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{{Notability|date=June 2009}}
[[File:Youri Messen-Jaschin (1981) by Erling Mandelmann.jpg|thumb|1981]]
[[File:Youri Messen-Jaschin (1981) by Erling Mandelmann.jpg|thumb|1981]]
'''Youri Messen-Jaschin''' ([http://www.muellerscience.com/SPEZIALITAETEN/Schweiz/Auslaender_in_der_Schweiz.htm]) is an artist of [[Latvians|Latvian]] origin, born in [[Arosa]], Switzerland, in 1941. He often combines oils and gouaches. His favourite colors are: strong reds, yellows, greens, and blue. He also works in [[body painting]], exhibiting his works in nightclubs.
'''Youri Messen-Jaschin'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.muellerscience.com/SPEZIALITAETEN/Schweiz/Auslaender_in_der_Schweiz.htm|title=Mueller Science - Ausländer in der Schweiz - famous foreigners in Switzerland|website=Muellerscience.com|access-date=14 February 2019}}</ref> is an artist of [[Latvians|Latvian]] origin, born in [[Arosa]], Switzerland, in 1941. He often combines oils and gouaches. His favourite colors are: strong reds, yellows, greens, and blue. He also works in [[body painting]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.absolutearts.com/messenjaschin/additional-artwork/youri-messen-jaschin-s-30.html|title=Youri Messen-Jaschin Bodypainting on Absolutearts|website=Absolutearts.com|access-date=14 February 2019}}</ref> exhibiting his works in nightclubs.


He created three stamps in optical art for [[Swiss Post]], in 2010.,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/messenjaschin/docs/focus_of_stamps_9e9a6d19004129|title=Focus of stamps|website=Issuu.com|access-date=14 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00283-012-9284-1.pdf|title=Recent Mathematical Stamps 2010|quotation=Optical Art|journal=The Mathematical Intelligencer|author=Robin Wilson|date=July 2012|volume=34|issue=2|page=78|doi=10.1007/s00283-012-9284-1|doi-access=free}}</ref>
==Life and works==
From 1958–1962 his artistic studies led him to the higher national school of fine arts (student of Professor Robert Cami) and to the Practical school of the Sorbonne, division of social sciences (history of art, Professor Pierre Francastel) in Paris.
From 1962 until 1965, he went to the School of Fine Arts in Lausanne. He worked with the engraver and painter Ernest Pizzotti. Exhibition of Lausanne in 1964 with his kinetic glass and acrylic sculptures. He worked two years at the Center of Contemporary Engraving in [[Geneva]]. Then, he worked in [[Zürich]], where he broadened his pictorial perspective with the painter Friederich Kuhn thru experience of the circle in the face. From 1968 until 1970, he acted at the University of Högskolan för design & Konsthantwerk in [[Göteborg]], where he created researches of textile kinetic objects. In 1967, he met at an exhibition in Göteborgs Konsthall [[Jesús – Rafael Soto]], [[Carlos Cruz-Diez]] and [[Julio Le Parc]]. Speaking with these artists, he discovered to be fascinated by optical art. He decided to devote all his research to kinetic art. An extended stay in Göteborg gave him the opportunity to constantly evolve in movement and geometric shapes, integrating them in his textiles and oil paintings. His research in optical art had a significant impact in this area in Scandinavia.
In 1968, Youri received the first prize for the Swiss contemporary engraving art. The same year, he got a scholarship from the Swedish government. In the 1970s, he stayed in [[Hamburg]] where he continued to work with artists from northern Germany, collaborating with him on different monumental projects. In 1970, he created a kinetic sculpture for Gould in [[Eistetten]], near the Black Forest in Germany.
He took up residence in Bern from 1970 to 1981. His various stays abroad allowed each time to establish a link with artists working in the same artistic movement. Architecture plays an important role in his paintings and sculptures, the search for movement [[Op Art]] ([[kinetic art]]) in architectural space is a whole, and he could talk about it with [[Oscar Niemeyer]], [[Burle Marx]], in [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Otake]] in [[São Paulo]] in Brazil, and [[Clorindo Testa]] in [[Buenos Aires]]. He stayed in [[Caracas]] at the end of his trip, where he staged theatre and choreography of his own works which are presented at the Ateneo of Caracas and the VIth Festival Internacional de Teatro, Fundacion [[Eugenio Mendoza]], Asociación cultural Humboldt ([[Goethe-Institut]]) and the [[Alliance Française]], 1984.
He participated in many international exhibitions and got awards from research in optical art in Italy. His works are in private collections, in national and international museums.
He also had the privilege to sell his unique tapestry in the style of [[pop art]] "More Light". He was enthusiastic about the use of color in this art style. The Contemporary Art Museum Migros in [[Zürich]] was interested in this work. This tapestry was made in the 1970s in his loft in Zollikofen near Bern in Switzerland. This tapestry belongs to the collection of [[Migros]] Vaud Switzerland.
After a stay of several months in New York, he returned to Switzerland where he took up residence in Bern, where he lived for eleven years. During his stay, he frequently exhibited at the Kunsthalle and other local museums.
He created for the [[Swiss Post]], 3 stamps in optical art in 2010.<ref>http://www.swisspost.ch/post-startseite/post-privatkunden/post-philatelie/post-philatelie-publikationen/post-philatelie-lupe/post-philatelie-lupe-archiv/ph-lupe-2010-03.pdf</ref> Museums focus on his work: Kunsthaus Zurich, Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich, Cabinet des estampes in [[Geneva]] and abroad, the Royal Museum of fine arts in [[Brussels]]. The Stedelijk Museum in [[Amsterdam]] as well as other museums and private collectors in the United States, Japan and Europe buy his kinetic works to complete their collections.
2014 Laboratory of [[Neuroimaging]] – University Hospital of [[Vaud]] ([[CHUV]]) – [[Lausanne]], The 'laboratory of neuroimaging proceeds to imaging using non-invasive magnetic resonance to map and locate the points of brain activity. During this visualization, the application of this process on the participants viewed by "[[Op Art]]" will allow locating the effects on the brain.


==Bibliography==
==Biography==
Between 1958 and 1962 Youri Messen-Jaschin studied [[Fine art]] at the [[École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts]] (student of Robert Cami) and [[History of art]] at the [[École pratique des hautes études]] (student of [[Pierre Francastel]]), both in [[Paris]].


Between 1962 and 1965, he attended the [[École cantonale d'art de Lausanne]].
===Books – Magazine===

He worked with engraver and painter Ernest Pizzotti.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studiopizz.ch/ernest.pizzotti/index.htm|title=Ernest Pizzotti|website=Studiopizz.ch|access-date=14 February 2019}}</ref> He exposed his kinetic glass and acrylic sculptures in Lausanne in 1964. He worked two years at the Center of Contemporary Engraving in [[Geneva]] and then in [[Zürich]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yourimessenjaschinbibliography.wordpress.com/2017/04/21/switzerland-xylography-woodcut-by-youri-messen-jaschin-1958-1978/|title=switzerland - xylography - woodcut - by youri messen-jaschin - 1958 – 1978 -|first=Youri|last=Messen-Jaschin|date=21 April 2017|website=Yourimessenjaschinbibliography.wordpress.com|access-date=14 February 2019}}</ref> where he collaborated with the painter Friederich Kuhn.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/F/bo6978290.html|title=Friedrich Kuhn (1926-1972)|access-date=14 February 2019|website=Press.uchicago.edu}}</ref>

Between 1968 and 1970, he studied at the [[School of Design and Crafts]] in Göteborg, where he researched textile kinetic objects. There, through his discussions with artists [[Jesús Rafael Soto]], [[Carlos Cruz-Diez]] and [[Julio Le Parc]], he became increasingly interested in by [[Op art]] and decided to devote all his research to [[Kinetic art]]. He started to increasingly integrate movement and geometric shapes in his textiles and oil paintings.

In 1968, he received the first prize for Swiss contemporary engraving art as well as a scholarship from the Swedish government. In 1970, he worked in [[Hamburg]], collaborating with North German artists on monumental projects, and created a kinetic sculpture for [[Gould Electronics|Gould]] in Eichstetten, Germany.

Youri Messen-Jaschin traveled in South America, where he was able to discuss architecture – which plays an important role in his work – and its relations to his own research on movement with architects and artists like [[Oscar Niemeyer]] and [[Roberto Burle Marx]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Ruy Ohtake]] in [[São Paulo]], and [[Clorindo Testa]] in [[Buenos Aires]]. In 1984 in [[Caracas]], he staged theatre and choreography of his own works at the [[Caracas Athenaeum|Ateneo]], the [[Eugenio Mendoza]] Foundation, the Asociación Cultural Humboldt ([[Goethe-Institut]]), and at the [[Alliance française]].

After a stay of several months in New York, he returned to Switzerland in 1971, where he took up residence in [[Bern]], where he lived for eleven years. During his stay, he frequently exhibited at the [[Kunsthalle Bern|Kunsthalle]] and other local museums. He currently lives in [[Lausanne]], Switzerland.

He participated in many international exhibitions. His works are in private collections, in national and international museums.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Vertigo-2002 1.jpg
</gallery>

==Exhibitions==
* 2013 [http://www.guide-contemporain.ch/evenements/youri-messen-jaschin-galerie-du-chateaurenens Youri Messen-Jaschin: Op Art, Galerie du Château, Renens, Switzerland]
* 2018 [http://www.popa.ch POPA Museum] | Exhibition Youri Messen-Jaschin Op Art | April 20-May 21 | Porrentruy, Switzerland
* 2019 Youri Messen-Jaschin | Galerie du Château, Renens, Switzerland | March 15-April 7, 2019

==Books and magazines==
* 2000 Premio Internazionale di scultura "Terzo millenio" Terra Moretti Editor Fiorenza Mursia/[[Milan]]/Italy
* 2000 Premio Internazionale di scultura "Terzo millenio" Terra Moretti Editor Fiorenza Mursia/[[Milan]]/Italy
* 2016 [https://socialize-magazine.ch/guide-contemporain-vol-iii-nouveau-pont-arts-entre-lausanne-geneve Guide Contemporain, volume III], p.&nbsp;138 | Published by the [http://www.guide-contemporain.ch Fondation Lémanique pour l'Art Contemporain]
* 2022 [https://www.swisscommunity.org/fileadmin/revue/Ausgaben/2022/05/SRV_2205_EN.pdf Youri Messen-Jaschin, an artist who plays with your brain], ''Swiss Review'', The magazine for the Swiss Abroad, p. 10-11.

==Awards==
* USA Award Artavita | 30th international Art Contest | Certificate of excellence | 2019
* USA | Artist of the year award | [https://yourimessenjaschinbibliography.wordpress.com/2019/01/26/usa-circle-foundation-for-the-arts-award-for-silkscreen-wormhole-01-22-2019 Award for Wormhole] (screen printing) | Foundation for the Art | 2019
* USA | [https://www.artroomgalleryonline.com/exhibitions/2019/february_2019.html Art Room Contemporary Online Gallery] | Merit Award for Excellent Artwork | Feb. 2019


===Encyclopedic===
==Encyclopedic==
* 1987 to 1992 Who's and Who international art
* 1987 to 1992 Who's and Who international art
* 1981 Institut Suisse pour l'étude de l'art, Dictionnaire des artistes suisses contemporains (Swiss institute for the study of [[art]], Dictionary of the contemporary Swiss artists)
* 1981 Institut Suisse pour l'étude de l'art, Dictionnaire des artistes suisses contemporains (Swiss institute for the study of [[art]], Dictionary of the contemporary Swiss artists)
Line 27: Line 50:
* 2008 [[Visarte]] Vaud – 152 creative personalities | Editor [[League of visual artists and architects Lausanne]] Switzerland.
* 2008 [[Visarte]] Vaud – 152 creative personalities | Editor [[League of visual artists and architects Lausanne]] Switzerland.


===Theater===
==Theater==

* 1982 «PSICOTRONICÓ» Caracas; ([http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/223/1517/1600/El-National-Psico.jpg]);
* 1982 «PSICOTRONICÓ» Caracas; ([http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/223/1517/1600/El-National-Psico.jpg]);
* 1983 «AH! AH! BARROCO» Caracas
* 1983 «AH! AH! BARROCO» Caracas
* 1983 «LA TORTA QUE CAMINA» Caracas; ([http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/223/1517/1600/El-mundo.jpg]); ([http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/223/1517/1600/El-universal.0.jpg]) ;
* 1983 «LA TORTA QUE CAMINA» Caracas; ([http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/223/1517/1600/El-mundo.jpg]); ([http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/223/1517/1600/El-universal.0.jpg]) ;
* 1964 «EMBRYO» [[Caracas]]; ([http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/223/1517/1600/El-Universal-1984-.0.jpg]);
* 1964 «EMBRYO» [[Caracas]]; ([http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/223/1517/1600/El-Universal-1984-.0.jpg]);

==Exhibitions==
{{Like resume|date=July 2008}}
* 1966 Modern Nordisk Konst Karlstadt, Sweden
* 1966 Galerie du Vieux-Bourg, Lausanne, Switzerland
* 1967 Modern Nordisk Konst Göteborg
* 1968 Musée Rath Geneva (SPAS)
* 1969 1st Swiss show of contemporary Engraving Musée d'Arts et d'Histoire Geneva
* 1970 Gould Gmbh Freiburg Germany
* 1970 Saipa SA Lugano
* 1970 Moderna Museet (group exhibition) Göteborg
* 1970 Expo-Form 70 Röhsska Museet Göteborg
* 1970 Franskacenter Göteborg
* 1971 Foundation Gould corporation Freiburg Germany
* 1971 Gewerbemuseum (Trade Museum), Berne
* 1972 Aktionsgalerie 2, Berne, (Idoles)
* 1972 Kunstkeller Berne
* 1973 Müstermesse Basel
* 1973 Gewerbemuseum (Trade Museum), Berne
* 1973 Salon des Antiquaires Lausanne
* 1974 Aktionsgalerie 1, Berne
* 1973/74 Kunsthalle Berne
* 1974 Aktionsgalerie 1, Berne; 1974 Semaine culturel Moutier, Switzerland
* 1974 Kunstmuseum Luzern
* 1974 Galerie Bertram Burgdorf, Switzerland
* 1974/75 Kunsthalle Berne
* 1975 Aktionsgalerie 1, Berne
* 1975 Gewerbemuseum (Trade Museum), Berne
* 1975 2ème Salon International de l'architecture d'intérieur Geneva
* 1975 Leuebrüggli Langenthal, Switzerland
* 1975 2ème Biennale de l'Humour et du Satire Gabrovo, [[Bulgaria]]
* 1975/76 Kunsthalle Berne
* 1976 Musée des Beaux-Arts Le Locle, Switzerland
* 1976 Mostra nazionale de sculptura Vira-Gambarogno, Switzerland
* 1977 Fondation le Grand Cachot, Switzerland
* 1977 Kunsthalle Berne (Textil, Glas, Holz, Ton, Stein, Metal)
* 1977 Musée d'Art et d'Histoire Fribourg, Switzerland
* 1978 Gewerbemuseum (Trade Museum), Berne
* 1978 Sculpture en Liberté Nyon, Switzerland
* 1978 Galerie Henry Meyer Lausanne
* 1979 Atelier Urs Gerber Spiez Switzerland (Kunst-Gesellschaft Spiez)
* 1979 Kunstmuseum Berne
* 1980 Gewerbemuseum (Trade Museum), Berne
* 1990 "Swissdata" (Müstermesse) Basel
* 1997 Société de Banque Suisse Renens, Switzerland
* 1997–1998 Galerie Humus Lausanne
* 1998 2nd. [[Angel Orensanz Center|Angel Orensanz Foundation/Center for the Arts]] «Installation Art Award» New York
* 1998 Galerie Bertram Burgdorf, Switzerland
* 2000 "Plastique" Musée Arlaud Lausanne (SPSAS)
* 2007 LipanjePuntin artecontemporaneo Rome
* 2007 Musée de l'Elysée "Tous photographes" [[Lausanne]]
* 2012: MAM Museo Arte Moderno "Arte Conceptual Body art Youri Messen-Jaschin", Sāo Paulo, Brasil [https://www.behance.net/gallery/24432471/Youri-Messen-Jaschin]
* 2014: Design Society Copenhagen
* 2015: Prof. Pasche Paudex Switzerland
* 2015-2016: "6th International painting mixed media" Sofia

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Vertigo-2002 1.jpg
</gallery>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== External links ==
==External links==
* [https://yourimessenjaschinbibliography.wordpress.com/2016/02]"Youri Messen-Jaschin Biography"
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i0Y-l1uZp7w Youri Messen-Jaschin | Neurosciences meet Op Art | University Viseu, Portugal]
* [https://opartmeetsneurosciences.wordpress.com/2017/03/01/brain-project-news-1-march-2017 Brain project News: 1 March 2017 | Association Brain project 1 | Lausanne]
* [https://yourimessenjaschinopart.wordpress.com/]"Youri Messen-Jaschin Op Art artist, research in optical illusion"
* [http://www.absolutearts.com/portfolios/m/messenjaschin/]"Youri Messen-Jaschin Op art"
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ag1nBt1B8YE Youri Messen-Jaschin | Weaving | 1960 - 1981]
* [http://www.abstract-art.com/abstraction/l3_more_artists/ma15a_messenjaschn.htm]"Youri Messen-Jaschin Op art"
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrYqekt337w Youri Messen-Jaschin | Painting - Screen printing | 1960-2016]
* [http://www.babelearte.it/tipoartista.asp?arid=299&lid=]"Youri Messen-Jaschin Op art"
* [http://yourimessenjaschinbodyart.blogspot.com/]"Youri Messen-Jaschin Body art painting"
* [http://bodyartpaintingvideosyouri.blogspot.com/]"Youri Messen-Jaschin Body art video"
* [http://video.moncinema.ch/search/?q=youri+Messen-jaschin]"Youri Messen-Jaschin Body art vidéo 2"
* [http://yourimessenjaschintheater.blogspot.com/]"Youri Messen-Jaschin Theater director"
* [http://yourimessenjaschinopart.blogspot.com/]"Youri Messen-Jaschin Op Art | Newspaper | Biography"
* [http://you-will-remember.blogspot.com/]"Youri Messen-Jaschin Art Performance"


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Messen-Jaschin, Youri}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Messen-Jaschin, Youri}}
[[Category:Swiss sculptors]]
[[Category:Swiss sculptors]]
[[Category:Contemporary artists]]
[[Category:Body art]]
[[Category:Body art]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:ÉCAL alumni]]
[[Category:Swiss performance artists]]
[[Category:Swiss performance artists]]
[[Category:Swiss contemporary artists]]
[[Category:Swiss contemporary artists]]

Latest revision as of 20:11, 11 June 2023

1981

Youri Messen-Jaschin[1] is an artist of Latvian origin, born in Arosa, Switzerland, in 1941. He often combines oils and gouaches. His favourite colors are: strong reds, yellows, greens, and blue. He also works in body painting,[2] exhibiting his works in nightclubs.

He created three stamps in optical art for Swiss Post, in 2010.,[3][4]

Biography

[edit]

Between 1958 and 1962 Youri Messen-Jaschin studied Fine art at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts (student of Robert Cami) and History of art at the École pratique des hautes études (student of Pierre Francastel), both in Paris.

Between 1962 and 1965, he attended the École cantonale d'art de Lausanne.

He worked with engraver and painter Ernest Pizzotti.[5] He exposed his kinetic glass and acrylic sculptures in Lausanne in 1964. He worked two years at the Center of Contemporary Engraving in Geneva and then in Zürich,[6] where he collaborated with the painter Friederich Kuhn.[7]

Between 1968 and 1970, he studied at the School of Design and Crafts in Göteborg, where he researched textile kinetic objects. There, through his discussions with artists Jesús Rafael Soto, Carlos Cruz-Diez and Julio Le Parc, he became increasingly interested in by Op art and decided to devote all his research to Kinetic art. He started to increasingly integrate movement and geometric shapes in his textiles and oil paintings.

In 1968, he received the first prize for Swiss contemporary engraving art as well as a scholarship from the Swedish government. In 1970, he worked in Hamburg, collaborating with North German artists on monumental projects, and created a kinetic sculpture for Gould in Eichstetten, Germany.

Youri Messen-Jaschin traveled in South America, where he was able to discuss architecture – which plays an important role in his work – and its relations to his own research on movement with architects and artists like Oscar Niemeyer and Roberto Burle Marx in Rio de Janeiro, Ruy Ohtake in São Paulo, and Clorindo Testa in Buenos Aires. In 1984 in Caracas, he staged theatre and choreography of his own works at the Ateneo, the Eugenio Mendoza Foundation, the Asociación Cultural Humboldt (Goethe-Institut), and at the Alliance française.

After a stay of several months in New York, he returned to Switzerland in 1971, where he took up residence in Bern, where he lived for eleven years. During his stay, he frequently exhibited at the Kunsthalle and other local museums. He currently lives in Lausanne, Switzerland.

He participated in many international exhibitions. His works are in private collections, in national and international museums.

[edit]

Exhibitions

[edit]

Books and magazines

[edit]

Awards

[edit]
  • USA Award Artavita | 30th international Art Contest | Certificate of excellence | 2019
  • USA | Artist of the year award | Award for Wormhole (screen printing) | Foundation for the Art | 2019
  • USA | Art Room Contemporary Online Gallery | Merit Award for Excellent Artwork | Feb. 2019

Encyclopedic

[edit]
  • 1987 to 1992 Who's and Who international art
  • 1981 Institut Suisse pour l'étude de l'art, Dictionnaire des artistes suisses contemporains (Swiss institute for the study of art, Dictionary of the contemporary Swiss artists)
  • 1970–1980, 1980–1990, 1990–2000 Editor Huber Frauenfeld-Stuttgart/Switzerland/Germany
  • 1999 Dictionnaire biographique de l'art Suisse, Répertoire des artistes suisses/ Institut suisse pour l'étude de l'art Zurich & Lausanne (Biographical dictionary of Swiss art, Repertory of the Swiss artists/Swiss Institute for the study of art Zurich & Lausanne) Editor Neue Zürcher Zeitung/Zurich/Switzerland
  • 1990–2008 QUID Editor Robert Laffont Paris/France
  • 2008 Visarte Vaud – 152 creative personalities | Editor League of visual artists and architects Lausanne Switzerland.

Theater

[edit]
  • 1982 «PSICOTRONICÓ» Caracas; ([1]);
  • 1983 «AH! AH! BARROCO» Caracas
  • 1983 «LA TORTA QUE CAMINA» Caracas; ([2]); ([3]) ;
  • 1964 «EMBRYO» Caracas; ([4]);

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Mueller Science - Ausländer in der Schweiz - famous foreigners in Switzerland". Muellerscience.com. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  2. ^ "Youri Messen-Jaschin Bodypainting on Absolutearts". Absolutearts.com. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  3. ^ "Focus of stamps". Issuu.com. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  4. ^ Robin Wilson (July 2012). "Recent Mathematical Stamps 2010" (PDF). The Mathematical Intelligencer. 34 (2): 78. doi:10.1007/s00283-012-9284-1. Optical Art
  5. ^ "Ernest Pizzotti". Studiopizz.ch. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  6. ^ Messen-Jaschin, Youri (21 April 2017). "switzerland - xylography - woodcut - by youri messen-jaschin - 1958 – 1978 -". Yourimessenjaschinbibliography.wordpress.com. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  7. ^ "Friedrich Kuhn (1926-1972)". Press.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
[edit]