Akunakuna: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Latest revision as of 07:24, 2 June 2023

The Akunakuna are an ethnic group of Nigeria and Cameroon, closely related to the Efik, Bahumono, Korring and Ibibio people,^[1] mostly inhabiting the area around the Cross River. Recent figures have indicated there are over three hundred fifty thousand Akunakuna people.^[1]^[2]

Name

The Igbo word akwünaakwüna, originally referring to a town where the Akunakuna people live, was Anglicized to Akunakuna.^[3] This exonym takes no account for what the Akunakuna people actually call themselves in the Gwune language, agwaGwunɛ, though, they are related.^[4] According to the book New Dimensions in African Linguistics and Languages, During World War I, married and unmarried women were recruited to serve in the West African Frontier Force and later in the Expeditionary Force into Igboland as cooks and as soldiers' comfort. Ever since then, the word akwüna, shortened from akwünaakwüna, has referred to a prostitute.^[3] The name akunakuna can be alternatively spelled as Agwa'agune,^[5] Akuraakura, or Akura:kura.^[4]

History

In 1846, the Umon attacked some Akunakuna canoes on the Cross River that were going to trade with the Efik, who had previously traded for European luxury goods.^[5] This was used by the Akunakuna as a Casus Belli to go to war with the Umon. Though the war lasted for years, the Akunakuna eventually lost. Under the negotiation of the Efik, the result was as follows, the Akunakuna had to pay an annual tribute to the king of Umon, in return for "keeping peace over the river".^[6] In 1888, a treaty was written with Akunakuna leaders giving the British full control to their land.^[7]

References

^ ^a ^b "Akunakuna - Oxford Reference". Retrieved 2017-07-19.
^ Appiah, Kwame Anthony and Henry Louis Gates, Jr. Africana, 1st edition. New York: Basic Civitas Books, ISBN 0-465-00071-1.
^ ^a ^b Kotey, Paul (1999). New Dimensions in African Linguistics and Languages. Asmara, Eritrea: Africa World Press Inc. p. 297. ISBN 0-86543-664-9.
^ ^a ^b Dalby, David (1969). African Language Review, Volume 4. London: Routledge Publishing Group. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-714-62332-0.
^ ^a ^b Transactions. Ghana: Historical Society of Ghana. 1972. p. 28.
^ Afigbo, Adiele (2005). Nigerian History, Politics and Affairs: The Collected Essays of Adiele Afigbo. Asmara, Eritrea: Africa World Press Inc. p. 163. ISBN 1-59221-324-3.
^ Parliamentary Papers, Volume 74. London: The Parliament of Great Britain. 1888. p. 97.

[:0-1] "Akunakuna - Oxford Reference". Retrieved 2017-07-19.

[2] Appiah, Kwame Anthony and Henry Louis Gates, Jr. Africana, 1st edition. New York: Basic Civitas Books, ISBN 0-465-00071-1.

[:1-3] Kotey, Paul (1999). New Dimensions in African Linguistics and Languages. Asmara, Eritrea: Africa World Press Inc. p. 297. ISBN 0-86543-664-9.

[:2-4] Dalby, David (1969). African Language Review, Volume 4. London: Routledge Publishing Group. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-714-62332-0.

[:3-5] Transactions. Ghana: Historical Society of Ghana. 1972. p. 28.

[6] Afigbo, Adiele (2005). Nigerian History, Politics and Affairs: The Collected Essays of Adiele Afigbo. Asmara, Eritrea: Africa World Press Inc. p. 163. ISBN 1-59221-324-3.

[7] Parliamentary Papers, Volume 74. London: The Parliament of Great Britain. 1888. p. 97.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[File:Scottish geographical magazine (1885) (14780739914).jpg|thumb|428x428px|The area of the [[Cross River (Nigeria)|Cross River]] where the Akunakuna people live (as of 1885)]]
-The '''Akunakuna''' are an ethnic group of [[Nigeria]] and [[Cameroon]], closely related to the [[Efik people|Efik]], [[Bahumono]] and [[Ibibio people|Ibibio]] people,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/oso/viewauthority/10.1093$002foi$002fauthority.20110803095359174;jsessionid=152BD09A888529659174369EF01A8913|title=Akunakuna - Oxford Reference|access-date=2017-07-19|language=en}}</ref> mostly inhabiting the area around the [[Cross River (Nigeria)|Cross River]]. Recent figures have indicated there are over three hundred fifty thousand Akunakuna people.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Appiah, Kwame Anthony and Henry Louis Gates, Jr. ''Africana,'' 1st edition. New York: Basic Civitas Books, {{ISBN|0-465-00071-1}}.</ref>
+The '''Akunakuna''' are an ethnic group of [[Nigeria]] and [[Cameroon]], closely related to the [[Efik people|Efik]], [[Bahumono]], [[Korring]] and [[Ibibio people|Ibibio]] people,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/oso/viewauthority/10.1093$002foi$002fauthority.20110803095359174;jsessionid=152BD09A888529659174369EF01A8913|title=Akunakuna - Oxford Reference|access-date=2017-07-19|language=en}}</ref> mostly inhabiting the area around the [[Cross River (Nigeria)|Cross River]]. Recent figures have indicated there are over three hundred fifty thousand Akunakuna people.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Appiah, Kwame Anthony and Henry Louis Gates, Jr. ''Africana,'' 1st edition. New York: Basic Civitas Books, {{ISBN|0-465-00071-1}}.</ref>
 == Name ==
-The [[Igbo language|Igbo]] word ''akwünaakwüna'', originally referring to a town where the Akunakuna people live, was Anglicized to ''Akunakuna''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=New Dimensions in African Linguistics and Languages|last=Kotey|first=Paul|publisher=Africa World Press Inc.|year=1999|isbn=0-86543-664-9|location=Asmara, Eritrea|pages=297}}</ref> This [[Exonym and endonym|exonym]] takes no account for what the Akunakuna people actually call themselves in the [[Gwune language]], ''agwaGwunɛ'', though, they are related.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=African Language Review, Volume 4|last=Dalby|first=David|publisher=Routledge Publishing Group|year=1969|isbn=978-0-714-62332-0|location=London|pages=124}}</ref> According to the book ''New Dimensions in African Linguistics and Languages'', During [[World War I]], married and unmarried women were recruited to serve in the West African Frontier Force and later in the Expeditionary Force into Igboland as cooks and as soldiers' comfort. Ever since then, the word ''akwüna'', shortened from ''akwünaakwüna'', has referred to a prostitute.<ref name=":1" /> The name ''akunakuna'' can be alternatively spelled as ''Agwa'agune'',<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Transactions|last=|first=|publisher=Historical Society of Ghana|year=1972|isbn=|location=Ghana|pages=28}}</ref> ''Akuraakura'', or ''Akura:kura''.<ref name=":2" />
+The [[Igbo language|Igbo]] word ''akwünaakwüna'', originally referring to a town where the Akunakuna people live, was Anglicized to ''Akunakuna''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=New Dimensions in African Linguistics and Languages|last=Kotey|first=Paul|publisher=Africa World Press Inc.|year=1999|isbn=0-86543-664-9|location=Asmara, Eritrea|pages=297}}</ref> This [[Exonym and endonym|exonym]] takes no account for what the Akunakuna people actually call themselves in the [[Gwune language]], ''agwaGwunɛ'', though, they are related.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=African Language Review, Volume 4|last=Dalby|first=David|publisher=Routledge Publishing Group|year=1969|isbn=978-0-714-62332-0|location=London|pages=124}}</ref> According to the book ''New Dimensions in African Linguistics and Languages'', During [[World War I]], married and unmarried women were recruited to serve in the West African Frontier Force and later in the Expeditionary Force into Igboland as cooks and as soldiers' comfort. Ever since then, the word ''akwüna'', shortened from ''akwünaakwüna'', has referred to a prostitute.<ref name=":1" /> The name ''akunakuna'' can be alternatively spelled as ''Agwa'agune'',<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Transactions|publisher=Historical Society of Ghana|year=1972|location=Ghana|pages=28}}</ref> ''Akuraakura'', or ''Akura:kura''.<ref name=":2" />
 == History ==
-In 1846, the [[Umon people|Umon]] attacked some Akunakuna canoes on the Cross River that were going to trade with the [[Efik people|Efik]], who had previously traded for European luxury goods.<ref name=":3" /> This was used by the Akunakuna as a [[Casus belli|''Casus Belli'']] to go to war with the Umon. Though the war lasted for years, the Akunakuna eventually lost. Under the negotiation of the Efik, the result was as follows, the Akunakuna had to pay an annual tribute to the king of Umon, in return for "keeping peace over the river".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Nigerian History, Politics and Affairs: The Collected Essays of Adiele Afigbo|last=Afigbo|first=Adiele|publisher=Africa World Press Inc.|year=2005|isbn=1-59221-324-3|location=Asmara, Eritrea|pages=163}}</ref> In 1888, a treaty was written with Akunakuna leaders giving the [[British Empire|British]] full control to their land.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Parliamentary Papers, Volume 74|last=|first=|publisher=The Parliament of Great Britain|year=1888|isbn=|location=London|pages=97}}</ref>
+In 1846, the [[Umon people|Umon]] attacked some Akunakuna canoes on the Cross River that were going to trade with the [[Efik people|Efik]], who had previously traded for European luxury goods.<ref name=":3" /> This was used by the Akunakuna as a [[Casus belli|''Casus Belli'']] to go to war with the Umon. Though the war lasted for years, the Akunakuna eventually lost. Under the negotiation of the Efik, the result was as follows, the Akunakuna had to pay an annual tribute to the king of Umon, in return for "keeping peace over the river".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Nigerian History, Politics and Affairs: The Collected Essays of Adiele Afigbo|last=Afigbo|first=Adiele|publisher=Africa World Press Inc.|year=2005|isbn=1-59221-324-3|location=Asmara, Eritrea|pages=163}}</ref> In 1888, a treaty was written with Akunakuna leaders giving the [[British Empire|British]] full control to their land.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Parliamentary Papers, Volume 74|publisher=The Parliament of Great Britain|year=1888|location=London|pages=97}}</ref>
 ==References==