Katharina tunicata: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of mollusc}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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'''''Katharina tunicata''''' (Wood, 1815) is commonly known as the black Katy chiton, black Leather chiton, black chiton, or leather chiton, (Kasuqix in the indigenous [[Aleut]] language),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.apiai.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Qaqaqmiigux-Curriculum_Unit-6.pdf|title=TIDAL FOODS |access-date=2022-12-21}}</ref> is a species of [[chiton]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Mopaliidae]]. |
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[[File: Mopaliidae - Katharina tunicata.JPG|thumb|240px|right|Dorsal view of ''Katharina tunicata''. Museum specimen]] |
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==Description== |
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Capable of growing up to 12 cm,<ref>{{cite web |
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|url = http://www.wallawalla.edu/academics/departments/biology/rosario/inverts/Mollusca/Polyplacophora/Katharina_tunicata.html |
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|title = Katharina tunicata |
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|last = Ryan Lunsford, Hans Helmstetler |
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|date = 2002–2003 |
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|work = Phylum Mollusca |
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|publisher = Walla Walla University |
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|accessdate = 2014-12-06 |
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|url-status = dead |
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141208052714/http://www.wallawalla.edu/academics/departments/biology/rosario/inverts/Mollusca/Polyplacophora/Katharina_tunicata.html |
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|archivedate = 2014-12-08 |
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| ⚫ | }}</ref> the animal is generally described as being football-shaped with a black leathery [[girdle (chiton)|girdle]] in which are embedded eight protective plates. The parts of the plates that are visible are sometimes (but not always) diamond-shaped in outline. The underside of the animal is dull orange or yellow.<ref name=aknhp>{{Cite web |url=http://aknhp.uaa.alaska.edu/zoology/species_ADFG/ADFG_PDFs/Invertebrates/Black_Katy_Chiton_ADFG_web_053105.pdf# |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903004027/http://aknhp.uaa.alaska.edu/zoology/species_ADFG/ADFG_PDFs/Invertebrates/Black_Katy_Chiton_ADFG_web_053105.pdf# |archive-date=2006-09-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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==Anatomy== |
==Anatomy== |
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From the dorsal view, the mantle, girdle, and 8 valves are easily distinguishable. The girdle is covered with a chitinous cuticle. The ventral side shows the muscular foot surrounded by the gills on either side. This view also shows the mouth, anterior to the foot, and the anus, posterior to the foot encompassed by the mantle cavity and pallial fold which is then surrounded by the girdle. The gonopores are located at the posterior end just above the anus. The internal anatomy consists of a complete gut, a nervous system with two visceral nerve cords and two serving the foot, and a hemal system composed of the heart, vessels, and unlined sinuses that make the [[hemocoel]].<ref>http://webs.lander.edu/rsfox/invertebrates/katharina.html</ref> |
From the dorsal view, the mantle, girdle, and 8 valves are easily distinguishable. The girdle is covered with a chitinous cuticle. The ventral side shows the muscular foot surrounded by the gills on either side. This view also shows the mouth, anterior to the foot, and the anus, posterior to the foot encompassed by the mantle cavity and pallial fold which is then surrounded by the girdle. The gonopores are located at the posterior end just above the anus. The internal anatomy consists of a complete gut, a nervous system with two visceral nerve cords and two serving the foot, and a hemal system composed of the heart, vessels, and unlined sinuses that make the [[hemocoel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webs.lander.edu/rsfox/invertebrates/katharina.html |accessdate=May 12, 2010 |url-status=dead |title= ''Katharina tunicata'' |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324181939/http://webs.lander.edu/rsfox/invertebrates/katharina.html |work=Invertebrate Anatomy OnLine |archivedate=March 24, 2010 }}</ref> |
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==Feeding habits== |
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| ⚫ | Like other chitons, it is a slow moving grazer that consumes several species of brown and red algae including kelps, sea lettuce, and encrusting diatoms. They're also known to eat [[sponge]]s, tiny [[barnacle]]s, [[Spirorbis|spirobid polychaetes]], and [[bryozoa]]ns. Their predators include [[sea urchin]]s, [[leather star]]s, [[black oystercatcher]]s, [[glaucous-winged gull]]s, and humans.<ref name=aknhp/> |
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==Feeding Habits== |
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| ⚫ | Like other chitons, it |
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==Reproduction== |
==Reproduction== |
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Black Katy chitons are primarily [[dioecious]], [[diploid]] organisms. They reach sexual maturity at about 35mm in length. The decrease in temperature experienced around fall will trigger within a newly settled organism the growth of the gonads. Around springtime, the increase in temperatures will trigger the actual production of [[gamete]]s. Males will first disperse their sperm into the tides which will then induce nearby females to launch their [[Egg (biology)|eggs]] forth to be fertilized. Settlement of the organism is influenced by the presence of coralline algae. [[Gametogenesis]] takes place for 5 months of the year, and most of these chitons will live through the reproduction cycle about 3 times.<ref name=aknhp/> |
Black Katy chitons are primarily [[dioecious]], [[diploid]] organisms. They reach sexual maturity at about 35mm in length. The decrease in temperature experienced around fall will trigger within a newly settled organism the growth of the gonads. Around springtime, the increase in temperatures will trigger the actual production of [[gamete]]s. Males will first disperse their sperm into the tides which will then induce nearby females to launch their [[Egg (biology)|eggs]] forth to be fertilized. Settlement of the organism is influenced by the presence of coralline algae. [[Gametogenesis]] takes place for 5 months of the year, and most of these chitons will live through the reproduction cycle about 3 times.<ref name=aknhp/> |
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Chitons undergo biochemical changes through the processes of sexual maturity and reproduction. Studies have been conducted, using ''K. tunicata'', pertaining to the ratio of neutral and polar lipids found within the organism at different stages of its life.<ref>{{ |
Chitons undergo biochemical changes through the processes of sexual maturity and reproduction. Studies have been conducted, using ''K. tunicata'', pertaining to the ratio of neutral and polar lipids found within the organism at different stages of its life.<ref>{{cite journal |
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| last = O. P. M. Aquinas Nimitz & A. C. Giese |
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| year = 1964 |
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| title = Histochemical changes correlated with Reproductive Activity and Nutrition in the Chiton, Katharina tunicata |
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| trans-title = |
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| journal = Journal of Cell Science |
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| volume = |
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| issue = |
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| pages = |
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| format = |
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| id = |
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| bibcode = |
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| doi = |
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| issn = 0021-9533 |
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| accessdate = 2014-12-06 |
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| url = http://jcs.biologists.org/content/s3-105/72/481.abstract |
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}}</ref> |
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==Distribution== |
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Its distribution ranges from [[Kamchatka Peninsula|Kamchatka, Russia]] through the [[Aleutian Islands]] to southern [[California]]. However, modern, accurate surveys do not exist. |
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==Habitat== |
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| ⚫ | These intertidal zones are susceptible to contamination from industrial activities, timber harvesting, mining, seafood processing, as well as coastal development. Over-visitation and over-harvesting are a common concern. [[Effects of climate change]], present and future, are not fully understood but it will probably affect the diversity and structure of the intertidal communities ''K. tunicata'' reside in.<ref name=aknhp/> This species is protected in the USA under the [[Coastal Zone Management Act]]. |
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==As food== |
==As food== |
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The [[indigenous peoples of California]] cook this animal on coals or in an [[earth oven]]. |
The [[indigenous peoples of California]] cook this animal on coals or in an [[earth oven]].<ref>{{cite book |
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|title=The Natural World of the California Indians |
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|last=Robert F. Heizer & Albert B. Elsasser |
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|year=1980 |
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|publisher= University of California Press |
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|location= |
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|isbn=978-0-520-03896-7 |
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|page=[https://archive.org/details/naturalworldof00heiz/page/90 90] |
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| accessdate = 2014-12-06 |
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|url= https://archive.org/details/naturalworldof00heiz |
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|url-access=registration |
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}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q3073419}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Katharina Tunicata}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Chitons]] |
[[Category:Chitons]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Chitons described in 1815]] |
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[[Category:Edible molluscs]] |
[[Category:Edible molluscs]] |
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[[Category:Native American cuisine]] |
[[Category:Seafood in Native American cuisine]] |
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Latest revision as of 06:30, 26 May 2023
| Katharina tunicata | |
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| Species: | K. tunicata
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| Binomial name | |
| Katharina tunicata Wood, 1815
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Katharina tunicata (Wood, 1815) is commonly known as the black Katy chiton, black Leather chiton, black chiton, or leather chiton, (Kasuqix in the indigenous Aleut language),[1] is a species of chiton in the family Mopaliidae.
Description
[edit]Capable of growing up to 12 cm,[2] the animal is generally described as being football-shaped with a black leathery girdle in which are embedded eight protective plates. The parts of the plates that are visible are sometimes (but not always) diamond-shaped in outline. The underside of the animal is dull orange or yellow.[3]
Anatomy
[edit]From the dorsal view, the mantle, girdle, and 8 valves are easily distinguishable. The girdle is covered with a chitinous cuticle. The ventral side shows the muscular foot surrounded by the gills on either side. This view also shows the mouth, anterior to the foot, and the anus, posterior to the foot encompassed by the mantle cavity and pallial fold which is then surrounded by the girdle. The gonopores are located at the posterior end just above the anus. The internal anatomy consists of a complete gut, a nervous system with two visceral nerve cords and two serving the foot, and a hemal system composed of the heart, vessels, and unlined sinuses that make the hemocoel.[4]
Feeding habits
[edit]Like other chitons, it is a slow moving grazer that consumes several species of brown and red algae including kelps, sea lettuce, and encrusting diatoms. They're also known to eat sponges, tiny barnacles, spirobid polychaetes, and bryozoans. Their predators include sea urchins, leather stars, black oystercatchers, glaucous-winged gulls, and humans.[3]
Reproduction
[edit]Black Katy chitons are primarily dioecious, diploid organisms. They reach sexual maturity at about 35mm in length. The decrease in temperature experienced around fall will trigger within a newly settled organism the growth of the gonads. Around springtime, the increase in temperatures will trigger the actual production of gametes. Males will first disperse their sperm into the tides which will then induce nearby females to launch their eggs forth to be fertilized. Settlement of the organism is influenced by the presence of coralline algae. Gametogenesis takes place for 5 months of the year, and most of these chitons will live through the reproduction cycle about 3 times.[3]
Chitons undergo biochemical changes through the processes of sexual maturity and reproduction. Studies have been conducted, using K. tunicata, pertaining to the ratio of neutral and polar lipids found within the organism at different stages of its life.[5]
Distribution
[edit]Its distribution ranges from Kamchatka, Russia through the Aleutian Islands to southern California. However, modern, accurate surveys do not exist.
Habitat
[edit]These chitons can be found in intertidal zones to 40m depths. Heavy waves on rocky shores are favorable. K. tunicata is unique compared to other chitons in that it tolerates direct sunlight.
These intertidal zones are susceptible to contamination from industrial activities, timber harvesting, mining, seafood processing, as well as coastal development. Over-visitation and over-harvesting are a common concern. Effects of climate change, present and future, are not fully understood but it will probably affect the diversity and structure of the intertidal communities K. tunicata reside in.[3] This species is protected in the USA under the Coastal Zone Management Act.
As food
[edit]The indigenous peoples of California cook this animal on coals or in an earth oven.[6]
References
[edit]- ^ "TIDAL FOODS" (PDF). Retrieved 2022-12-21.
- ^ Ryan Lunsford, Hans Helmstetler (2002–2003). "Katharina tunicata". Phylum Mollusca. Walla Walla University. Archived from the original on 2014-12-08. Retrieved 2014-12-06.
- ^ a b c d "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-03. Retrieved 2010-05-12.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Katharina tunicata". Invertebrate Anatomy OnLine. Archived from the original on March 24, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- ^ O. P. M. Aquinas Nimitz & A. C. Giese (1964). "Histochemical changes correlated with Reproductive Activity and Nutrition in the Chiton, Katharina tunicata". Journal of Cell Science. ISSN 0021-9533. Retrieved 2014-12-06.
- ^ Robert F. Heizer & Albert B. Elsasser (1980). The Natural World of the California Indians. University of California Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-520-03896-7. Retrieved 2014-12-06.
