Guaiacum officinale: Difference between revisions

Guaiacum officinale
Conservation status
	; Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Zygophyllales
Family:	Zygophyllaceae
Genus:	Guaiacum
Species:	G. officinale
Binomial name
	Guaiacum officinale; L.

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Guaiacum officinale, commonly known as roughbark lignum-vitae,^[3] guaiacwood or gaïacwood, is a species of tree in the caltrop family, Zygophyllaceae, that is native to the Caribbean and the northern coast of South America.^[2]

Description

This small tree is very slow growing, reaching about 10 m (33 ft) in height with a trunk diameter of 60 cm (24 in). The tree is essentially evergreen throughout most of its native range. The leaves are compound, 2.5–3 cm (0.98–1.18 in) in length, and 2 cm (0.79 in) wide. The blue flowers have five petals that yield a bright-yellow-orange fruit with red flesh and black seeds.

Symbolism

Guaiacum officinale is the national flower of Jamaica.^[4]

Uses

Guaiacum officinale is one of two species yielding the true lignum vitae, the other being Guaiacum sanctum. Guaiac, a natural resin extracted from the wood, is a colorless compound that turns blue when placed in contact with substances that have peroxidase activity and then are exposed to hydrogen peroxide. Guaiac cards are impregnated with the resin and are used in determining whether stool contains blood. The heme portion of hemoglobin contains peroxidase and will catalyze the oxidation of guaiaconic acid when hydrogen peroxide is placed on the Guaiac card if blood is present in the stool.^[5]

Conservation

Roughbark lignum-vitae was listed as an endangered species by the IUCN in 2019. It has been overexploited for its valuable wood and medicinal products. International trade of this species is restricted because of its placement in CITES Appendix II.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b Barstow, M. (2019). "Guaiacum officinale". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T33701A68085935. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T33701A68085935.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^ ^a ^b "Guaiacum officinale". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
^ "Guaiacum sanctum". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
^ "National Symbols". Emancipation & Independence. Jamaica Information Service. Archived from the original on 2011-10-28. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
^ "46.2b. Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding". Walker's Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease (5th ed.). p. 1285.

External links

Media related to Guaiacum officinale at Wikimedia Commons

[iucn_status_19_November_2021-1] Barstow, M. (2019). "Guaiacum officinale". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T33701A68085935. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T33701A68085935.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.

[GRIN-2] "Guaiacum officinale". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-10-03.

[ITIS-3] "Guaiacum sanctum". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2010-10-03.

[4] "National Symbols". Emancipation & Independence. Jamaica Information Service. Archived from the original on 2011-10-28. Retrieved 2009-01-27.

[5] "46.2b. Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding". Walker's Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease (5th ed.). p. 1285.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
-{{italic title}}
+{{speciesbox
-{{Taxobox
+|image = Guaiacum_officinale_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-069.jpg
-| name = ''Guaiacum officinale''
-| status = EN
+|status = EN
-| status_system = iucn2.3
+|status_system = IUCN3.1
+|status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Barstow, M. |date=2019 |title=''Guaiacum officinale'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T33701A68085935 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T33701A68085935.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
-| image = Koeh-069.jpg
+|genus = Guaiacum
-| image_width = 250px
+|species = officinale
-| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
+|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | accessdate=2010-10-03}}</ref>
-| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
-| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
-| ordo = [[Zygophyllales]]
-| familia = [[Zygophyllaceae]]
-| genus = ''[[Guaiacum]]''
-| species = '''''G. officinale'''''
-| binomial = ''Guaiacum officinale''
 }}
+'''''Guaiacum officinale''''', commonly known as '''roughbark lignum-vitae''',<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=29041 |taxon=''Guaiacum sanctum'' |accessdate=2010-10-03}}</ref> '''guaiacwood''' or '''gaïacwood''', is a species of tree in the [[Tribulus terrestris|caltrop]] [[Family (biology)|family]], [[Zygophyllaceae]], that is native to the Caribbean and the northern coast of South America.<ref name="GRIN"/>
-'''''Guaiacum officinale''''' is one of the species yielding the true  '''[[lignum vitae]]'''. All species in this genus ''[[Guaiacum]]'' are [http://www.cites.org/ CITES]-listed.  The other species of ''true'' Lignum Vitae is ''[[Guaiacum sanctum]]''.
 ==Description==
-The word guaiacum originated in the [[Maipurean|language]] spoken by the native [[Taíno]]s of [[the Bahamas]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Richard W |last=Bailey |editors=Edward Finegan; John R. Rickford |title=Language in the USA: Themes for the Twenty-first Century |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=9780521777476 |page=3 |chapter=Part I - American English: its origins and history |url=http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780511206948&ss=exc}}</ref>  The tree is native to the [[Caribbean]] and the northern coast of [[South America]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?18047 |title=Guaiacum officinale |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=2009-01-27}}</ref> This small tree is very slow growing, reaching about 10 m in height with a trunk diameter of 60&nbsp;cm.  The tree is essentially evergreen throughout most of its native range.  The leaves are compound,  2.5 to 3&nbsp;cm in length, and 2&nbsp;cm wide.  The blue flowers have five [[petal]]s which yield a bright yellow-orange fruit with red flesh and black seeds.
+This small tree is very slow growing, reaching about {{convert|10|m|abbr=on}} in height with a trunk diameter of {{convert|60|cm|abbr=on}}.  The tree is essentially evergreen throughout most of its native range.  The leaves are compound, {{convert|2.5-3|cm|abbr=on}} in length, and {{convert|2|cm|abbr=on}} wide.  The blue flowers have five [[petal]]s that yield a bright-yellow-orange fruit with red flesh and black seeds.
+[[File:Guaiacum officinale.jpg|thumb|right|Flowers of ''G. officinale'']]
-==Characteristics==
-''Guaiacum officinale'' is the [[Floral emblem|national flower]] of [[Jamaica]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jis.gov.jm/special_sections/Independence/symbols.html |title=National Symbols |work=Emancipation & Independence |publisher=Jamaica Information Service |accessdate=2009-01-27}}</ref>
+==Symbolism==
-Guaiac, a natural resin extracted from the wood of the ''Guaiacum officinale'', is a colorless compound that turns blue when placed in contact with substances that have peroxidase activity and then are exposed to hydrogen peroxide. "Guaiac cards" are impregnated with the resin and are used in determining if stool contains blood. The heme portion of hemoglobin contains peroxidase and will catalyze the oxidation of guaiaconic acid when hydrogen peroxide is placed on the "Guaiac card" if blood is present in the stool.<ref>Walker's Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease, 5th edition, Chapter 46.2b. 'Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding'. p 1285.</ref>
+''Guaiacum officinale'' is the [[Floral emblem|national flower]] of [[Jamaica]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jis.gov.jm/special_sections/Independence/symbols.html |title=National Symbols |work=Emancipation & Independence |publisher=Jamaica Information Service |access-date=2009-01-27 |archive-date=2011-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028013030/http://www.jis.gov.jm/special_sections/Independence/symbols.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+==Uses==
+''Guaiacum officinale'' is one of two species yielding the true [[lignum vitae]], the other being ''[[Guaiacum sanctum]]''. Guaiac, a natural resin extracted from the wood, is a colorless compound that turns blue when placed in contact with substances that have peroxidase activity and then are exposed to hydrogen peroxide. [[Stool guaiac test|Guaiac cards]] are impregnated with the resin and are used in determining whether stool contains blood. The heme portion of hemoglobin contains peroxidase and will catalyze the oxidation of guaiaconic acid when hydrogen peroxide is placed on the Guaiac card if blood is present in the stool.<ref>{{cite book | title = Walker's Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease | edition = 5th | chapter = 46.2b. Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding | page = 1285}}</ref>
+==Conservation==
+Roughbark lignum-vitae was listed as an [[endangered species]] by the IUCN in 2019. It has been overexploited for its valuable wood and medicinal products. International trade of this species is restricted because of its placement in [[CITES]] Appendix II.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />
 ==References==
+{{Reflist}}
-===Notes===
-{{reflist}}
-===General references===
+==External links==
+* {{Commons category inline}}
-* {{IUCN2006|assessors=Americas Regional Workshop (Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees, Costa Rica, November 1996)|year=1998|id=33701|title=Guaiacum officinale|downloaded=11 May 2006}} Listed as Endangered (EN C2a v2.3)
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q2051175}}
-[[Category:Guaiacum|Officinale]]
-[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
-[[Category:National symbols of Jamaica]]
-[[Category:Flora of Anguilla]]
-[[Category:Flora of Jamaica]]
-[[Category:Trees of Antigua and Barbuda]]
-[[Category:Trees of the Bahamas]]
-[[Category:Trees of Barbados]]
-[[Category:Trees of Colombia]]
-[[Category:Trees of Cuba]]
-[[Category:Trees of Dominica]]
-[[Category:Trees of Guadeloupe]]
-[[Category:Trees of Guyana]]
-[[Category:Trees of Hispaniola]]
-[[Category:Trees of Jamaica]]
-[[Category:Trees of Martinique]]
-[[Category:Trees of Puerto Rico]]
-[[Category:Flora of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]
-[[Category:Trees of Suriname]]
-[[Category:Trees of the Virgin Islands]]
-[[Category:Trees of Venezuela]]
-[[Category:Endangered plants]]
-{{rosid-stub}}
+[[Category:Guaiacum|officinale]]
-[[ca:Guaiac]]
+[[Category:Flora of Southern America]]
-[[es:Guaiacum officinale]]
+[[Category:National symbols of Jamaica]]
-[[it:Guaiacum officinale]]
+[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
-[[nl:Guaiacum officinale]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
-[[pl:Gwajakowiec lekarski]]
-[[ru:Гваяковое дерево]]
-[[sl:Gvajak]]
-[[th:แก้วเจ้าจอม]]
-[[uk:Guaiacum officinale]]