |
[[Category:Taxa named by Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)]] |
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Latest revision as of 01:29, 24 May 2023
Dryandra ser. Aphragma is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra). It was first published at sectional rank by Robert Brown in 1830, and was retained at that rank until 1999, when Alex George demoted it to a series. It was discarded in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sank Dryandra into Banksia.
According to Brown
[edit]Aphragma was first published by Brown in his 1830 Supplementum primum prodromi florae Novae Hollandiae. Brown's arrangement divided Dryandra into three groups according to what Brown perceived to be variations in the number of seed separators. He allowed for these groups to be treated at subgenus or section rank,[1] but they are now treated as having been published as sections.[2]
D. sect. Aphragma was defined as containing four species which Brown thought lacked seed separators.[1] The epithet Aphragma is from the Greek a- ("without") and phragma ("barrier"). The placement and circumscription of D. sect. Aphragma in Brown's 1830 arrangement may be summarised as follows:
- Dryandra (now B. ser. Dryandra)
- Dryandra verae (18 species)
- D. sect. Diplophragma (1 species)
- D. sect. Aphragma
- D. nervosa (now B. alliacea)
- D. callophylla (now B. calophylla)
- D. pteridifolia (now B. pteridifolia)
- D. blechnifolia (now B. pellaeifolia)
- Hemiclidia (1 species)
According to Meissner
[edit]In 1856, Carl Meissner published a revision of Dryandra. He retained all three of Brown's sections, and the circumscription given to D. sect. Aphragma was much the same, the only differences being the demotion of D. blechnifolia to a variety of D. pteridifolia, and the inclusion of D. drummondii (now B. drummondii), which had been published in 1848. The placement and circumscription of D. sect. Aphragma in Meissner's arrangement thus looks like this:[3]
- Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra)
- D. sect. Eudryandra (8 series, 47 species, 7 varieties)
- D. sect. Diplophragma (2 species)
- D. sect. Aphragma
- D. pteridifolia (now B. pteridifolia)
- D. pteridifolia var. blechnifolia (now B. pellaeifolia)
- D. calophylla (now B. calophylla)
- D. calophylla var. acaulis (now B. drummondii subsp. drummondii)
- D. nervosa (now Banksia alliacea)
- D. drummondii (now Banksia drummondii)
- D. pteridifolia (now B. pteridifolia)
- Hemiclidia (1 species)
According to Bentham
[edit]D. sect. Aphragma was retained by George Bentham in his 1870 arrangement, making it the only one of Meissner's infrageneric taxa not to be discarded. However, Bentham reasoned that the single seed separator in D. sect. Eudryandra was formed by the joining together of the outer seed coat of each seed; and therefore both D. bipinnatifida, in which there appears to be two plates, and D. sect. Aphragma, in which there appears to be none, represent failure of the seed coats to join. On these grounds he transferred D. bipinnatifida into D. sect. Aphragma. Thus D. sect. Aphragma was redefined as containing those species in which "Outer integuments of the two seeds not connate or readily separable from each other." He also noted that the members of this section have large involucres with many broad bracts, giving them "a different aspect from all others of the genus".[4]
The placement and circumscription of D. sect. Aphragma in Bentham's arrangement is as follows:[4]
- Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra)
- D. sect. Eudryandra
- D. sect. Aphragma
- D. tenuifolia (now B. tenuis)
- D. proteoides (now B. proteoides)
- D. proteoides var. ferruginea (now B. rufa)
- D. runcinata (now B. rufa subsp. rufa)
- D. obtusa (now B. obtusa)
- D. bipinnatifida (now B. bipinnatifida)
- D. pteridifolia (now B. pteridifolia)
- D. calophylla (now B. calophylla)
Bentham's arrangement would stand for well over a hundred years, with one minor exception. In 1903 Otto Kuntze challenged Dryandra R.Br. on the grounds that the name Josephia Knight had preceded it. In the process of transferring Dryandra into Josephia, Kuntze published the name Josephia sect. Aphragma (R.Br.) Kuntze. This was rejected, however, and J. sect. Aphragma is now considered a nomenclatural synonym of D. ser. Aphragma.[5]
According to George
[edit]In 1996, Alex George demoted D. sect. Aphragma to a series within D. subg. Dryandra. He did not accept the previous definitions of the series, but nonetheless accepted the basic circumscription as sound; he instead used a range of flower, seed and leaf characters.[6] The placement and circumscription of D. ser. Aphragma in George's arrangement, as amended in 1999[7] and 2005,[8] may be summarised as follows:
.jpg)
- Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra)
- D. subg. Dryandra
- D. ser. Floribundae (1 species, 4 varieties)
- D. ser. Armatae (21 species, 7 subspecies, 4 varieties)
- D. ser. Marginatae (1 species)
- D. ser. Folliculosae (1 species, 5 varieties)
- D. ser. Acrodontae (4 species, 2 varieties)
- D. ser. Capitellatae (2 species, 2 subspecies)
- D. ser. Ilicinae (3 species, 2 varieties)
- D. ser. Dryandra (3 species, 2 subspecies)
- D. ser. Foliosae (3 species, 2 subspecies)
- D. ser. Decurrentes (1 species)
- D. ser. Tenuifoliae (2 species, 2 varieties)
- D. ser. Runcinatae (4 species, 7 subspecies)
- D. ser. Triangulares (3 species, 3 subspecies)
- D. ser. Aphragma
- D. pteridifolia (now B. pteridifolia)
- D. pteridifolia subsp. inretita (now B. pteridifolia subsp. inretita)
- D. pteridifolia subsp. pteridifolia (now B. pteridifolia subsp. pteridifolia)
- D. pteridifolia subsp. vernalis (now B. pteridifolia subsp. vernalis)
- D. fililoba (now B. fililoba)
- D. shanklandiorum (now B. shanklandiorum)
- D. nervosa (now B. alliacea)
- D. blechnifolia (now B. pellaeifolia)
- D. porrecta (now B. porrecta)
- D. aurantia (now B. aurantia)
- D. calophylla (now B. calophylla)
- D. lepidorhiza (now B. lepidorhiza)
- D. pteridifolia (now B. pteridifolia)
- D. ser. Ionthocarpae (1 species, 2 subspecies)
- D. ser. Inusitatae (1 species)
- D. ser. Subulatae (1 species)
- D. ser. Gymnocephalae (11 species, 4 subspecies, 2 varieties)
- D. ser. Concinnae (3 species)
- D. ser. Obvallatae (7 species, 2 varieties)
- D. ser. Pectinatae (1 species)
- D. ser. Acuminatae (1 species)
- D. ser. Niveae (7 species, 7 subspecies)
- D. subg. Hemiclidia (2 species)
- D. subg. Diplophragma (1 species)
- D. subg. Dryandra
Recent developments
[edit]Since 1998, Austin Mast has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae. His analyses have provided compelling evidence of the paraphyly of Banksia with respect to Dryandra; that is, it seems that Dryandra arose from within the ranks of Banksia.[9][10][11] Early in 2007, Mast and Kevin Thiele initiated a rearrangement of Banksia by sinking Dryandra into it as B. ser. Dryandra. This transfer necessitated the setting aside of George's infrageneric arrangement of Dryandra; thus D. ser. Aphragma is no longer current. Mast and Thiele have foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra is complete.[12]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Brown, Robert (1830). Supplementum Primum Prodromi Florae Novae Hollandiae. London: Taylor.
- ^ "Dryandra sect. Aphragma R.Br". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
- ^ Meissner, Carl (1856). "XLIV. Dryandra". In de Candolle, A. P. (ed.). Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis. Vol. XIV. Paris: Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Wurtz. pp. 467–481.
- ^ a b Bentham, George (1870). "Dryandra". Flora Australiensis. Vol. 5. London: L. Reeve & Co. pp. 562–584.
- ^ "Josephia sect. Aphragma (R.Br.) Kuntze". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
- ^ George, Alex S. (1996). "New taxa and a new infragenetic classification in Dryandra R.Br. (Proteaceae: Grevilleoideae)". Nuytsia. 10 (3): 313–408. doi:10.58828/nuy00235. S2CID 92008567.
- ^ George, Alex S. (1999). "Dryandra". In Wilson, Annette (ed.). Flora of Australia. Vol. 17B. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. ISBN 0-643-06454-0.
- ^ George, A. S. (2005). "Further new taxa in Dryandra R.Br. (Proteaceae: Grevilleoideae)" (PDF). Nuytsia. 15 (3): 337–346. doi:10.58828/nuy00403. S2CID 85921580. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
- ^ Mast, Austin R. (1998). "Molecular systematics of subtribe Banksiinae (Banksia and Dryandra; Proteaceae) based on cpDNA and nrDNA sequence data: implications for taxonomy and biogeography". Australian Systematic Botany. 11 (4): 321–342. doi:10.1071/SB97026.
- ^ Mast, Austin R.; Givnish, Thomas J. (2002). "Historical biogeography and the origin of stomatal distributions in Banksia and Dryandra (Proteaceae) based on Their cpDNA phylogeny". American Journal of Botany. 89 (8): 1311–1323. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.8.1311. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 21665734.
- ^ Mast, Austin R., Eric H. Jones and Shawn P. Havery (2005). "An assessment of old and new DNA sequence evidence for the paraphyly of Banksia with respect to Dryandra (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 18 (1). CSIRO Publishing / Australian Systematic Botany Society: 75–88. doi:10.1071/SB04015.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Mast, Austin R.; Thiele, Kevin (2007). "The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 20: 63–71. doi:10.1071/SB06016.
External links
[edit]- "Dryandra ser. Aphragma (R.Br.) A.S.George". Flora of Australia Online. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government.
