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{{short description| Tubular "hairs" that cover the flagella of algae and assist in movement }}
{{short description| Tubular "hairs" that cover the flagella of algae and assist in movement }}
[[File:Cafeteria roenbergensis FENCHEL and D J PATTERSON schematic drawing.svg|thumb|right|Schematic drawing of ''[[Cafeteria roenbergensis]]'' ([[Heterokonta]]: [[Bicosoecid]]a) with two unequal (heterokont) flagella: an anterior straminipilous (with tubular tripartite mastigonemes) and a posterior smooth]]
[[File:Cafeteria roenbergensis FENCHEL and D J PATTERSON schematic drawing.svg|thumb|right|Schematic drawing of ''[[Cafeteria roenbergensis]]'' ([[Heterokonta]]: [[Bicosoecid]]a) with two unequal (heterokont) flagella: an anterior straminipilous (with tubular tripartite mastigonemes) and a posterior smooth]]
[[File:Chrysophyte algae.jpg|thumb|right|A chrysomonad ([[Heterokonta]]: [[Chrysophyceae]]) under [[Transmission electron microscopy|TEM]], with a smooth flagellum (1) and another covered with mastigonemes (3)]]
[[File:Chrysophyte algae.jpg|thumb|right|A chrysomonad ([[Heterokonta]]: [[Chrysophyceae]]) under [[Transmission electron microscopy|TEM]], with a smooth flagellum (1) and a long flagellum covered with mastigonemes (3)]]
[[File:CSIRO ScienceImage 6743 SEM Cryptophyte.jpg|thumb|Two crysomonads ([[Chrysophyceae]]) under [[Scanning electron microscope|SEM]], with less conspicuous mastigonemes]]
[[File:CSIRO ScienceImage 6743 SEM Cryptophyte.jpg|thumb|Two cryptomonads ([[Cryptophyceae]]) under [[Scanning electron microscope|SEM]]. Mastigonemes not visible.]]


'''Mastigonemes''' are [[Anatomical terms of location|lateral]] "hairs" on the [[flagellum|flagella]] of [[stramenopile]] protists; very similar hairs also occur on flagella of [[Cryptomonad|cryptophyte]] [[protists]].<ref name=hoek95>Hoek, C. van den, Mann, D. G. and Jahns, H. M. (1995). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xuUoiFesSHMC&printsec=frontcover Algae : An introduction to phycology]'', Cambridge University Press, UK.</ref> They are approximately 15 [[nanometre|nm]] in diameter, and usually consist of a tubular shaft that itself terminates in smaller "hairs". It is believed that they assist in [[animal locomotion|locomotion]] by reversing the thrust caused when a flagellum beats. The consequence is that the cell is drawn into the water and particles of food are drawn to the surface of heterotrophic species. More flaccid hairs occur on other protists, such as euglenids.
'''Mastigonemes''' are [[Anatomical terms of location|lateral]] "hairs" that attach to protistan [[flagellum|flagella]]. Flimsy hairs attach to the flagella of [[euglenid]] flagellates, while stiff hairs occur in [[stramenopile]] and [[Cryptomonad|cryptophyte]] [[protists]].<ref name=hoek95>Hoek, C. van den, Mann, D. G. and Jahns, H. M. (1995). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xuUoiFesSHMC Algae : An introduction to phycology]'', Cambridge University Press, UK.</ref> Stramenopile hairs are approximately 15 [[nanometre|nm]] in diameter, and usually consist of flexible basal part that inserts into the cell membrane, a tubular shaft that itself terminates in smaller "hairs". They reverse the thrust caused when a flagellum beats. The consequence is that the cell is drawn into the water and particles of food are drawn to the surface of heterotrophic species.


Typology of flagella with hairs:<ref>Webster & Weber (2007).</ref><ref>South, G.R. & Whittick, A. (1987). ''Introduction to Phycology''. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. p. 65, [https://books.google.com/books?id=dOaODP4Oo5kC&lpg=PP1&hl=&pg=PA65#v=onepage&q&f=false].</ref><ref>Barsanti, Laura; Gualtieri, Paolo (2006). ''Algae: anatomy, biochemistry, and biotechnology''. Florida, USA: CRC Press. pp. 60-63, [https://books.google.com/books?id=t4ZQRWvr510C&lpg=PP1&hl=&pg=PA60#v=onepage&q&f=false]</ref><ref>Dodge, J.D. (1973). ''The Fine Structure of Algal Cells''. Academic Press, London. pp. 57-79, [https://books.google.com/books?id=5e6FqXpRlv8C&pg=PA57]</ref><ref>Lee, R. E. (2008). ''Phycology'' (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 7, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gfoIAFHgusgC&lpg=PA7&dq=lee%20tubular%20hairs&hl=&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q=lee%20tubular%20hairs&f=false].</ref>
Typology of flagella with hairs:<ref>Webster & Weber (2007).</ref><ref>South, G.R. & Whittick, A. (1987). ''Introduction to Phycology''. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. p. 65, [https://books.google.com/books?id=dOaODP4Oo5kC&pg=PA65].</ref><ref>Barsanti, Laura; Gualtieri, Paolo (2006). ''Algae: anatomy, biochemistry, and biotechnology''. Florida, USA: CRC Press. pp. 60-63, [https://books.google.com/books?id=t4ZQRWvr510C&pg=PA60]</ref><ref>Dodge, J.D. (1973). ''The Fine Structure of Algal Cells''. Academic Press, London. pp. 57-79, [https://books.google.com/books?id=5e6FqXpRlv8C&pg=PA57]</ref><ref>Lee, R. E. (2008). ''Phycology'' (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 7, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gfoIAFHgusgC&dq=lee+tubular+hairs&pg=PA7].</ref>
*whiplash flagella (= smooth, acronematic flagella): without hairs, e.g., in [[Opisthokonta]]
*whiplash flagella (= smooth, acronematic flagella): without hairs but may have extensions , e.g., in [[Opisthokonta]]
*hairy flagella (= tinsel, flimmer, pleuronematic flagella): with hairs (= mastigonemes ''sensu lato''), divided in:
*hairy flagella (= tinsel, flimmer, pleuronematic flagella): with hairs (= mastigonemes ''sensu lato''), divided in:
**with fine hairs (= non tubular, or simple hairs): occurs in [[Euglenophyceae]], [[Dinoflagellata]], some [[Haptophyceae]] ([[Pavlovales]])
**with fine hairs (= non tubular, or simple hairs): occurs in [[Euglenophyceae]], [[Dinoflagellata]], some [[Haptophyceae]] ([[Pavlovales]])
**with stiff hairs (= tubular hairs, retronemes, mastigonemes ''sensu stricto''), divided in:
**with stiff hairs (= tubular hairs, retronemes, mastigonemes ''sensu stricto''), divided in:
***bipartite hairs: with two regions. Occurs in [[Cryptophyceae]], [[Prasinophyceae]], and some [[Heterokonta]]
***bipartite hairs: with two regions. Occurs in [[Cryptophyceae]], [[Prasinophyceae]], and some [[Heterokonta]]
***tripartite (= straminipilous) hairs: with three regions (a base, a tubular shaft, and one or more terminal hairs). Occurs in most [[Heterokonta]]
***tripartite (= straminipilous) hairs: with three regions (a base, a tubular shaft, and one or more terminal hairs). Occurs in most [[Heterokonta]]/[[Stramenopile]]s

Observations of mastigonemes using [[light microscopy]] dates from the nineteenth century.<ref>Loeffler, F. (1889). Eine neue Methode zum Färbern der Mikroorganismen, im besonderen ihrer Wimperhaare und Geisseln. ''Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie und Parasitenkunde'', 6, 209–224. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/210614#page/219/mode/1up]. </ref><ref>Fischer, A. (1894). Über die Geißeln einiger Flagellaten. ''Jahrbuch für wissenchaftliche Botanik'' 26: 187-235.</ref><ref>Petersen, J. B. (1929). Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Flagellatengeißeln. ''Saertryk af Botanisk Tidsskrift.'' Bd. 40. 5. Heft.</ref><ref>Vlk, W. (1931). Uber die Struktur der Heterokontengeisseln. ''Botanisch Centralblatt'' 48: 214–220. [https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/viewer/12649/?offset=#page=217&viewer=picture&o=bookmark&n=0&q=].</ref><ref>Deflandre, G. (1934). Sur la structure des flagelles. ''Annales de Protistologie'' Vol. IV, pp. 31-54.</ref> Considered [[Visual artifact|artifacts]] by some, their existence would be confirmed with [[electron microscopy]].<ref>Pitelka, D. R. (1963). ''Electron-Microscopic Structure of Protozoa''. Pergamon Press, Oxford. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7050#/summary]</ref><ref>Bouck, G.B. 1971. The structure, origin, and comnposition of the tubular mastigonemes of the Ochromonas flagellum. J. Cell. Biol., 50: 362-384</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
<references />


{{Protist structures}}
{{Protist structures}}


[[Category:Algal anatomy]]
[[Category:Algal anatomy]]
[[Category:Eukaryotic cell anatomy]]
[[Category:Heterokonts]]
[[Category:Heterokonts]]
[[Category:Flagellates]]
[[Category:Flagellates]]

Latest revision as of 13:54, 12 June 2023

Schematic drawing of Cafeteria roenbergensis (Heterokonta: Bicosoecida) with two unequal (heterokont) flagella: an anterior straminipilous (with tubular tripartite mastigonemes) and a posterior smooth
A chrysomonad (Heterokonta: Chrysophyceae) under TEM, with a smooth flagellum (1) and a long flagellum covered with mastigonemes (3)
Two cryptomonads (Cryptophyceae) under SEM. Mastigonemes not visible.

Mastigonemes are lateral "hairs" that attach to protistan flagella. Flimsy hairs attach to the flagella of euglenid flagellates, while stiff hairs occur in stramenopile and cryptophyte protists.[1] Stramenopile hairs are approximately 15 nm in diameter, and usually consist of flexible basal part that inserts into the cell membrane, a tubular shaft that itself terminates in smaller "hairs". They reverse the thrust caused when a flagellum beats. The consequence is that the cell is drawn into the water and particles of food are drawn to the surface of heterotrophic species.

Typology of flagella with hairs:[2][3][4][5][6]

  • whiplash flagella (= smooth, acronematic flagella): without hairs but may have extensions , e.g., in Opisthokonta
  • hairy flagella (= tinsel, flimmer, pleuronematic flagella): with hairs (= mastigonemes sensu lato), divided in:

Observations of mastigonemes using light microscopy dates from the nineteenth century.[7][8][9][10][11] Considered artifacts by some, their existence would be confirmed with electron microscopy.[12][13]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Hoek, C. van den, Mann, D. G. and Jahns, H. M. (1995). Algae : An introduction to phycology, Cambridge University Press, UK.
  2. ^ Webster & Weber (2007).
  3. ^ South, G.R. & Whittick, A. (1987). Introduction to Phycology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. p. 65, [1].
  4. ^ Barsanti, Laura; Gualtieri, Paolo (2006). Algae: anatomy, biochemistry, and biotechnology. Florida, USA: CRC Press. pp. 60-63, [2]
  5. ^ Dodge, J.D. (1973). The Fine Structure of Algal Cells. Academic Press, London. pp. 57-79, [3]
  6. ^ Lee, R. E. (2008). Phycology (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 7, [4].
  7. ^ Loeffler, F. (1889). Eine neue Methode zum Färbern der Mikroorganismen, im besonderen ihrer Wimperhaare und Geisseln. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie und Parasitenkunde, 6, 209–224. [5].
  8. ^ Fischer, A. (1894). Über die Geißeln einiger Flagellaten. Jahrbuch für wissenchaftliche Botanik 26: 187-235.
  9. ^ Petersen, J. B. (1929). Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Flagellatengeißeln. Saertryk af Botanisk Tidsskrift. Bd. 40. 5. Heft.
  10. ^ Vlk, W. (1931). Uber die Struktur der Heterokontengeisseln. Botanisch Centralblatt 48: 214–220. [6].
  11. ^ Deflandre, G. (1934). Sur la structure des flagelles. Annales de Protistologie Vol. IV, pp. 31-54.
  12. ^ Pitelka, D. R. (1963). Electron-Microscopic Structure of Protozoa. Pergamon Press, Oxford. [7]
  13. ^ Bouck, G.B. 1971. The structure, origin, and comnposition of the tubular mastigonemes of the Ochromonas flagellum. J. Cell. Biol., 50: 362-384
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